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6243 lines
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6243 lines
117 KiB
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School Of SRE
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Observability
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Level 101
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
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Level 101
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<!-- Navigation link icon -->
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Fundamentals Series
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<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_2_1">
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Fundamentals Series
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<!-- Navigation tabs -->
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<!-- Render 1st level items with nested items as sections -->
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<input
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<!-- Navigation link icon -->
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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Linux Basics
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<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_2_1_1">
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
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Linux Basics
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</label>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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Introduction
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../linux_basics/command_line_basics/" class="md-nav__link">
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Command Line Basics
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</a>
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</li>
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<!-- Navigation link icon -->
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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Server Administration
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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Conclusion
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</a>
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<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine checked and indeterminate state -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Active checkbox expands items contained within nested section -->
|
|
<input
|
|
class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle "
|
|
type="checkbox"
|
|
id="__nav_2_1_2"
|
|
|
|
/>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Toggle to expand nested items -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<label
|
|
class="md-nav__link"
|
|
for="__nav_2_1_2"
|
|
id="__nav_2_1_2_label"
|
|
tabindex="0"
|
|
>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link title -->
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
|
Git
|
|
</span>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link status -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
|
</label>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Toggle to expand nested items with link to index page -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Nested navigation -->
|
|
<nav
|
|
class="md-nav"
|
|
data-md-level="3"
|
|
aria-labelledby="__nav_2_1_2_label"
|
|
aria-expanded="false"
|
|
>
|
|
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_2_1_2">
|
|
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
|
Git
|
|
</label>
|
|
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine classes -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
|
|
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
<a href="../../git/git-basics/" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link title -->
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
|
Git Basics
|
|
</span>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link status -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
</a>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine classes -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
|
|
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
<a href="../../git/branches/" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link title -->
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
|
Working With Branches
|
|
</span>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link status -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
</a>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine classes -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
|
|
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
<a href="../../git/github-hooks/" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link title -->
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
|
Github and Hooks
|
|
</span>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link status -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
</a>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine classes -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
|
|
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
<a href="../../git/conclusion/" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link title -->
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
|
Conclusion
|
|
</span>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link status -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
</a>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</ul>
|
|
</nav>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Pruned navigation item -->
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Currently active page -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine classes -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine all nested items that are index pages -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation tabs -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Render 1st level items with nested items as sections -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation pruning -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine checked and indeterminate state -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Active checkbox expands items contained within nested section -->
|
|
<input
|
|
class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle "
|
|
type="checkbox"
|
|
id="__nav_2_1_3"
|
|
|
|
/>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Toggle to expand nested items -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<label
|
|
class="md-nav__link"
|
|
for="__nav_2_1_3"
|
|
id="__nav_2_1_3_label"
|
|
tabindex="0"
|
|
>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link title -->
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
|
Linux Networking
|
|
</span>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link status -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
|
</label>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Toggle to expand nested items with link to index page -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Nested navigation -->
|
|
<nav
|
|
class="md-nav"
|
|
data-md-level="3"
|
|
aria-labelledby="__nav_2_1_3_label"
|
|
aria-expanded="false"
|
|
>
|
|
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_2_1_3">
|
|
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
|
Linux Networking
|
|
</label>
|
|
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine classes -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
|
|
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
<a href="../../linux_networking/intro/" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link title -->
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
|
Introduction
|
|
</span>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link status -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
</a>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine classes -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
|
|
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
<a href="../../linux_networking/dns/" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link title -->
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
|
DNS
|
|
</span>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link status -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
</a>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine classes -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
|
|
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
<a href="../../linux_networking/udp/" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link title -->
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
|
UDP
|
|
</span>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link status -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
</a>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine classes -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
|
|
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
<a href="../../linux_networking/http/" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link title -->
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
|
HTTP
|
|
</span>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link status -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
</a>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine classes -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
|
|
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
<a href="../../linux_networking/tcp/" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link title -->
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
|
TCP
|
|
</span>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link status -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
</a>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine classes -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
|
|
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
<a href="../../linux_networking/ipr/" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link title -->
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
|
Routing
|
|
</span>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link status -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
</a>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine classes -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
|
|
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
<a href="../../linux_networking/conclusion/" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link title -->
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
|
Conclusion
|
|
</span>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link status -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
</a>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</ul>
|
|
</nav>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Pruned navigation item -->
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Currently active page -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</ul>
|
|
</nav>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Pruned navigation item -->
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Currently active page -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine classes -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine all nested items that are index pages -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation tabs -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Render 1st level items with nested items as sections -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation pruning -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine checked and indeterminate state -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Active checkbox expands items contained within nested section -->
|
|
<input
|
|
class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle "
