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<div class="md-search" data-md-component="search" role="dialog">
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<form class="md-search__form" name="search">
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<nav
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Home
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Level 101
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Level 101
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<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
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<!-- Nested navigation item -->
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
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Fundamentals Series
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Fundamentals Series
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<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
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<!-- Nested navigation item -->
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Linux Basics
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<nav
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Linux Basics
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<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
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<a href="../../../level101/linux_basics/intro/" class="md-nav__link">
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Introduction
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Command Line Basics
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Server Administration
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Conclusion
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<!-- Currently active page -->
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<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
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Git
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Git
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<!-- Nested navigation item -->
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Git Basics
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<a href="../../../level101/git/branches/" class="md-nav__link">
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Working With Branches
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<a href="../../../level101/git/github-hooks/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
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Github and Hooks
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<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level101/git/conclusion/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Conclusion
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<!-- Navigation link status -->
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</nav>
<!-- Pruned navigation item -->
</li>
<!-- Currently active page -->
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<!-- Determine all nested items that are index pages -->
<!-- Navigation tabs -->
<!-- Render 1st level items with nested items as sections -->
<!-- Navigation pruning -->
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<!-- Determine checked and indeterminate state -->
<!-- Active checkbox expands items contained within nested section -->
<input
class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle "
type="checkbox"
id="__nav_2_1_3"
/>
<!-- Toggle to expand nested items -->
<label
class="md-nav__link"
for="__nav_2_1_3"
id="__nav_2_1_3_label"
tabindex="0"
>
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Linux Networking
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<!-- Navigation link status -->
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
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<!-- Toggle to expand nested items with link to index page -->
<!-- Nested navigation -->
<nav
class="md-nav"
data-md-level="3"
aria-labelledby="__nav_2_1_3_label"
aria-expanded="false"
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<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_2_1_3">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Linux Networking
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
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<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level101/linux_networking/intro/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Introduction
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
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<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level101/linux_networking/dns/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
DNS
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
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<!-- Determine classes -->
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<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level101/linux_networking/udp/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
UDP
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<!-- Navigation link status -->
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<!-- Determine classes -->
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<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level101/linux_networking/http/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
HTTP
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<!-- Navigation link status -->
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<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level101/linux_networking/tcp/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
TCP
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<!-- Navigation link status -->
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<!-- Determine classes -->
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<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level101/linux_networking/ipr/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Routing
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<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level101/linux_networking/conclusion/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Conclusion
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<!-- Navigation link status -->
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</ul>
</nav>
<!-- Pruned navigation item -->
</li>
<!-- Currently active page -->
</ul>
</nav>
<!-- Pruned navigation item -->
</li>
<!-- Currently active page -->
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<!-- Determine all nested items that are index pages -->
<!-- Navigation tabs -->
<!-- Render 1st level items with nested items as sections -->
<!-- Navigation pruning -->
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<!-- Determine checked and indeterminate state -->
<!-- Active checkbox expands items contained within nested section -->
<input
class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle "
type="checkbox"
id="__nav_2_2"
/>
<!-- Toggle to expand nested items -->
<label
class="md-nav__link"
for="__nav_2_2"
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tabindex="0"
>
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Python and Web
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<!-- Navigation link status -->
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<!-- Toggle to expand nested items with link to index page -->
<!-- Nested navigation -->
<nav
class="md-nav"
data-md-level="2"
aria-labelledby="__nav_2_2_label"
aria-expanded="false"
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<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_2_2">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Python and Web
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level101/python_web/intro/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Introduction
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
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<!-- Determine classes -->
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<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level101/python_web/python-concepts/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Some Python Concepts
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
