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11
level101/linux_basics/command_line_basics/index.html
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@@ -2497,14 +2497,15 @@ present inside the root directory stores file related to the system.
These directories in turn can either store system files or application These directories in turn can either store system files or application
files or user related files.</p> files or user related files.</p>
<p><img alt="" src="../images/linux/commands/image17.png" /></p> <p><img alt="" src="../images/linux/commands/image17.png" /></p>
<p>bin | The executable program of most commonly used commands reside in bin directory </p> <p>bin | The executable program of most commonly used commands reside in bin directory</p>
<p>sbin | This directory contains programs used for system administration.</p> <p>dev | This directory contains files related to devices on the system </p>
<p>etc | This directory contains all the system configuration files</p>
<p>home | This directory contains user related files and directories.</p> <p>home | This directory contains user related files and directories.</p>
<p>lib | This directory contains all the library files</p> <p>lib | This directory contains all the library files</p>
<p>etc | This directory contains all the system configuration files</p>
<p>proc | This directory contains files related to the running processes on the system</p>
<p>dev | This directory contains files related to devices on the system</p>
<p>mnt | This directory contains files related to mounted devices on the system</p> <p>mnt | This directory contains files related to mounted devices on the system</p>
<p>proc | This directory contains files related to the running processes on the system</p>
<p>root | This directory contains root user related files and directories.</p>
<p>sbin | This directory contains programs used for system administration.</p>
<p>tmp | This directory is used to store temporary files on the system</p> <p>tmp | This directory is used to store temporary files on the system</p>
<p>usr | This directory is used to store application programs on the system</p> <p>usr | This directory is used to store application programs on the system</p>
<h2 id="commands-for-navigating-the-file-system">Commands for Navigating the File System</h2> <h2 id="commands-for-navigating-the-file-system">Commands for Navigating the File System</h2>

2
level101/linux_basics/intro/index.html
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@@ -2330,7 +2330,7 @@ operating system will consist of Linux kernel, GUI/CLI, system libraries
and system utilities. The Linux kernel was independently developed and and system utilities. The Linux kernel was independently developed and
released by Linus Torvalds. The Linux kernel is free and open-source - released by Linus Torvalds. The Linux kernel is free and open-source -
<a href="https://github.com/torvalds/linux">https://github.com/torvalds/linux</a></p> <a href="https://github.com/torvalds/linux">https://github.com/torvalds/linux</a></p>
<p>Linux is a kernel and and not a complete operating system. Linux kernel is combined with GNU system to make a complete operating system. Therefore, linux based operating systems are also called as GNU/Linux systems. GNU is an extensive collection of free softwares like compiler, debugger, C library etc. <p>Linux is a kernel and not a complete operating system. Linux kernel is combined with GNU system to make a complete operating system. Therefore, linux based operating systems are also called as GNU/Linux systems. GNU is an extensive collection of free softwares like compiler, debugger, C library etc.
<a href="https://www.gnu.org/gnu/linux-and-gnu.en.html">Linux and the GNU System</a></p> <a href="https://www.gnu.org/gnu/linux-and-gnu.en.html">Linux and the GNU System</a></p>
<p>History of Linux - <p>History of Linux -
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Linux">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Linux</a></p> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Linux">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Linux</a></p>

22
level101/linux_basics/linux_server_administration/index.html
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@@ -2802,21 +2802,21 @@ not find the entry for that user in "/etc/passwd" or "/etc/shadow" file.</p>
<table> <table>
<thead> <thead>
<tr> <tr>
<th>groupadd \&lt;group_name></th> <th>groupadd \&lt;group_name&gt;</th>