|
|
type="checkbox"
|
|
id="__nav_2_2"
|
|
|
|
/>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Toggle to expand nested items -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<label
|
|
class="md-nav__link"
|
|
for="__nav_2_2"
|
|
id="__nav_2_2_label"
|
|
tabindex="0"
|
|
>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link title -->
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
|
Python and Web
|
|
</span>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link status -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
|
</label>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Toggle to expand nested items with link to index page -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Nested navigation -->
|
|
<nav
|
|
class="md-nav"
|
|
data-md-level="2"
|
|
aria-labelledby="__nav_2_2_label"
|
|
aria-expanded="false"
|
|
>
|
|
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_2_2">
|
|
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
|
Python and Web
|
|
</label>
|
|
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine classes -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
|
|
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
<a href="../../python_web/intro/" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link title -->
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
|
Introduction
|
|
</span>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link status -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
</a>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine classes -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
|
|
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
<a href="../../python_web/python-concepts/" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link title -->
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
|
Some Python Concepts
|
|
</span>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link status -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
</a>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine classes -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
|
|
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
<a href="../../python_web/python-web-flask/" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link title -->
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
|
Python, Web and Flask
|
|
</span>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link status -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
</a>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine classes -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
|
|
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
<a href="../../python_web/url-shorten-app/" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link title -->
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
|
The URL Shortening App
|
|
</span>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link status -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
</a>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine classes -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
|
|
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
<a href="../../python_web/sre-conclusion/" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link title -->
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
|
Conclusion
|
|
</span>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link status -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
</a>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</ul>
|
|
</nav>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Pruned navigation item -->
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Currently active page -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine classes -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine all nested items that are index pages -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation tabs -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Render 1st level items with nested items as sections -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation pruning -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine checked and indeterminate state -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Active checkbox expands items contained within nested section -->
|
|
<input
|
|
class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle "
|
|
type="checkbox"
|
|
id="__nav_2_3"
|
|
|
|
/>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Toggle to expand nested items -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<label
|
|
class="md-nav__link"
|
|
for="__nav_2_3"
|
|
id="__nav_2_3_label"
|
|
tabindex="0"
|
|
>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link title -->
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
|
Data
|
|
</span>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link status -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
|
</label>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Toggle to expand nested items with link to index page -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Nested navigation -->
|
|
<nav
|
|
class="md-nav"
|
|
data-md-level="2"
|
|
aria-labelledby="__nav_2_3_label"
|
|
aria-expanded="false"
|
|
>
|
|
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_2_3">
|
|
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
|
Data
|
|
</label>
|
|
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine classes -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine all nested items that are index pages -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation tabs -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Render 1st level items with nested items as sections -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation pruning -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine checked and indeterminate state -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Active checkbox expands items contained within nested section -->
|
|
<input
|
|
class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle "
|
|
type="checkbox"
|
|
id="__nav_2_3_1"
|
|
|
|
/>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Toggle to expand nested items -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<label
|
|
class="md-nav__link"
|
|
for="__nav_2_3_1"
|
|
id="__nav_2_3_1_label"
|
|
tabindex="0"
|
|
>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link title -->
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
|
Relational Databases
|
|
</span>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link status -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
|
</label>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Toggle to expand nested items with link to index page -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Nested navigation -->
|
|
<nav
|
|
class="md-nav"
|
|
data-md-level="3"
|
|
aria-labelledby="__nav_2_3_1_label"
|
|
aria-expanded="false"
|
|
>
|
|
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_2_3_1">
|
|
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
|
Relational Databases
|
|
</label>
|
|
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine classes -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
|
|
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
<a href="../../databases_sql/intro/" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link title -->
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
|
Introduction
|
|
</span>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link status -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
</a>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine classes -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
|
|
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
<a href="../../databases_sql/concepts/" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link title -->
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
|
Key Concepts
|
|
</span>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link status -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
</a>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine classes -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
|
|
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
<a href="../../databases_sql/mysql/" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link title -->
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
|
MySQL
|
|
</span>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link status -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
</a>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine classes -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
|
|
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
<a href="../../databases_sql/innodb/" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link title -->
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
|
InnoDB
|
|
</span>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link status -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
</a>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine classes -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
|
|
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
<a href="../../databases_sql/backup_recovery/" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link title -->
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
|
Backup and Recovery
|
|
</span>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link status -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
</a>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine classes -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
|
|
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
<a href="../../databases_sql/replication/" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link title -->
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
|
MySQL Replication
|
|
</span>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link status -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
</a>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine classes -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
|
|
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
<a href="../../databases_sql/operations/" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link title -->
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
|
Operational Concepts
|
|
</span>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link status -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
</a>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine classes -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
|
|
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
<a href="../../databases_sql/select_query/" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link title -->
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
|
Select Query
|
|
</span>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link status -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
</a>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine classes -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
|
|
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
<a href="../../databases_sql/query_performance/" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link title -->
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
|
Query Performance
|
|
</span>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link status -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
</a>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine classes -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
|
|
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
<a href="../../databases_sql/lab/" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link title -->
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
|
Lab
|
|
</span>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link status -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