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<!-- Determine classes -->
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<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level101/python_web/python-web-flask/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Python, Web and Flask
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
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</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
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<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level101/python_web/url-shorten-app/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
The URL Shortening App
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level101/python_web/sre-conclusion/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Conclusion
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
<!-- Pruned navigation item -->
</li>
<!-- Currently active page -->
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<!-- Determine all nested items that are index pages -->
<!-- Navigation tabs -->
<!-- Render 1st level items with nested items as sections -->
<!-- Navigation pruning -->
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<!-- Determine checked and indeterminate state -->
<!-- Active checkbox expands items contained within nested section -->
<input
class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle "
type="checkbox"
id="__nav_2_3"
/>
<!-- Toggle to expand nested items -->
<label
class="md-nav__link"
for="__nav_2_3"
id="__nav_2_3_label"
tabindex="0"
>
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Data
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
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<!-- Toggle to expand nested items with link to index page -->
<!-- Nested navigation -->
<nav
class="md-nav"
data-md-level="2"
aria-labelledby="__nav_2_3_label"
aria-expanded="false"
>
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_2_3">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Data
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<!-- Determine all nested items that are index pages -->
<!-- Navigation tabs -->
<!-- Render 1st level items with nested items as sections -->
<!-- Navigation pruning -->
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<!-- Determine checked and indeterminate state -->
<!-- Active checkbox expands items contained within nested section -->
<input
class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle "
type="checkbox"
id="__nav_2_3_1"
/>
<!-- Toggle to expand nested items -->
<label
class="md-nav__link"
for="__nav_2_3_1"
id="__nav_2_3_1_label"
tabindex="0"
>
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Relational Databases
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<!-- Toggle to expand nested items with link to index page -->
<!-- Nested navigation -->
<nav
class="md-nav"
data-md-level="3"
aria-labelledby="__nav_2_3_1_label"
aria-expanded="false"
>
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_2_3_1">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Relational Databases
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level101/databases_sql/intro/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Introduction
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level101/databases_sql/concepts/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Key Concepts
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level101/databases_sql/mysql/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
MySQL
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level101/databases_sql/innodb/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
InnoDB
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level101/databases_sql/backup_recovery/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Backup and Recovery
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level101/databases_sql/replication/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
MySQL Replication
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level101/databases_sql/operations/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Operational Concepts
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level101/databases_sql/select_query/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Select Query
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level101/databases_sql/query_performance/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Query Performance
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level101/databases_sql/lab/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Lab
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level101/databases_sql/conclusion/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Conclusion
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
<!-- Pruned navigation item -->
</li>
<!-- Currently active page -->
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<!-- Determine all nested items that are index pages -->
<!-- Navigation tabs -->
<!-- Render 1st level items with nested items as sections -->
<!-- Navigation pruning -->
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<!-- Determine checked and indeterminate state -->
<!-- Active checkbox expands items contained within nested section -->
<input
class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle "
type="checkbox"
id="__nav_2_3_2"
/>
<!-- Toggle to expand nested items -->
<label
class="md-nav__link"
for="__nav_2_3_2"
id="__nav_2_3_2_label"
tabindex="0"
>
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
NoSQL
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<!-- Toggle to expand nested items with link to index page -->
<!-- Nested navigation -->
<nav
class="md-nav"
data-md-level="3"
aria-labelledby="__nav_2_3_2_label"
aria-expanded="false"
>
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_2_3_2">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
NoSQL
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level101/databases_nosql/intro/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Introduction
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level101/databases_nosql/key_concepts/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Key Concepts
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level101/databases_nosql/further_reading/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Conclusion
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
<!-- Pruned navigation item -->
</li>
<!-- Currently active page -->
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<!-- Determine all nested items that are index pages -->
<!-- Navigation tabs -->
<!-- Render 1st level items with nested items as sections -->
<!-- Navigation pruning -->
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<!-- Determine checked and indeterminate state -->
<!-- Active checkbox expands items contained within nested section -->
<input
class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle "
type="checkbox"
id="__nav_2_3_3"
/>
<!-- Toggle to expand nested items -->
<label
class="md-nav__link"
for="__nav_2_3_3"
id="__nav_2_3_3_label"
tabindex="0"
>
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Message Queue
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<!-- Toggle to expand nested items with link to index page -->
<!-- Nested navigation -->
<nav
class="md-nav"
data-md-level="3"
aria-labelledby="__nav_2_3_3_label"
aria-expanded="false"
>
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_2_3_3">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Message Queue
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level101/messagequeue/intro/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Introduction
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level101/messagequeue/key_concepts/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Key Concepts
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level101/messagequeue/further_reading/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Conclusion
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
<!-- Pruned navigation item -->
</li>
<!-- Currently active page -->
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<!-- Determine all nested items that are index pages -->
<!-- Navigation tabs -->
<!-- Render 1st level items with nested items as sections -->