<th>Creates a new group</th> <th>Creates a new group</th>
</tr> </tr>
</thead> </thead>
<tbody> <tbody>
<tr> <tr>
<td>groupmod \&lt;group_name></td> <td>groupmod \&lt;group_name&gt;</td>
<td>Modifies attributes of a group</td> <td>Modifies attributes of a group</td>
</tr> </tr>
<tr> <tr>
<td>groupdel \&lt;group_name></td> <td>groupdel \&lt;group_name&gt;</td>
<td>Deletes a group</td> <td>Deletes a group</td>
</tr> </tr>
<tr> <tr>
<td>gpasswd \&lt;group_name></td> <td>gpasswd \&lt;group_name&gt;</td>
<td>Modifies password for group</td> <td>Modifies password for group</td>
</tr> </tr>
</tbody> </tbody>
@@ -2964,7 +2964,7 @@ in the similar way.</p>
<h3 id="chown-command">Chown command</h3> <h3 id="chown-command">Chown command</h3>
<p>The chown command is used to change the owner of files or <p>The chown command is used to change the owner of files or
directories in Linux.</p> directories in Linux.</p>
<p>Command syntax: chown \&lt;new_owner> \&lt;file_name></p> <p>Command syntax: chown \&lt;new_owner&gt; \&lt;file_name&gt;</p>
<p><img alt="" src="../images/linux/admin/image6.png" /></p> <p><img alt="" src="../images/linux/admin/image6.png" /></p>
<p><strong>In case, we do not have sudo privileges, we need to use sudo <p><strong>In case, we do not have sudo privileges, we need to use sudo
command</strong>. Let's switch to user 'shivam' and try changing the owner. We command</strong>. Let's switch to user 'shivam' and try changing the owner. We
@@ -3029,10 +3029,10 @@ host.</p>
</li> </li>
</ol> </ol>
<h3 id="how-to-run-commands-on-a-remote-host">How to run commands on a remote host ?</h3> <h3 id="how-to-run-commands-on-a-remote-host">How to run commands on a remote host ?</h3>
<p>General syntax: ssh \&lt;user>@\&lt;hostname/hostip> \&lt;command></p> <p>General syntax: ssh \&lt;user&gt;@\&lt;hostname/hostip&gt; \&lt;command&gt;</p>
<p><img alt="" src="../images/linux/admin/image14.png" /></p> <p><img alt="" src="../images/linux/admin/image14.png" /></p>
<h3 id="how-to-transfer-files-from-one-host-to-another-host">How to transfer files from one host to another host ?</h3> <h3 id="how-to-transfer-files-from-one-host-to-another-host">How to transfer files from one host to another host ?</h3>
<p>General syntax: scp \&lt;source> \&lt;destination></p> <p>General syntax: scp \&lt;source&gt; \&lt;destination&gt;</p>
<p><img alt="" src="../images/linux/admin/image32.png" /></p> <p><img alt="" src="../images/linux/admin/image32.png" /></p>
<h2 id="package-management">Package Management</h2> <h2 id="package-management">Package Management</h2>
<p>Package management is the process of installing and managing software on <p>Package management is the process of installing and managing software on
@@ -3067,19 +3067,19 @@ systems.</p>
</thead> </thead>
<tbody> <tbody>
<tr> <tr>
<td>yum install \&lt;package_name></td> <td>yum install \&lt;package_name&gt;</td>
<td>Installs a package on your system</td> <td>Installs a package on your system</td>
</tr> </tr>
<tr> <tr>
<td>yum update \&lt;package_name></td> <td>yum update \&lt;package_name&gt;</td>
<td>Updates a package to it's latest available version</td> <td>Updates a package to it's latest available version</td>
</tr> </tr>
<tr> <tr>
<td>yum remove \&lt;package_name></td> <td>yum remove \&lt;package_name&gt;</td>
<td>Removes a package from your system</td> <td>Removes a package from your system</td>
</tr> </tr>
<tr> <tr>
<td>yum search \&lt;keyword></td> <td>yum search \&lt;keyword&gt;</td>
<td>Searches for a particular keyword</td> <td>Searches for a particular keyword</td>
</tr> </tr>
</tbody> </tbody>

2
level101/metrics_and_monitoring/third-party_monitoring/index.html
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@@ -2073,7 +2073,7 @@ errors during transmission or on the client side. As previously
mentioned, monitoring services from within the service infrastructure mentioned, monitoring services from within the service infrastructure
give good visibility into service health, but this is not enough. You give good visibility into service health, but this is not enough. You
need to monitor user experience, specifically the availability of need to monitor user experience, specifically the availability of
services for clients. A number of third-party services such asf services for clients. A number of third-party services such as
<a href="https://www.catchpoint.com/">Catchpoint</a>, <a href="https://www.catchpoint.com/">Catchpoint</a>,