</a>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine classes -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
|
|
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
<a href="../../databases_sql/conclusion/" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link title -->
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
|
Conclusion
|
|
</span>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link status -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
</a>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</ul>
|
|
</nav>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Pruned navigation item -->
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Currently active page -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine classes -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine all nested items that are index pages -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation tabs -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Render 1st level items with nested items as sections -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation pruning -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine checked and indeterminate state -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Active checkbox expands items contained within nested section -->
|
|
<input
|
|
class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle "
|
|
type="checkbox"
|
|
id="__nav_2_3_2"
|
|
|
|
/>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Toggle to expand nested items -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<label
|
|
class="md-nav__link"
|
|
for="__nav_2_3_2"
|
|
id="__nav_2_3_2_label"
|
|
tabindex="0"
|
|
>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link title -->
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
|
NoSQL
|
|
</span>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link status -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
|
</label>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Toggle to expand nested items with link to index page -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Nested navigation -->
|
|
<nav
|
|
class="md-nav"
|
|
data-md-level="3"
|
|
aria-labelledby="__nav_2_3_2_label"
|
|
aria-expanded="false"
|
|
>
|
|
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_2_3_2">
|
|
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
|
NoSQL
|
|
</label>
|
|
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine classes -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
|
|
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
<a href="../../databases_nosql/intro/" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link title -->
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
|
Introduction
|
|
</span>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link status -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
</a>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine classes -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
|
|
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
<a href="../../databases_nosql/key_concepts/" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link title -->
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
|
Key Concepts
|
|
</span>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link status -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
</a>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine classes -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
|
|
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
<a href="../../databases_nosql/further_reading/" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link title -->
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
|
Conclusion
|
|
</span>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link status -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
</a>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</ul>
|
|
</nav>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Pruned navigation item -->
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Currently active page -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine classes -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine all nested items that are index pages -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation tabs -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Render 1st level items with nested items as sections -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation pruning -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine checked and indeterminate state -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Active checkbox expands items contained within nested section -->
|
|
<input
|
|
class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle "
|
|
type="checkbox"
|
|
id="__nav_2_3_3"
|
|
|
|
/>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Toggle to expand nested items -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<label
|
|
class="md-nav__link"
|
|
for="__nav_2_3_3"
|
|
id="__nav_2_3_3_label"
|
|
tabindex="0"
|
|
>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link title -->
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
|
Message Queue
|
|
</span>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link status -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
|
</label>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Toggle to expand nested items with link to index page -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Nested navigation -->
|
|
<nav
|
|
class="md-nav"
|
|
data-md-level="3"
|
|
aria-labelledby="__nav_2_3_3_label"
|
|
aria-expanded="false"
|
|
>
|
|
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_2_3_3">
|
|
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
|
Message Queue
|
|
</label>
|
|
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine classes -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
|
|
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
<a href="../../messagequeue/intro/" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link title -->
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
|
Introduction
|
|
</span>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link status -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
</a>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine classes -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
|
|
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
<a href="../../messagequeue/key_concepts/" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link title -->
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
|
Key Concepts
|
|
</span>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link status -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
</a>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine classes -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
|
|
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
<a href="../../messagequeue/further_reading/" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link title -->
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
|
Conclusion
|
|
</span>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link status -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
</a>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</ul>
|
|
</nav>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Pruned navigation item -->
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Currently active page -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine classes -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine all nested items that are index pages -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation tabs -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Render 1st level items with nested items as sections -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation pruning -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine checked and indeterminate state -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Active checkbox expands items contained within nested section -->
|
|
<input
|
|
class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle "
|
|
type="checkbox"
|
|
id="__nav_2_3_4"
|
|
|
|
/>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Toggle to expand nested items -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<label
|
|
class="md-nav__link"
|
|
for="__nav_2_3_4"
|
|
id="__nav_2_3_4_label"
|
|
tabindex="0"
|
|
>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link title -->
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
|
Big Data
|
|
</span>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link status -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
|
</label>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Toggle to expand nested items with link to index page -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Nested navigation -->
|
|
<nav
|
|
class="md-nav"
|
|
data-md-level="3"
|
|
aria-labelledby="__nav_2_3_4_label"
|
|
aria-expanded="false"
|
|
>
|
|
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_2_3_4">
|
|
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
|
Big Data
|
|
</label>
|
|
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine classes -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
|
|
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
<a href="../../big_data/intro/" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link title -->
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
|
Introduction
|
|
</span>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link status -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
</a>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine classes -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
|
|
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
<a href="../../big_data/evolution/" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link title -->
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
|
Evolution and Architecture of Hadoop
|
|
</span>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link status -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
</a>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine classes -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
|
|
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
<a href="../../big_data/tasks/" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link title -->
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
|
Conclusion
|
|
</span>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link status -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
</a>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</ul>
|
|
</nav>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Pruned navigation item -->
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Currently active page -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</ul>
|
|
</nav>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Pruned navigation item -->
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Currently active page -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine classes -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine all nested items that are index pages -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation tabs -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Render 1st level items with nested items as sections -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation pruning -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine checked and indeterminate state -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Active checkbox expands items contained within nested section -->
|
|
<input
|
|
class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle "
|
|
type="checkbox"
|
|
id="__nav_2_4"
|
|
|
|
/>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Toggle to expand nested items -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<label
|
|
class="md-nav__link"
|
|
for="__nav_2_4"
|
|
id="__nav_2_4_label"
|
|