<!-- Navigation pruning -->
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<!-- Determine checked and indeterminate state -->
<!-- Active checkbox expands items contained within nested section -->
<input
class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle "
type="checkbox"
id="__nav_2_3_4"
/>
<!-- Toggle to expand nested items -->
<label
class="md-nav__link"
for="__nav_2_3_4"
id="__nav_2_3_4_label"
tabindex="0"
>
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Big Data
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<!-- Toggle to expand nested items with link to index page -->
<!-- Nested navigation -->
<nav
class="md-nav"
data-md-level="3"
aria-labelledby="__nav_2_3_4_label"
aria-expanded="false"
>
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_2_3_4">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Big Data
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level101/big_data/intro/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Introduction
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level101/big_data/evolution/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Evolution and Architecture of Hadoop
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level101/big_data/tasks/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Conclusion
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
<!-- Pruned navigation item -->
</li>
<!-- Currently active page -->
</ul>
</nav>
<!-- Pruned navigation item -->
</li>
<!-- Currently active page -->
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<!-- Determine all nested items that are index pages -->
<!-- Navigation tabs -->
<!-- Render 1st level items with nested items as sections -->
<!-- Navigation pruning -->
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<!-- Determine checked and indeterminate state -->
<!-- Active checkbox expands items contained within nested section -->
<input
class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle "
type="checkbox"
id="__nav_2_4"
/>
<!-- Toggle to expand nested items -->
<label
class="md-nav__link"
for="__nav_2_4"
id="__nav_2_4_label"
tabindex="0"
>
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Systems Design
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<!-- Toggle to expand nested items with link to index page -->
<!-- Nested navigation -->
<nav
class="md-nav"
data-md-level="2"
aria-labelledby="__nav_2_4_label"
aria-expanded="false"
>
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_2_4">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Systems Design
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level101/systems_design/intro/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Introduction
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level101/systems_design/scalability/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Scalability
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level101/systems_design/availability/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Availability
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level101/systems_design/fault-tolerance/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Fault Tolerance
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level101/systems_design/conclusion/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Conclusion
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
<!-- Pruned navigation item -->
</li>
<!-- Currently active page -->
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<!-- Determine all nested items that are index pages -->
<!-- Navigation tabs -->
<!-- Render 1st level items with nested items as sections -->
<!-- Navigation pruning -->
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<!-- Determine checked and indeterminate state -->
<!-- Active checkbox expands items contained within nested section -->
<input
class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle "
type="checkbox"
id="__nav_2_5"
/>
<!-- Toggle to expand nested items -->
<label
class="md-nav__link"
for="__nav_2_5"
id="__nav_2_5_label"
tabindex="0"
>
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Metrics and Monitoring
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<!-- Toggle to expand nested items with link to index page -->
<!-- Nested navigation -->
<nav
class="md-nav"
data-md-level="2"
aria-labelledby="__nav_2_5_label"
aria-expanded="false"
>
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_2_5">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Metrics and Monitoring
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level101/metrics_and_monitoring/introduction/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Introduction
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level101/metrics_and_monitoring/command-line_tools/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Command-line Tools
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level101/metrics_and_monitoring/third-party_monitoring/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Third-party Monitoring
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level101/metrics_and_monitoring/alerts/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Proactive Monitoring with Alerts
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level101/metrics_and_monitoring/best_practices/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Best Practices for Monitoring
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level101/metrics_and_monitoring/observability/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Observability
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level101/metrics_and_monitoring/conclusion/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Conclusion
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
<!-- Pruned navigation item -->
</li>
<!-- Currently active page -->
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<!-- Determine all nested items that are index pages -->
<!-- Navigation tabs -->
<!-- Render 1st level items with nested items as sections -->
<!-- Navigation pruning -->
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<!-- Determine checked and indeterminate state -->
<!-- Active checkbox expands items contained within nested section -->
<input
class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle "
type="checkbox"
id="__nav_2_6"
/>
<!-- Toggle to expand nested items -->
<label
class="md-nav__link"
for="__nav_2_6"
id="__nav_2_6_label"
tabindex="0"
>
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Security
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<!-- Toggle to expand nested items with link to index page -->
<!-- Nested navigation -->
<nav
class="md-nav"
data-md-level="2"
aria-labelledby="__nav_2_6_label"
aria-expanded="false"
>
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_2_6">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Security
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level101/security/intro/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Introduction
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level101/security/fundamentals/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Fundamentals of Security
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level101/security/network_security/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Network Security
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level101/security/threats_attacks_defences/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Threat, Attacks & Defences
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level101/security/writing_secure_code/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Writing Secure code
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level101/security/conclusion/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Conclusion
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
<!-- Pruned navigation item -->
</li>
<!-- Currently active page -->
</ul>
</nav>
<!-- Pruned navigation item -->
</li>
<!-- Currently active page -->
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<!-- Determine all nested items that are index pages -->
<!-- Navigation tabs -->
<!-- Render 1st level items with nested items as sections -->
<!-- Navigation pruning -->
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--active md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