<a href="https://www.pingdom.com/">Pingdom</a>, and so on are available for <a href="https://www.pingdom.com/">Pingdom</a>, and so on are available for
achieving this goal.</p> achieving this goal.</p>

64
level101/systems_design/availability/index.html
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@@ -2268,61 +2268,61 @@
<thead> <thead>
<tr> <tr>
<th>Availability %</th> <th>Availability %</th>
<th align="center">Downtime per year</th> <th style="text-align: center;">Downtime per year</th>
<th align="center">Downtime per month</th> <th style="text-align: center;">Downtime per month</th>
<th align="center">Downtime per week</th> <th style="text-align: center;">Downtime per week</th>
<th align="center">Downtime per day</th> <th style="text-align: center;">Downtime per day</th>
</tr> </tr>
</thead> </thead>
<tbody> <tbody>
<tr> <tr>
<td>99%(Two Nines)</td> <td>99%(Two Nines)</td>
<td align="center">3.65 days</td> <td style="text-align: center;">3.65 days</td>
<td align="center">7.31 hours</td> <td style="text-align: center;">7.31 hours</td>
<td align="center">1.68 hours</td> <td style="text-align: center;">1.68 hours</td>
<td align="center">14.40 minutes</td> <td style="text-align: center;">14.40 minutes</td>
</tr> </tr>
<tr> <tr>
<td>99.5%(Two and a half Nines)</td> <td>99.5%(Two and a half Nines)</td>
<td align="center">1.83 days</td> <td style="text-align: center;">1.83 days</td>
<td align="center">3.65 hours</td> <td style="text-align: center;">3.65 hours</td>
<td align="center">50.40 minutes</td> <td style="text-align: center;">50.40 minutes</td>
<td align="center">7.20 minutes</td> <td style="text-align: center;">7.20 minutes</td>
</tr> </tr>
<tr> <tr>
<td>99.9%(Three Nines)</td> <td>99.9%(Three Nines)</td>
<td align="center">8.77 hours</td> <td style="text-align: center;">8.77 hours</td>
<td align="center">43.83 minutes</td> <td style="text-align: center;">43.83 minutes</td>
<td align="center">10.08 minutes</td> <td style="text-align: center;">10.08 minutes</td>
<td align="center">1.44 minutes</td> <td style="text-align: center;">1.44 minutes</td>
</tr> </tr>
<tr> <tr>
<td>99.95%(Three and a half Nines)</td> <td>99.95%(Three and a half Nines)</td>
<td align="center">4.38 hours</td> <td style="text-align: center;">4.38 hours</td>
<td align="center">21.92 minutes</td> <td style="text-align: center;">21.92 minutes</td>
<td align="center">5.04 minutes</td> <td style="text-align: center;">5.04 minutes</td>
<td align="center">43.20 seconds</td> <td style="text-align: center;">43.20 seconds</td>
</tr> </tr>
<tr> <tr>
<td>99.99%(Four Nines)</td> <td>99.99%(Four Nines)</td>
<td align="center">52.60 minutes</td> <td style="text-align: center;">52.60 minutes</td>
<td align="center">4.38 minutes</td> <td style="text-align: center;">4.38 minutes</td>
<td align="center">1.01 minutes</td> <td style="text-align: center;">1.01 minutes</td>
<td align="center">8.64 seconds</td> <td style="text-align: center;">8.64 seconds</td>
</tr> </tr>
<tr> <tr>
<td>99.995%(Four and a half Nines)</td> <td>99.995%(Four and a half Nines)</td>
<td align="center">26.30 minutes</td> <td style="text-align: center;">26.30 minutes</td>
<td align="center">2.19 minutes</td> <td style="text-align: center;">2.19 minutes</td>
<td align="center">30.24 seconds</td> <td style="text-align: center;">30.24 seconds</td>
<td align="center">4.32 seconds</td> <td style="text-align: center;">4.32 seconds</td>
</tr> </tr>
<tr> <tr>
<td>99.999%(Five Nines)</td> <td>99.999%(Five Nines)</td>
<td align="center">5.26 minutes</td> <td style="text-align: center;">5.26 minutes</td>
<td align="center">26.30 seconds</td> <td style="text-align: center;">26.30 seconds</td>
<td align="center">6.05 seconds</td> <td style="text-align: center;">6.05 seconds</td>
<td align="center">864.0 ms</td> <td style="text-align: center;">864.0 ms</td>
</tr> </tr>
</tbody> </tbody>
</table> </table>

168
level102/system_calls_and_signals/signals/index.html
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@@ -2168,132 +2168,132 @@ The table below lists the signals 1 to 20. To get a full list of signals, you ca
<table> <table>
<thead> <thead>
<tr> <tr>
<th align="left">Signal name</th> <th style="text-align: left;">Signal name</th>
<th align="center">Signal number</th> <th style="text-align: center;">Signal number</th>
<th align="center">Default Action</th> <th style="text-align: center;">Default Action</th>