tabindex="0"
|
|
>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link title -->
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
|
Systems Design
|
|
</span>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link status -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
|
</label>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Toggle to expand nested items with link to index page -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Nested navigation -->
|
|
<nav
|
|
class="md-nav"
|
|
data-md-level="2"
|
|
aria-labelledby="__nav_2_4_label"
|
|
aria-expanded="false"
|
|
>
|
|
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_2_4">
|
|
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
|
Systems Design
|
|
</label>
|
|
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine classes -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
|
|
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
<a href="../../systems_design/intro/" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link title -->
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
|
Introduction
|
|
</span>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link status -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
</a>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine classes -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
|
|
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
<a href="../../systems_design/scalability/" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link title -->
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
|
Scalability
|
|
</span>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link status -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
</a>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine classes -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
|
|
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
<a href="../../systems_design/availability/" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link title -->
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
|
Availability
|
|
</span>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link status -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
</a>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine classes -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
|
|
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
<a href="../../systems_design/fault-tolerance/" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link title -->
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
|
Fault Tolerance
|
|
</span>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link status -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
</a>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine classes -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
|
|
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
<a href="../../systems_design/conclusion/" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link title -->
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
|
Conclusion
|
|
</span>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link status -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
</a>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</ul>
|
|
</nav>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Pruned navigation item -->
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Currently active page -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine classes -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine all nested items that are index pages -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation tabs -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Render 1st level items with nested items as sections -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation pruning -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--active md-nav__item--nested">
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine checked and indeterminate state -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Active checkbox expands items contained within nested section -->
|
|
<input
|
|
class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle "
|
|
type="checkbox"
|
|
id="__nav_2_5"
|
|
checked
|
|
/>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Toggle to expand nested items -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<label
|
|
class="md-nav__link"
|
|
for="__nav_2_5"
|
|
id="__nav_2_5_label"
|
|
tabindex="0"
|
|
>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link title -->
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
|
Metrics and Monitoring
|
|
</span>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link status -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
|
</label>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Toggle to expand nested items with link to index page -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Nested navigation -->
|
|
<nav
|
|
class="md-nav"
|
|
data-md-level="2"
|
|
aria-labelledby="__nav_2_5_label"
|
|
aria-expanded="true"
|
|
>
|
|
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_2_5">
|
|
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
|
Metrics and Monitoring
|
|
</label>
|
|
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine classes -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
|
|
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
<a href="../introduction/" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link title -->
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
|
Introduction
|
|
</span>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link status -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
</a>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine classes -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
|
|
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
<a href="../command-line_tools/" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link title -->
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
|
Command-line Tools
|
|
</span>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link status -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
</a>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine classes -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
|
|
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
<a href="../third-party_monitoring/" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link title -->
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
|
Third-party Monitoring
|
|
</span>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link status -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
</a>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine classes -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
|
|
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
<a href="../alerts/" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link title -->
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
|
Proactive Monitoring with Alerts
|
|
</span>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link status -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
</a>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine classes -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
|
|
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
<a href="../best_practices/" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link title -->
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
|
Best Practices for Monitoring
|
|
</span>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link status -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
</a>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine classes -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
|
|
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--active">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- State toggle -->
|
|
<input
|
|
class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle"
|
|
type="checkbox"
|
|
id="__toc"
|
|
/>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Hack: see partials/toc.html for more information -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link to table of contents -->
|
|
|
|
<label class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--active" for="__toc">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link title -->
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
|
Observability
|
|
</span>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link status -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
|
</label>
|
|
|
|
<a
|
|
href="./"
|
|
class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--active"
|
|
>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link title -->
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
|
Observability
|
|
</span>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link status -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Table of contents -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<nav class="md-nav md-nav--secondary" aria-label="Table of contents">
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__toc">
|
|
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
|
Table of contents
|
|
</label>
|
|
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-component="toc" data-md-scrollfix>
|
|
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
<a href="#_1" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
|
|
|
</span>
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
<a href="#observability" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
|
Observability
|
|
</span>
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
<nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Observability">
|
|
<ul class="md-nav__list">
|
|
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
<a href="#logs" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
|
Logs
|
|
</span>
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
<a href="#tracing" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
|
Tracing
|
|
</span>
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
</ul>
|
|
</nav>
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
|
</nav>
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation item -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine classes -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
|
|
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
<a href="../conclusion/" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link title -->
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
|
Conclusion
|
|
</span>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link status -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
</a>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</ul>
|
|
</nav>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Pruned navigation item -->
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Currently active page -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine classes -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine all nested items that are index pages -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation tabs -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Render 1st level items with nested items as sections -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation pruning -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine checked and indeterminate state -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Active checkbox expands items contained within nested section -->
|
|
<input
|
|
class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle "
|
|
type="checkbox"
|
|
id="__nav_2_6"
|
|
|
|
/>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Toggle to expand nested items -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<label
|
|
class="md-nav__link"
|
|
for="__nav_2_6"
|
|
id="__nav_2_6_label"
|
|
tabindex="0"
|
|
>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link title -->
