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initial commit for linux basics module
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Shivam Mitra
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courses/linux_basics/intro.md
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courses/linux_basics/intro.md
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# Introduction
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## Pre - Reads
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- Experience of working on any operating systems like Windows, Linux or Mac
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- Basics of operating system
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## What to expect from this training
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This course is divided into three parts. In the first part, we will cover the
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fundamentals of linux operating systems. We will talk about linux architecture,
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linux distributions and uses of linux operating systems. We will also talk about
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difference between GUI and CLI.
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In the second part, we will study about some of the basic commands that are used
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in linux. We will focus on commands used for navigating file system, commands used
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for manipulating files, commands used for viewing files, I/O redirection etc.
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In the third part, we will study about linux system administration. In this part, we
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will focus on day to day tasks performed by linux admins like managing users/groups,
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managing file permissions, monitoring system performance, log files etc.
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In the second and third part, we will be taking examples to understand the concepts.
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## What is not covered under this training
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We are not covering advanced linux commands and bash scripting in this
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course. We will also not be covering linux internals.
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## Training Content
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The following topics has been covered in this course:
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- Introduction to Linux
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- What are Linux Operating Systems
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- Linux Distributions
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- Uses of Linux Operating Systems
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- Linux Architecture
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- GUI vs CLI
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- Command Line Basics
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- Navigating File System
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- Manipulating Files
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- Viewing Files
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- Text Processing Commands
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- I/O Redirection
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- Linux system administration
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- User/Groups management
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- Superuser in Linux
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- File Permissions
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- SSH Command
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- Package Management
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- Process Management
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- Memory Management
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- Daemons and Systemd
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- Logs
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## What are Linux operating systems
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Most of us will be familiar with the windows operating system which is
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used in more than 75% of the personal computers. The windows operating systems
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are based on windows NT kernel. A kernel is the most important part of
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an operating system which performs important functions like process
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management, memory management, filesystem management etc.
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Linux operating systems are based on the Linux kernel. A linux based
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operating system will consist of linux kernel, GUI/CLI, system libraries
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and system utilities. The Linux kernel was independently developed and
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released by Linus Torvalds. The linux kernel is free and open-source -
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[https://github.com/torvalds/linux](https://github.com/torvalds/linux)
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History of Linux -
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[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Linux](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Linux)
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## What are popular Linux distributions
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A linux distribution(distro) is an operating system that is based on
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the linux kernel and a package management system. A package management
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system consists of tools that helps in installing, upgrading,
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configuring and removing softwares on the operating system.
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Softwares are usually adopted to a distribution and are packaged in a
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distro specific format. These packages are available through a distro
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specific repository. Packages are installed and managed in the operating
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system by a package manager.
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**List of popular Linux distributions:**
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- Fedora
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- Ubuntu
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- Debian
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- Centos
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- Red Hat Enterprise Linux
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- Suse
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- Arch Linux
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| Packaging systems | Distributions | Package manager
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| ---------------------- | ------------------------------------------ | -----------------
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| Debian style (.deb) | Debian, Ubuntu | APT
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| Red Hat style (.rpm) | Fedora, CentOS, Red Hat Enterprise Linux | YUM
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## Linux Architecture
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- The Linux kernel is monolithic in nature.
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- System calls are used to interact with the linux kernel space.
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- Kernel code can only be executed in the kernel mode. Non-kernel code is executed in the user mode.
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- Device drivers are used to communicate with the hardware devices.
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## Uses of Linux Operating Systems
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Operating system based on linux kernel are widely used in:
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- Personal computers
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- Servers
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- Mobile phones - Android is based on linux operating system
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- Embedded devices - watches, televisions, traffic lights etc
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- Satelites
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- Network devices - routers, switches etc.
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## Graphical user interface (GUI) vs Command line interface (CLI)
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A user interacts with a computer with the help of user interfaces. The
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user interface can be either GUI or CLI.
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Graphical user interface allows a user to interact with the computer
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using graphics such as icons and images. When a user clicks on an icon
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to open an application on a computer, he or she is actually using the
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GUI. It's easy to perform tasks using GUI.
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Command line interface allows a user to interact with the computer using
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commands. A user types the command in a terminal and the system helps in
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executing these commands. A new user with experience on GUI may find it
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difficult to interact with CLI as he/she needs to be aware of the commands
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to perform a particular operation.
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## Shell vs Terminal
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Shell is a program that takes command or a group of commands from the
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users and gives them to the operating system for processing. Shell is an
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example of command line interface. Bash is one of the most popular shell
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programs available on linux servers. Other popular shell programs are
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zsh, ksh and tcsh.
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Terminal is a program that opens a window and lets you interact with the
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shell. Some popular examples of terminals are gnome-terminal, xterm,
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konsole etc.
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Linux users do use the terms shell, terminal, prompt, console etc.
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interchangeably. In simple terms, these all refer to a way of taking
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commands from the user.
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