<th align="center">Meaning</th> <th style="text-align: center;">Meaning</th>
</tr> </tr>
</thead> </thead>
<tbody> <tbody>
<tr> <tr>
<td align="left">SIGHUP</td> <td style="text-align: left;">SIGHUP</td>
<td align="center">1</td> <td style="text-align: center;">1</td>
<td align="center">Terminate</td> <td style="text-align: center;">Terminate</td>
<td align="center">Hangup detected on controlling terminal or death of controlling process</td> <td style="text-align: center;">Hangup detected on controlling terminal or death of controlling process</td>
</tr> </tr>
<tr> <tr>
<td align="left">SIGINT</td> <td style="text-align: left;">SIGINT</td>
<td align="center">2</td> <td style="text-align: center;">2</td>
<td align="center">Terminate</td> <td style="text-align: center;">Terminate</td>
<td align="center">Interrupt from keyboard</td> <td style="text-align: center;">Interrupt from keyboard</td>
</tr> </tr>
<tr> <tr>
<td align="left">SIGQUIT</td> <td style="text-align: left;">SIGQUIT</td>
<td align="center">3</td> <td style="text-align: center;">3</td>
<td align="center">Core dump</td> <td style="text-align: center;">Core dump</td>
<td align="center">Quit from keyboard</td> <td style="text-align: center;">Quit from keyboard</td>
</tr> </tr>
<tr> <tr>
<td align="left">SIGILL</td> <td style="text-align: left;">SIGILL</td>
<td align="center">4</td> <td style="text-align: center;">4</td>
<td align="center">Core dump</td> <td style="text-align: center;">Core dump</td>
<td align="center">Illegal instruction</td> <td style="text-align: center;">Illegal instruction</td>
</tr> </tr>
<tr> <tr>
<td align="left">SIGTRAP</td> <td style="text-align: left;">SIGTRAP</td>
<td align="center">5</td> <td style="text-align: center;">5</td>
<td align="center">Core dump</td> <td style="text-align: center;">Core dump</td>
<td align="center">Trace/breakpoint trap for debugging</td> <td style="text-align: center;">Trace/breakpoint trap for debugging</td>
</tr> </tr>
<tr> <tr>
<td align="left">SIGABRT , SIGIOT</td> <td style="text-align: left;">SIGABRT , SIGIOT</td>
<td align="center">6</td> <td style="text-align: center;">6</td>
<td align="center">Core dump</td> <td style="text-align: center;">Core dump</td>
<td align="center">Abnormal termination</td> <td style="text-align: center;">Abnormal termination</td>
</tr> </tr>
<tr> <tr>
<td align="left">SIGBUS</td> <td style="text-align: left;">SIGBUS</td>
<td align="center">7</td> <td style="text-align: center;">7</td>
<td align="center">Core dump</td> <td style="text-align: center;">Core dump</td>
<td align="center">Bus error</td> <td style="text-align: center;">Bus error</td>
</tr> </tr>
<tr> <tr>
<td align="left">SIGFPE</td> <td style="text-align: left;">SIGFPE</td>
<td align="center">8</td> <td style="text-align: center;">8</td>
<td align="center">Core dump</td> <td style="text-align: center;">Core dump</td>
<td align="center">Floating point exception</td> <td style="text-align: center;">Floating point exception</td>
</tr> </tr>
<tr> <tr>
<td align="left">SIGKILL</td> <td style="text-align: left;">SIGKILL</td>
<td align="center">9</td> <td style="text-align: center;">9</td>
<td align="center">Terminate</td> <td style="text-align: center;">Terminate</td>
<td align="center">Kill signal(cannot be caught or ignored)</td> <td style="text-align: center;">Kill signal(cannot be caught or ignored)</td>
</tr> </tr>
<tr> <tr>
<td align="left">SIGUSR1</td> <td style="text-align: left;">SIGUSR1</td>
<td align="center">10</td> <td style="text-align: center;">10</td>
<td align="center">Terminate</td> <td style="text-align: center;">Terminate</td>
<td align="center">User-defined signal 1</td> <td style="text-align: center;">User-defined signal 1</td>
</tr> </tr>
<tr> <tr>
<td align="left">SIGSEGV</td> <td style="text-align: left;">SIGSEGV</td>
<td align="center">11</td> <td style="text-align: center;">11</td>
<td align="center">Core dump</td> <td style="text-align: center;">Core dump</td>
<td align="center">Invalid memory reference</td> <td style="text-align: center;">Invalid memory reference</td>
</tr> </tr>
<tr> <tr>
<td align="left">SIGUSR2</td> <td style="text-align: left;">SIGUSR2</td>
<td align="center">12</td> <td style="text-align: center;">12</td>
<td align="center">Terminate</td> <td style="text-align: center;">Terminate</td>
<td align="center">User-defined signal 2</td> <td style="text-align: center;">User-defined signal 2</td>
</tr> </tr>
<tr> <tr>
<td align="left">SIGPIPE</td> <td style="text-align: left;">SIGPIPE</td>