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
|
Security
|
|
</span>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link status -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
|
</label>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Toggle to expand nested items with link to index page -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Nested navigation -->
|
|
<nav
|
|
class="md-nav"
|
|
data-md-level="2"
|
|
aria-labelledby="__nav_2_6_label"
|
|
aria-expanded="false"
|
|
>
|
|
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_2_6">
|
|
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
|
Security
|
|
</label>
|
|
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine classes -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
|
|
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
<a href="../../security/intro/" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link title -->
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
|
Introduction
|
|
</span>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link status -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
</a>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine classes -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
|
|
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
<a href="../../security/fundamentals/" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link title -->
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
|
Fundamentals of Security
|
|
</span>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link status -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
</a>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine classes -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
|
|
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
<a href="../../security/network_security/" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link title -->
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
|
Network Security
|
|
</span>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link status -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
</a>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine classes -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
|
|
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
<a href="../../security/threats_attacks_defences/" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link title -->
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
|
Threat, Attacks & Defences
|
|
</span>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link status -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
</a>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine classes -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
|
|
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
<a href="../../security/writing_secure_code/" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link title -->
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
|
Writing Secure code
|
|
</span>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link status -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
</a>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine classes -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
|
|
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
<a href="../../security/conclusion/" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link title -->
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
|
Conclusion
|
|
</span>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link status -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
</a>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</ul>
|
|
</nav>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Pruned navigation item -->
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Currently active page -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</ul>
|
|
</nav>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Pruned navigation item -->
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Currently active page -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine classes -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine all nested items that are index pages -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation tabs -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Render 1st level items with nested items as sections -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation pruning -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine checked and indeterminate state -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Active checkbox expands items contained within nested section -->
|
|
<input
|
|
class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle "
|
|
type="checkbox"
|
|
id="__nav_3"
|
|
|
|
/>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Toggle to expand nested items -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<label
|
|
class="md-nav__link"
|
|
for="__nav_3"
|
|
id="__nav_3_label"
|
|
tabindex=""
|
|
>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link title -->
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
|
Level 102
|
|
</span>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link status -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
|
</label>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Toggle to expand nested items with link to index page -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Nested navigation -->
|
|
<nav
|
|
class="md-nav"
|
|
data-md-level="1"
|
|
aria-labelledby="__nav_3_label"
|
|
aria-expanded="false"
|
|
>
|
|
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_3">
|
|
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
|
Level 102
|
|
</label>
|
|
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine classes -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine all nested items that are index pages -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation tabs -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Render 1st level items with nested items as sections -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation pruning -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine checked and indeterminate state -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Active checkbox expands items contained within nested section -->
|
|
<input
|
|
class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle "
|
|
type="checkbox"
|
|
id="__nav_3_1"
|
|
|
|
/>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Toggle to expand nested items -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<label
|
|
class="md-nav__link"
|
|
for="__nav_3_1"
|
|
id="__nav_3_1_label"
|
|
tabindex="0"
|
|
>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link title -->
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
|
Linux Intermediate
|
|
</span>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link status -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
|
</label>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Toggle to expand nested items with link to index page -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Nested navigation -->
|
|
<nav
|
|
class="md-nav"
|
|
data-md-level="2"
|
|
aria-labelledby="__nav_3_1_label"
|
|
aria-expanded="false"
|
|
>
|
|
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_3_1">
|
|
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
|
Linux Intermediate
|
|
</label>
|
|
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine classes -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
|
|
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
<a href="../../../level102/linux_intermediate/introduction/" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link title -->
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
|
Introduction
|
|
</span>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link status -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
</a>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine classes -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
|
|
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
<a href="../../../level102/linux_intermediate/package_management/" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link title -->
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
|
Package Management
|
|
</span>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link status -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
</a>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine classes -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
|
|
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
<a href="../../../level102/linux_intermediate/storage_media/" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link title -->
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
|
Storage Media
|
|
</span>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link status -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
</a>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine classes -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
|
|
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
<a href="../../../level102/linux_intermediate/archiving_backup/" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link title -->
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
|
Archiving and Backup
|
|
</span>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link status -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
</a>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine classes -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
|
|
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
<a href="../../../level102/linux_intermediate/introvim/" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link title -->
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
|
Introduction to Vim
|
|
</span>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link status -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
</a>
|
|
</li>
|
|
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|
|
|
|
|
|
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|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine classes -->
|
|
|
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|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
|
|
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
<a href="../../../level102/linux_intermediate/bashscripting/" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link title -->
|
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
|
Bash Scripting
|
|
</span>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link status -->
|
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|
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</a>
|
|
</li>
|
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|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
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|
|
<!-- Determine classes -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
|
|
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
<a href="../../../level102/linux_intermediate/conclusion/" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link title -->
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
|
Conclusion
|
|
</span>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link status -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
</a>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</ul>
|
|
</nav>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Pruned navigation item -->
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Currently active page -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine classes -->
|
|
|
|
|
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|
|
