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2022-09-25 13:50:48 +00:00
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11 changed files with 248 additions and 247 deletions

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@@ -2497,14 +2497,15 @@ present inside the root directory stores file related to the system.
These directories in turn can either store system files or application
files or user related files.</p>
<p><img alt="" src="../images/linux/commands/image17.png" /></p>
<p>bin | The executable program of most commonly used commands reside in bin directory </p>
<p>sbin | This directory contains programs used for system administration.</p>
<p>bin | The executable program of most commonly used commands reside in bin directory</p>
<p>dev | This directory contains files related to devices on the system </p>
<p>etc | This directory contains all the system configuration files</p>
<p>home | This directory contains user related files and directories.</p>
<p>lib | This directory contains all the library files</p>
<p>etc | This directory contains all the system configuration files</p>
<p>proc | This directory contains files related to the running processes on the system</p>
<p>dev | This directory contains files related to devices on the system</p>
<p>mnt | This directory contains files related to mounted devices on the system</p>
<p>proc | This directory contains files related to the running processes on the system</p>
<p>root | This directory contains root user related files and directories.</p>
<p>sbin | This directory contains programs used for system administration.</p>
<p>tmp | This directory is used to store temporary files on the system</p>
<p>usr | This directory is used to store application programs on the system</p>
<h2 id="commands-for-navigating-the-file-system">Commands for Navigating the File System</h2>

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@@ -2330,7 +2330,7 @@ operating system will consist of Linux kernel, GUI/CLI, system libraries
and system utilities. The Linux kernel was independently developed and
released by Linus Torvalds. The Linux kernel is free and open-source -
<a href="https://github.com/torvalds/linux">https://github.com/torvalds/linux</a></p>
<p>Linux is a kernel and and not a complete operating system. Linux kernel is combined with GNU system to make a complete operating system. Therefore, linux based operating systems are also called as GNU/Linux systems. GNU is an extensive collection of free softwares like compiler, debugger, C library etc.
<p>Linux is a kernel and not a complete operating system. Linux kernel is combined with GNU system to make a complete operating system. Therefore, linux based operating systems are also called as GNU/Linux systems. GNU is an extensive collection of free softwares like compiler, debugger, C library etc.
<a href="https://www.gnu.org/gnu/linux-and-gnu.en.html">Linux and the GNU System</a></p>
<p>History of Linux -
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Linux">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Linux</a></p>

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@@ -2802,21 +2802,21 @@ not find the entry for that user in "/etc/passwd" or "/etc/shadow" file.</p>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>groupadd \&lt;group_name></th>
<th>groupadd \&lt;group_name&gt;</th>
<th>Creates a new group</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>groupmod \&lt;group_name></td>
<td>groupmod \&lt;group_name&gt;</td>
<td>Modifies attributes of a group</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>groupdel \&lt;group_name></td>
<td>groupdel \&lt;group_name&gt;</td>
<td>Deletes a group</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>gpasswd \&lt;group_name></td>
<td>gpasswd \&lt;group_name&gt;</td>
<td>Modifies password for group</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
@@ -2964,7 +2964,7 @@ in the similar way.</p>
<h3 id="chown-command">Chown command</h3>
<p>The chown command is used to change the owner of files or
directories in Linux.</p>
<p>Command syntax: chown \&lt;new_owner> \&lt;file_name></p>
<p>Command syntax: chown \&lt;new_owner&gt; \&lt;file_name&gt;</p>
<p><img alt="" src="../images/linux/admin/image6.png" /></p>
<p><strong>In case, we do not have sudo privileges, we need to use sudo
command</strong>. Let's switch to user 'shivam' and try changing the owner. We
@@ -3029,10 +3029,10 @@ host.</p>
</li>
</ol>
<h3 id="how-to-run-commands-on-a-remote-host">How to run commands on a remote host ?</h3>
<p>General syntax: ssh \&lt;user>@\&lt;hostname/hostip> \&lt;command></p>
<p>General syntax: ssh \&lt;user&gt;@\&lt;hostname/hostip&gt; \&lt;command&gt;</p>
<p><img alt="" src="../images/linux/admin/image14.png" /></p>
<h3 id="how-to-transfer-files-from-one-host-to-another-host">How to transfer files from one host to another host ?</h3>
<p>General syntax: scp \&lt;source> \&lt;destination></p>
<p>General syntax: scp \&lt;source&gt; \&lt;destination&gt;</p>
<p><img alt="" src="../images/linux/admin/image32.png" /></p>
<h2 id="package-management">Package Management</h2>
<p>Package management is the process of installing and managing software on
@@ -3067,19 +3067,19 @@ systems.</p>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>yum install \&lt;package_name></td>
<td>yum install \&lt;package_name&gt;</td>
<td>Installs a package on your system</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>yum update \&lt;package_name></td>
<td>yum update \&lt;package_name&gt;</td>
<td>Updates a package to it's latest available version</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>yum remove \&lt;package_name></td>
<td>yum remove \&lt;package_name&gt;</td>
<td>Removes a package from your system</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>yum search \&lt;keyword></td>
<td>yum search \&lt;keyword&gt;</td>
<td>Searches for a particular keyword</td>
</tr>
</tbody>