<td align="center">13</td> <td style="text-align: center;">13</td>
<td align="center">Terminate</td> <td style="text-align: center;">Terminate</td>
<td align="center">Broken pipe;write pipe with no readers</td> <td style="text-align: center;">Broken pipe;write pipe with no readers</td>
</tr> </tr>
<tr> <tr>
<td align="left">SIGALRM</td> <td style="text-align: left;">SIGALRM</td>
<td align="center">14</td> <td style="text-align: center;">14</td>
<td align="center">Terminate</td> <td style="text-align: center;">Terminate</td>
<td align="center">Timer signal from alarm</td> <td style="text-align: center;">Timer signal from alarm</td>
</tr> </tr>
<tr> <tr>
<td align="left">SIGTERM</td> <td style="text-align: left;">SIGTERM</td>
<td align="center">15</td> <td style="text-align: center;">15</td>
<td align="center">Terminate</td> <td style="text-align: center;">Terminate</td>
<td align="center">Process termination</td> <td style="text-align: center;">Process termination</td>
</tr> </tr>
<tr> <tr>
<td align="left">SIGSTKFLT</td> <td style="text-align: left;">SIGSTKFLT</td>
<td align="center">16</td> <td style="text-align: center;">16</td>
<td align="center">Terminate</td> <td style="text-align: center;">Terminate</td>
<td align="center">Stack fault on math co-processor</td> <td style="text-align: center;">Stack fault on math co-processor</td>
</tr> </tr>
<tr> <tr>
<td align="left">SIGCHLD</td> <td style="text-align: left;">SIGCHLD</td>
<td align="center">17</td> <td style="text-align: center;">17</td>
<td align="center">Ignore</td> <td style="text-align: center;">Ignore</td>
<td align="center">Child stopped or terminated</td> <td style="text-align: center;">Child stopped or terminated</td>
</tr> </tr>
<tr> <tr>
<td align="left">SIGCONT</td> <td style="text-align: left;">SIGCONT</td>
<td align="center">18</td> <td style="text-align: center;">18</td>
<td align="center">Continue</td> <td style="text-align: center;">Continue</td>
<td align="center">Continue if stopped</td> <td style="text-align: center;">Continue if stopped</td>
</tr> </tr>
<tr> <tr>
<td align="left">SIGSTOP</td> <td style="text-align: left;">SIGSTOP</td>
<td align="center">19</td> <td style="text-align: center;">19</td>
<td align="center">Stop</td> <td style="text-align: center;">Stop</td>
<td align="center">Stop process (can not be caught or ignore)</td> <td style="text-align: center;">Stop process (can not be caught or ignore)</td>
</tr> </tr>
<tr> <tr>
<td align="left">SIGTSTP</td> <td style="text-align: left;">SIGTSTP</td>
<td align="center">20</td> <td style="text-align: center;">20</td>
<td align="center">Stop</td> <td style="text-align: center;">Stop</td>
<td align="center">Stop types at tty</td> <td style="text-align: center;">Stop types at tty</td>
</tr> </tr>
</tbody> </tbody>
</table> </table>

24
level102/system_calls_and_signals/system_calls/index.html
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@@ -2173,30 +2173,30 @@ that the CPU can access protected kernel memory. Each system call may have a set
<table> <table>
<thead> <thead>
<tr> <tr>
<th align="left">Types Of System Calls</th> <th style="text-align: left;">Types Of System Calls</th>
<th align="right">Examples in Linux</th> <th style="text-align: right;">Examples in Linux</th>
</tr> </tr>
</thead> </thead>
<tbody> <tbody>
<tr> <tr>
<td align="left">Process Control</td> <td style="text-align: left;">Process Control</td>
<td align="right">fork(),exit(),wait()</td> <td style="text-align: right;">fork(),exit(),wait()</td>
</tr> </tr>
<tr> <tr>
<td align="left">File Management</td> <td style="text-align: left;">File Management</td>
<td align="right">open(), read(),write()</td> <td style="text-align: right;">open(), read(),write()</td>
</tr> </tr>
<tr> <tr>
<td align="left">Device Management</td> <td style="text-align: left;">Device Management</td>
<td align="right">ioctl(),read(),write()</td> <td style="text-align: right;">ioctl(),read(),write()</td>
</tr> </tr>
<tr> <tr>
<td align="left">Information Maintenance</td> <td style="text-align: left;">Information Maintenance</td>
<td align="right">getpid(),alarm(),sleep()</td> <td style="text-align: right;">getpid(),alarm(),sleep()</td>
</tr> </tr>
<tr> <tr>
<td align="left">Communication</td> <td style="text-align: left;">Communication</td>
<td align="right">pipe(),shmget(),mmap()</td> <td style="text-align: right;">pipe(),shmget(),mmap()</td>
</tr> </tr>
</tbody> </tbody>
</table> </table>