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine all nested items that are index pages -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation tabs -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Render 1st level items with nested items as sections -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation pruning -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine checked and indeterminate state -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Active checkbox expands items contained within nested section -->
|
|
<input
|
|
class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle "
|
|
type="checkbox"
|
|
id="__nav_3_2"
|
|
|
|
/>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Toggle to expand nested items -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<label
|
|
class="md-nav__link"
|
|
for="__nav_3_2"
|
|
id="__nav_3_2_label"
|
|
tabindex="0"
|
|
>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link title -->
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
|
Linux Advanced
|
|
</span>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link status -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
|
</label>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Toggle to expand nested items with link to index page -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Nested navigation -->
|
|
<nav
|
|
class="md-nav"
|
|
data-md-level="2"
|
|
aria-labelledby="__nav_3_2_label"
|
|
aria-expanded="false"
|
|
>
|
|
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_3_2">
|
|
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
|
Linux Advanced
|
|
</label>
|
|
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine classes -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine all nested items that are index pages -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation tabs -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Render 1st level items with nested items as sections -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation pruning -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine checked and indeterminate state -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Active checkbox expands items contained within nested section -->
|
|
<input
|
|
class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle "
|
|
type="checkbox"
|
|
id="__nav_3_2_1"
|
|
|
|
/>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Toggle to expand nested items -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<label
|
|
class="md-nav__link"
|
|
for="__nav_3_2_1"
|
|
id="__nav_3_2_1_label"
|
|
tabindex="0"
|
|
>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link title -->
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
|
Containerization And Orchestration
|
|
</span>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link status -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
|
</label>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Toggle to expand nested items with link to index page -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Nested navigation -->
|
|
<nav
|
|
class="md-nav"
|
|
data-md-level="3"
|
|
aria-labelledby="__nav_3_2_1_label"
|
|
aria-expanded="false"
|
|
>
|
|
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_3_2_1">
|
|
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
|
Containerization And Orchestration
|
|
</label>
|
|
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine classes -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
|
|
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
<a href="../../../level102/containerization_and_orchestration/intro/" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link title -->
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
|
Introduction
|
|
</span>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link status -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
</a>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine classes -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
|
|
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
<a href="../../../level102/containerization_and_orchestration/intro_to_containers/" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link title -->
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
|
Introduction To Containers
|
|
</span>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link status -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
</a>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine classes -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
|
|
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
<a href="../../../level102/containerization_and_orchestration/containerization_with_docker/" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link title -->
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
|
Containerization With Docker
|
|
</span>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link status -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
</a>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine classes -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
|
|
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
<a href="../../../level102/containerization_and_orchestration/orchestration_with_kubernetes/" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link title -->
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
|
Orchestration With Kubernetes
|
|
</span>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link status -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
</a>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine classes -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
|
|
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
<a href="../../../level102/containerization_and_orchestration/conclusion/" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link title -->
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
|
Conclusion
|
|
</span>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link status -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
</a>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</ul>
|
|
</nav>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Pruned navigation item -->
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Currently active page -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine classes -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine all nested items that are index pages -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation tabs -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Render 1st level items with nested items as sections -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation pruning -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine checked and indeterminate state -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Active checkbox expands items contained within nested section -->
|
|
<input
|
|
class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle "
|
|
type="checkbox"
|
|
id="__nav_3_2_2"
|
|
|
|
/>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Toggle to expand nested items -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<label
|
|
class="md-nav__link"
|
|
for="__nav_3_2_2"
|
|
id="__nav_3_2_2_label"
|
|
tabindex="0"
|
|
>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link title -->
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
|
System Calls and Signals
|
|
</span>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link status -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
|
</label>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Toggle to expand nested items with link to index page -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Nested navigation -->
|
|
<nav
|
|
class="md-nav"
|
|
data-md-level="3"
|
|
aria-labelledby="__nav_3_2_2_label"
|
|
aria-expanded="false"
|
|
>
|
|
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_3_2_2">
|
|
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
|
System Calls and Signals
|
|
</label>
|
|
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine classes -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
|
|
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
<a href="../../../level102/system_calls_and_signals/intro/" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link title -->
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
|
Introduction
|
|
</span>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link status -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
</a>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine classes -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
|
|
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
<a href="../../../level102/system_calls_and_signals/signals/" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link title -->
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
|
Signals
|
|
</span>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link status -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
</a>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine classes -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
|
|
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
<a href="../../../level102/system_calls_and_signals/system_calls/" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link title -->
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
|
System Calls
|
|
</span>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link status -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
</a>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine classes -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
|
|
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
<a href="../../../level102/system_calls_and_signals/conclusion/" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link title -->
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
|
Conclusion
|
|
</span>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link status -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
</a>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</ul>
|
|
</nav>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Pruned navigation item -->
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Currently active page -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</ul>
|
|
</nav>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Pruned navigation item -->
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Currently active page -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine classes -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine all nested items that are index pages -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation tabs -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Render 1st level items with nested items as sections -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation pruning -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine checked and indeterminate state -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Active checkbox expands items contained within nested section -->
|
|
<input
|
|
class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle "
|
|
type="checkbox"
|
|
id="__nav_3_3"
|
|
|
|
/>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Toggle to expand nested items -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<label
|
|
class="md-nav__link"
|
|
for="__nav_3_3"
|
|
id="__nav_3_3_label"
|
|
tabindex="0"
|
|
>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link title -->
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
|
Networking
|
|
</span>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link status -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
|
</label>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Toggle to expand nested items with link to index page -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Nested navigation -->
|
|
<nav
|
|
class="md-nav"
|
|
data-md-level="2"
|
|
aria-labelledby="__nav_3_3_label"
|
|
aria-expanded="false"
|
|
>
|
|
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_3_3">
|
|
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
|
Networking
|
|
</label>
|
|
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine classes -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
