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Table of contents
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@@ -1284,31 +1284,31 @@
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<p>Since serving web requests is no longer a simple task like reading files from disk and return contents, we need to process each http request, perform some operations programmatically and construct a response.</p>
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<h2 id="sockets">Sockets</h2>
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<p>Though we have frameworks like flask, HTTP is still a protocol that works over TCP protocol. So let us setup a TCP server and send an HTTP request and inspect the request's payload. Note that this is not a tutorial on socket programming but what we are doing here is inspecting HTTP protocol at its ground level and look at what its contents look like. (Ref: <a href="https://realpython.com/python-sockets/">Socket Programming in Python (Guide) on RealPython</a>)</p>
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<pre><code class="language-python">import socket
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<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">socket</span>
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HOST = '127.0.0.1' # Standard loopback interface address (localhost)
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PORT = 65432 # Port to listen on (non-privileged ports are > 1023)
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<span class="n">HOST</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">'127.0.0.1'</span> <span class="c1"># Standard loopback interface address (localhost)</span>
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<span class="n">PORT</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">65432</span> <span class="c1"># Port to listen on (non-privileged ports are > 1023)</span>
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with socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM) as s:
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s.bind((HOST, PORT))
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s.listen()
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conn, addr = s.accept()
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with conn:
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print('Connected by', addr)
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while True:
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data = conn.recv(1024)
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if not data:
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break
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print(data)
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</code></pre>
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<span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">socket</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">socket</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">socket</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">AF_INET</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">socket</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">SOCK_STREAM</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">s</span><span class="p">:</span>
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<span class="n">s</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">bind</span><span class="p">((</span><span class="n">HOST</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">PORT</span><span class="p">))</span>
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<span class="n">s</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">listen</span><span class="p">()</span>
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<span class="n">conn</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">addr</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">s</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">accept</span><span class="p">()</span>
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<span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">conn</span><span class="p">:</span>
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<span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'Connected by'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">addr</span><span class="p">)</span>
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<span class="k">while</span> <span class="kc">True</span><span class="p">:</span>
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<span class="n">data</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">conn</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">recv</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1024</span><span class="p">)</span>
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<span class="k">if</span> <span class="ow">not</span> <span class="n">data</span><span class="p">:</span>
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<span class="k">break</span>
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<span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">data</span><span class="p">)</span>
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</code></pre></div>
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<p>Then we open <code>localhost:65432</code> in our web browser and following would be the output:</p>
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<pre><code class="language-bash">Connected by ('127.0.0.1', 54719)
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b'GET / HTTP/1.1\r\nHost: localhost:65432\r\nConnection: keep-alive\r\nDNT: 1\r\nUpgrade-Insecure-Requests: 1\r\nUser-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_15_7) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/85.0.4183.83 Safari/537.36 Edg/85.0.564.44\r\nAccept: text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8,application/signed-exchange;v=b3;q=0.9\r\nSec-Fetch-Site: none\r\nSec-Fetch-Mode: navigate\r\nSec-Fetch-User: ?1\r\nSec-Fetch-Dest: document\r\nAccept-Encoding: gzip, deflate, br\r\nAccept-Language: en-US,en;q=0.9\r\n\r\n'
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</code></pre>
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<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code>Connected by <span class="o">(</span><span class="s1">'127.0.0.1'</span>, <span class="m">54719</span><span class="o">)</span>
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b<span class="s1">'GET / HTTP/1.1\r\nHost: localhost:65432\r\nConnection: keep-alive\r\nDNT: 1\r\nUpgrade-Insecure-Requests: 1\r\nUser-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_15_7) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/85.0.4183.83 Safari/537.36 Edg/85.0.564.44\r\nAccept: text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8,application/signed-exchange;v=b3;q=0.9\r\nSec-Fetch-Site: none\r\nSec-Fetch-Mode: navigate\r\nSec-Fetch-User: ?1\r\nSec-Fetch-Dest: document\r\nAccept-Encoding: gzip, deflate, br\r\nAccept-Language: en-US,en;q=0.9\r\n\r\n'</span>
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</code></pre></div>
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<p>Examine closely and the content will look like the HTTP protocol's format. ie:</p>
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<pre><code>HTTP_METHOD URI_PATH HTTP_VERSION
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<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code>HTTP_METHOD URI_PATH HTTP_VERSION
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HEADERS_SEPARATED_BY_SEPARATOR
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</code></pre>
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</code></pre></div>
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<p>So though it's a blob of bytes, knowing <a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2616">http protocol specification</a>, you can parse that string (ie: split by <code>\r\n</code>) and get meaningful information out of it.</p>
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<h2 id="flask">Flask</h2>
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<p>Flask, and other such frameworks does pretty much what we just discussed in the last section (with added more sophistication). They listen on a port on a TCP socket, receive an HTTP request, parse the data according to protocol format and make it available to you in a convenient manner.</p>
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