2
level102/system_design/scaling-beyond-the-datacenter/index.html
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@@ -2164,7 +2164,7 @@ the world, and would want to serve from the closest data center (DC) possible.</
<p>When an user sends a request, there are cases in which we might want to serve a specific user’s requests from a DC if we have multiple DCs, or a specific server inside a DC. We may also wish to serve all requests from a specific POP by a single data center. Sticky routing helps us do exactly that. It might be simply pinning all users to a specific DC or pinning specific users to specific servers. This is typically done from the POP, so that as soon as the user enters reaches our servers, we can route them to the nearest DC possible.</p> <p>When an user sends a request, there are cases in which we might want to serve a specific user’s requests from a DC if we have multiple DCs, or a specific server inside a DC. We may also wish to serve all requests from a specific POP by a single data center. Sticky routing helps us do exactly that. It might be simply pinning all users to a specific DC or pinning specific users to specific servers. This is typically done from the POP, so that as soon as the user enters reaches our servers, we can route them to the nearest DC possible.</p>
<h2 id="geo-dns">Geo DNS</h2> <h2 id="geo-dns">Geo DNS</h2>
<p>When a user opens the application, the user can be directed to one of the multiple <p>When a user opens the application, the user can be directed to one of the multiple
globally distributed POPs. This can be done using <a href="https://jameshfisher.com/2017/02/08/how-does-geodns-work/">GeoDNS</a>, which simply put, gives out a different IP address(which are distributed geographically), depending on the location of the user making the DNS request. GeoDNS is the first step in distributing users to different locations - it is not 100% accurate, and typically makes use of IP address allotment information for guessing the location of the user. However, it works well enough for >90% of the users. After this, we can have a sticky routing service that assigns each user to a specific DC, which we can use to assign a DC to this user, and set a cookie. When the user next visits, the cookie can be read at the POP to decide which data center the user’s traffic must be directed to.</p> globally distributed POPs. This can be done using <a href="https://jameshfisher.com/2017/02/08/how-does-geodns-work/">GeoDNS</a>, which simply put, gives out a different IP address(which are distributed geographically), depending on the location of the user making the DNS request. GeoDNS is the first step in distributing users to different locations - it is not 100% accurate, and typically makes use of IP address allotment information for guessing the location of the user. However, it works well enough for &gt;90% of the users. After this, we can have a sticky routing service that assigns each user to a specific DC, which we can use to assign a DC to this user, and set a cookie. When the user next visits, the cookie can be read at the POP to decide which data center the user’s traffic must be directed to.</p>
<p>Having multiple DCs and leveraging sticky routing has not only scaling benefits, but also adds to the resiliency of the service, albeit at the cost of additional complexity.</p> <p>Having multiple DCs and leveraging sticky routing has not only scaling benefits, but also adds to the resiliency of the service, albeit at the cost of additional complexity.</p>
<p>Let us consider another use case in which an user uploads a new profile picture for themselves. If we have multiple data centres or POPs which are not synced in real time - not all of them might have the newer picture. In such a case, it would make sense to tie that user to a specific DC/region until the update has propagated to all regions. Sticky routing would enable us to do this.</p> <p>Let us consider another use case in which an user uploads a new profile picture for themselves. If we have multiple data centres or POPs which are not synced in real time - not all of them might have the newer picture. In such a case, it would make sense to tie that user to a specific DC/region until the update has propagated to all regions. Sticky routing would enable us to do this.</p>
<h2 id="references">References</h2> <h2 id="references">References</h2>

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