|
|
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
<a href="../../../level102/networking/introduction/" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link title -->
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
|
Introduction
|
|
</span>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link status -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
</a>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine classes -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
|
|
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
<a href="../../../level102/networking/security/" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link title -->
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
|
Security
|
|
</span>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link status -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
</a>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine classes -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
|
|
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
<a href="../../../level102/networking/scale/" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link title -->
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
|
Scale
|
|
</span>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link status -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
</a>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine classes -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
|
|
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
<a href="../../../level102/networking/rtt/" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link title -->
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
|
RTT
|
|
</span>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link status -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
</a>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine classes -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
|
|
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
<a href="../../../level102/networking/infrastructure-features/" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link title -->
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
|
Infrastructure Services
|
|
</span>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link status -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
</a>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine classes -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
|
|
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
<a href="../../../level102/networking/conclusion/" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link title -->
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
|
Conclusion
|
|
</span>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link status -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
</a>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</ul>
|
|
</nav>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Pruned navigation item -->
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Currently active page -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine classes -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine all nested items that are index pages -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation tabs -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Render 1st level items with nested items as sections -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation pruning -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine checked and indeterminate state -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Active checkbox expands items contained within nested section -->
|
|
<input
|
|
class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle "
|
|
type="checkbox"
|
|
id="__nav_3_4"
|
|
|
|
/>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Toggle to expand nested items -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<label
|
|
class="md-nav__link"
|
|
for="__nav_3_4"
|
|
id="__nav_3_4_label"
|
|
tabindex="0"
|
|
>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link title -->
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
|
System Design
|
|
</span>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link status -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
|
</label>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Toggle to expand nested items with link to index page -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Nested navigation -->
|
|
<nav
|
|
class="md-nav"
|
|
data-md-level="2"
|
|
aria-labelledby="__nav_3_4_label"
|
|
aria-expanded="false"
|
|
>
|
|
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_3_4">
|
|
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
|
System Design
|
|
</label>
|
|
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine classes -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
|
|
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
<a href="../../../level102/system_design/intro/" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link title -->
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
|
Introduction
|
|
</span>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link status -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
</a>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine classes -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
|
|
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
<a href="../../../level102/system_design/large-system-design/" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link title -->
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
|
Large System Design
|
|
</span>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link status -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
</a>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine classes -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
|
|
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
<a href="../../../level102/system_design/scaling/" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link title -->
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
|
Scaling
|
|
</span>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link status -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
</a>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine classes -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
|
|
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
<a href="../../../level102/system_design/scaling-beyond-the-datacenter/" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link title -->
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
|
Scaling Beyond the Data Center
|
|
</span>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link status -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
</a>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine classes -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
|
|
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
<a href="../../../level102/system_design/resiliency/" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link title -->
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
|
Resiliency
|
|
</span>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link status -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
</a>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine classes -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
|
|
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
<a href="../../../level102/system_design/conclusion/" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link title -->
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
|
Conclusion
|
|
</span>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link status -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
</a>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</ul>
|
|
</nav>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Pruned navigation item -->
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Currently active page -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine classes -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine all nested items that are index pages -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation tabs -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Render 1st level items with nested items as sections -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation pruning -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine checked and indeterminate state -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Active checkbox expands items contained within nested section -->
|
|
<input
|
|
class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle "
|
|
type="checkbox"
|
|
id="__nav_3_5"
|
|
|
|
/>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Toggle to expand nested items -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<label
|
|
class="md-nav__link"
|
|
for="__nav_3_5"
|
|
id="__nav_3_5_label"
|
|
tabindex="0"
|
|
>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link title -->
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
|
System Troubleshooting and Performance Improvements
|
|
</span>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link status -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
|
</label>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Toggle to expand nested items with link to index page -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Nested navigation -->
|
|
<nav
|
|
class="md-nav"
|
|
data-md-level="2"
|
|
aria-labelledby="__nav_3_5_label"
|
|
aria-expanded="false"
|
|
>
|
|
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_3_5">
|
|
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
|
System Troubleshooting and Performance Improvements
|
|
</label>
|
|
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine classes -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
|
|
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
<a href="../../../level102/system_troubleshooting_and_performance/introduction/" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link title -->
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
|
Introduction
|
|
</span>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link status -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
</a>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine classes -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
|
|
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
<a href="../../../level102/system_troubleshooting_and_performance/troubleshooting/" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link title -->
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
|
Troubleshooting
|
|
</span>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link status -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
</a>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine classes -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
|
|
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
<a href="../../../level102/system_troubleshooting_and_performance/important-tools/" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link title -->
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
|
Important Tools
|
|
</span>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link status -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
</a>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine classes -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
|
|
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
<a href="../../../level102/system_troubleshooting_and_performance/performance-improvements/" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link title -->
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
|
Performance Improvements
|
|
</span>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link status -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