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@@ -2073,7 +2073,7 @@ errors during transmission or on the client side. As previously
mentioned, monitoring services from within the service infrastructure
give good visibility into service health, but this is not enough. You
need to monitor user experience, specifically the availability of
services for clients. A number of third-party services such asf
services for clients. A number of third-party services such as
<a href="https://www.catchpoint.com/">Catchpoint</a>,
<a href="https://www.pingdom.com/">Pingdom</a>, and so on are available for
achieving this goal.</p>

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@@ -2268,61 +2268,61 @@
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Availability %</th>
<th align="center">Downtime per year</th>
<th align="center">Downtime per month</th>
<th align="center">Downtime per week</th>
<th align="center">Downtime per day</th>
<th style="text-align: center;">Downtime per year</th>
<th style="text-align: center;">Downtime per month</th>
<th style="text-align: center;">Downtime per week</th>
<th style="text-align: center;">Downtime per day</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>99%(Two Nines)</td>
<td align="center">3.65 days</td>
<td align="center">7.31 hours</td>
<td align="center">1.68 hours</td>
<td align="center">14.40 minutes</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">3.65 days</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">7.31 hours</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">1.68 hours</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">14.40 minutes</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>99.5%(Two and a half Nines)</td>
<td align="center">1.83 days</td>
<td align="center">3.65 hours</td>
<td align="center">50.40 minutes</td>
<td align="center">7.20 minutes</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">1.83 days</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">3.65 hours</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">50.40 minutes</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">7.20 minutes</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>99.9%(Three Nines)</td>
<td align="center">8.77 hours</td>
<td align="center">43.83 minutes</td>
<td align="center">10.08 minutes</td>
<td align="center">1.44 minutes</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">8.77 hours</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">43.83 minutes</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">10.08 minutes</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">1.44 minutes</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>99.95%(Three and a half Nines)</td>
<td align="center">4.38 hours</td>
<td align="center">21.92 minutes</td>
<td align="center">5.04 minutes</td>
<td align="center">43.20 seconds</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">4.38 hours</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">21.92 minutes</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">5.04 minutes</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">43.20 seconds</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>99.99%(Four Nines)</td>
<td align="center">52.60 minutes</td>
<td align="center">4.38 minutes</td>
<td align="center">1.01 minutes</td>
<td align="center">8.64 seconds</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">52.60 minutes</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">4.38 minutes</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">1.01 minutes</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">8.64 seconds</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>99.995%(Four and a half Nines)</td>
<td align="center">26.30 minutes</td>
<td align="center">2.19 minutes</td>
<td align="center">30.24 seconds</td>
<td align="center">4.32 seconds</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">26.30 minutes</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">2.19 minutes</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">30.24 seconds</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">4.32 seconds</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>99.999%(Five Nines)</td>
<td align="center">5.26 minutes</td>
<td align="center">26.30 seconds</td>
<td align="center">6.05 seconds</td>
<td align="center">864.0 ms</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">5.26 minutes</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">26.30 seconds</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">6.05 seconds</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">864.0 ms</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>