</a>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine classes -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
|
|
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
<a href="../../../level102/system_troubleshooting_and_performance/troubleshooting-example/" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link title -->
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
|
Troubleshooting Example
|
|
</span>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link status -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
</a>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine classes -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
|
|
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
<a href="../../../level102/system_troubleshooting_and_performance/conclusion/" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link title -->
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
|
Conclusion
|
|
</span>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link status -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
</a>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</ul>
|
|
</nav>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Pruned navigation item -->
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Currently active page -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine classes -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine all nested items that are index pages -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation tabs -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Render 1st level items with nested items as sections -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation pruning -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Determine checked and indeterminate state -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Active checkbox expands items contained within nested section -->
|
|
<input
|
|
class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle "
|
|
type="checkbox"
|
|
id="__nav_3_6"
|
|
|
|
/>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Toggle to expand nested items -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<label
|
|
class="md-nav__link"
|
|
for="__nav_3_6"
|
|
id="__nav_3_6_label"
|
|
tabindex="0"
|
|
>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link title -->
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
|
Continuous Integration and Continuous Delivery
|
|
</span>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Navigation link status -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
|
</label>
|
|
|
|
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Observability
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Logs
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Tracing
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<article class="md-content__inner md-typeset">
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<h2 id="_1"></h2>
|
|
<h1 id="observability">Observability</h1>
|
|
<p>Engineers often use observability when referring to building reliable
|
|
systems. <em>Observability</em> is a term derived from control theory, it is a
|
|
measure of how well internal states of a system can be inferred from
|
|
knowledge of its external outputs. Service infrastructures used on a
|
|
daily basis are becoming more and more complex; proactive monitoring
|
|
alone is not sufficient to quickly resolve issues causing application
|
|
failures. With monitoring, you can keep known past failures from
|
|
recurring, but with a complex service architecture, many unknown factors
|
|
can cause potential problems. To address such cases, you can make the
|
|
service observable. An observable system provides highly granular
|
|
insights into the implicit failure modes. In addition, an observable
|
|
system furnishes ample context about its inner workings, which unlocks
|
|
the ability to uncover deeper systemic issues.</p>
|
|
<p>Monitoring enables failure detection; observability helps in gaining a
|
|
better understanding of the system. Among engineers, there is a common
|
|
misconception that monitoring and observability are two different
|
|
things. Actually, observability is the superset to monitoring; that is,
|
|
monitoring improves service observability. The goal of observability is
|
|
not only to detect problems, but also to understand where the issue is
|
|
and what is causing it. In addition to metrics, observability has two
|
|
more pillars: logs and traces, as shown in Figure 9. Although these
|
|
three components do not make a system 100 percent observable, these are
|
|
the most important and powerful components that give a better
|
|
understanding of the system. Each of these pillars has its flaws, which
|
|
are described in <a href="https://medium.com/lightstephq/three-pillars-with-zero-answers-2a98b36358b8">Three Pillars with Zero
|
|
Answers</a>.</p>
|
|
<p><img alt="Three pillars of observability" src="../images/image7.png" /> <p align="center"> Figure 9:
|
|
Three pillars of observability </p></p>
|
|
<p>Because we have covered metrics already, let's look at the other two
|
|
pillars (logs and traces).</p>
|
|
<h4 id="logs">Logs</h4>
|
|
<p>Logs (often referred to as <em>events</em>) are a record of activities
|
|
performed by a service during its run time, with a corresponding
|
|
timestamp. Metrics give abstract information about degradations in a
|
|
system, and logs give a detailed view of what is causing these
|
|
degradations. Logs created by the applications and infrastructure
|
|
components help in effectively understanding the behavior of the system
|
|
by providing details on application errors, exceptions, and event
|
|
timelines. Logs help you to go back in time to understand the events
|
|
that led to a failure. Therefore, examining logs is essential to
|
|
troubleshooting system failures.</p>
|
|
<p>Log processing involves the aggregation of different logs from
|
|
individual applications and their subsequent shipment to central
|
|
storage. Moving logs to central storage helps to preserve the logs, in
|
|
case the application instances are inaccessible, or the application
|
|
crashes due to a failure. After the logs are available in a central
|
|
place, you can analyze the logs to derive sensible information from
|
|
them. For audit and compliance purposes, you archive these logs on the
|
|
central storage for a certain period of time. Log analyzers fetch useful
|
|
information from log lines, such as request user information, request
|
|
URL (feature), and response headers (such as content length) and
|
|
response time. This information is grouped based on these attributes and
|
|
made available to you through a visualization tool for quick
|
|
understanding.</p>
|
|
<p>You might be wondering how this log information helps. This information
|
|
gives a holistic view of activities performed on all the involved
|
|
entities. For example, let's say someone is performing a DoS (denial of
|
|
service) attack on a web application. With the help of log processing,
|
|
you can quickly look at top client IPs derived from access logs and
|
|
identify where the attack is coming from.</p>
|
|
<p>Similarly, if a feature in an application is causing a high error rate
|
|
when accessed with a particular request parameter value, the results of
|
|
log analysis can help you to quickly identify the misbehaving parameter
|
|
value and take further action.</p>
|
|
<p><img alt="Log processing and analysis using ELK stack" src="../images/image4.jpg" /> </p>
|
|
<p align="center"> Figure 10: Log processing and analysis using ELK stack </p>
|
|
|
|
<p>Figure 10 shows a log processing platform using ELK (Elasticsearch,
|
|
Logstash, Kibana), which provides centralized log processing. Beats is a
|
|
collection of lightweight data shippers that can ship logs, audit data,
|
|
network data, and so on over the network. In this use case specifically,
|
|
we are using Filebeat as a log shipper. Filebeat watches service log
|
|
files and ships the log data to Logstash. Logstash parses these logs and
|
|
transforms the data, preparing it to store on Elasticsearch. Transformed
|
|
log data is stored on Elasticsearch and indexed for fast retrieval.
|
|
Kibana searches and displays log data stored on Elasticsearch. Kibana
|
|
also provides a set of visualizations for graphically displaying
|
|
summaries derived from log data.</p>
|
|
<p>Storing logs is expensive. And extensive logging of every event on the
|
|
server is costly and takes up more storage space. With an increasing
|
|
number of services, this cost can increase proportionally to the number
|
|
of services.</p>
|
|
<h4 id="tracing">Tracing</h4>
|
|
<p>So far, we covered the importance of metrics and logging. Metrics give
|
|
an abstract overview of the system, and logging gives a record of events
|
|
that occurred. Imagine a complex distributed system with multiple
|
|
microservices, where a user request is processed by multiple
|
|
microservices in the system. Metrics and logging give you some
|
|
information about how these requests are being handled by the system,
|
|
but they fail to provide detailed information across all the
|
|
microservices and how they affect a particular client request. If a slow
|
|
downstream microservice is leading to increased response times, you need
|
|
to have detailed visibility across all involved microservices to
|
|
identify such microservice. The answer to this need is a request tracing
|
|
mechanism.</p>
|
|
<p>A trace is a series of spans, where each span is a record of events
|
|
performed by different microservices to serve the client's request. In
|
|
simple terms, a trace is a log of client-request serving derived from
|
|
various microservices across different physical machines. Each span
|
|
includes span metadata such as trace ID and span ID, and context, which
|
|
includes information about transactions performed.</p>
|
|
<p><img alt="Trace and spans for a URL shortener request" src="../images/image3.jpg" /> </p>
|
|
<p align="center"> Figure 11: Trace and spans for a URL shortener request </p>
|
|
|
|
<p>Figure 11 is a graphical representation of a trace captured on the <a href="https://linkedin.github.io/school-of-sre/level101/python_web/url-shorten-app/">URL
|
|
shortener</a>
|
|
example we covered earlier while learning Python.</p>
|
|
<p>Similar to monitoring, the tracing infrastructure comprises a few
|
|
modules for collecting traces, storing them, and accessing them. Each
|
|
microservice runs a tracing library that collects traces in the
|
|
background, creates in-memory batches, and submits the tracing backend.
|
|
The tracing backend normalizes received trace data and stores it on
|
|
persistent storage. Tracing data comes from multiple different
|
|
microservices; therefore, trace storage is often organized to store data
|
|
incrementally and is indexed by trace identifier. This organization
|
|
helps in the reconstruction of trace data and in visualization. Figure
|
|
12 illustrates the anatomy of the distributed system.</p>
|
|
<p><img alt="Anatomy of distributed tracing" src="../images/image5.jpg" /></p>
|
|
<p align="center"> Figure 12: Anatomy of distributed tracing </p>
|
|
|
|
<p>Today a set of tools and frameworks are available for building
|
|
distributed tracing solutions. Following are some of the popular tools:</p>
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p><a href="https://opentelemetry.io/">OpenTelemetry</a>: Observability
|
|
framework for cloud-native software</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p><a href="https://www.jaegertracing.io/">Jaeger</a>: Open-source
|
|
distributed tracing solution</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p><a href="https://zipkin.io/">Zipkin</a>: Open-source distributed tracing
|
|
solution</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
|
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</article>
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</div>
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