<!-- Determine checked and indeterminate state -->
<!-- Active checkbox expands items contained within nested section -->
<input
class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle "
type="checkbox"
id="__nav_3"
checked
/>
<!-- Toggle to expand nested items -->
<label
class="md-nav__link"
for="__nav_3"
id="__nav_3_label"
tabindex=""
>
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Level 102
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<!-- Toggle to expand nested items with link to index page -->
<!-- Nested navigation -->
<nav
class="md-nav"
data-md-level="1"
aria-labelledby="__nav_3_label"
aria-expanded="true"
>
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_3">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Level 102
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<!-- Determine all nested items that are index pages -->
<!-- Navigation tabs -->
<!-- Render 1st level items with nested items as sections -->
<!-- Navigation pruning -->
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<!-- Determine checked and indeterminate state -->
<!-- Active checkbox expands items contained within nested section -->
<input
class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle "
type="checkbox"
id="__nav_3_1"
/>
<!-- Toggle to expand nested items -->
<label
class="md-nav__link"
for="__nav_3_1"
id="__nav_3_1_label"
tabindex="0"
>
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Linux Intermediate
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<!-- Toggle to expand nested items with link to index page -->
<!-- Nested navigation -->
<nav
class="md-nav"
data-md-level="2"
aria-labelledby="__nav_3_1_label"
aria-expanded="false"
>
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_3_1">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Linux Intermediate
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../linux_intermediate/introduction/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Introduction
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../linux_intermediate/package_management/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Package Management
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../linux_intermediate/storage_media/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Storage Media
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../linux_intermediate/archiving_backup/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Archiving and Backup
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../linux_intermediate/introvim/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Introduction to Vim
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
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<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../linux_intermediate/bashscripting/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Bash Scripting
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../linux_intermediate/conclusion/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Conclusion
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
<!-- Pruned navigation item -->
</li>
<!-- Currently active page -->
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<!-- Determine all nested items that are index pages -->
<!-- Navigation tabs -->
<!-- Render 1st level items with nested items as sections -->
<!-- Navigation pruning -->
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--active md-nav__item--nested">
<!-- Determine checked and indeterminate state -->
<!-- Active checkbox expands items contained within nested section -->
<input
class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle "
type="checkbox"
id="__nav_3_2"
checked
/>
<!-- Toggle to expand nested items -->
<label
class="md-nav__link"
for="__nav_3_2"
id="__nav_3_2_label"
tabindex="0"
>
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Linux Advanced
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<!-- Toggle to expand nested items with link to index page -->
<!-- Nested navigation -->
<nav
class="md-nav"
data-md-level="2"
aria-labelledby="__nav_3_2_label"
aria-expanded="true"
>
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_3_2">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Linux Advanced
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<!-- Determine all nested items that are index pages -->
<!-- Navigation tabs -->
<!-- Render 1st level items with nested items as sections -->
<!-- Navigation pruning -->
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--active md-nav__item--nested">
<!-- Determine checked and indeterminate state -->
<!-- Active checkbox expands items contained within nested section -->
<input
class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle "
type="checkbox"
id="__nav_3_2_1"
checked
/>
<!-- Toggle to expand nested items -->
<label
class="md-nav__link"
for="__nav_3_2_1"
id="__nav_3_2_1_label"
tabindex="0"
>
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Containerization And Orchestration
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<!-- Toggle to expand nested items with link to index page -->
<!-- Nested navigation -->
<nav
class="md-nav"
data-md-level="3"
aria-labelledby="__nav_3_2_1_label"
aria-expanded="true"
>
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_3_2_1">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Containerization And Orchestration
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../intro/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Introduction
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../intro_to_containers/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Introduction To Containers
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--active">
<!-- State toggle -->
<input
class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle"
type="checkbox"
id="__toc"
/>
<!-- Hack: see partials/toc.html for more information -->
<!-- Navigation link to table of contents -->
<label class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--active" for="__toc">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Containerization With Docker
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<a
href="./"
class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--active"
>
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Containerization With Docker
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
<!-- Table of contents -->
<nav class="md-nav md-nav--secondary" aria-label="Table of contents">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__toc">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Table of contents
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-component="toc" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#introduction" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Introduction
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#docker-terminology" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Docker terminology
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#components-of-docker-engine" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Components of Docker engine
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#lab" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
LAB
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#advanced-features-of-docker" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Advanced features of Docker
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<!-- Navigation item -->
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../orchestration_with_kubernetes/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Orchestration With Kubernetes
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../conclusion/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Conclusion
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
<!-- Pruned navigation item -->
</li>
<!-- Currently active page -->
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<!-- Determine all nested items that are index pages -->
<!-- Navigation tabs -->
<!-- Render 1st level items with nested items as sections -->
<!-- Navigation pruning -->
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<!-- Determine checked and indeterminate state -->
<!-- Active checkbox expands items contained within nested section -->
<input
class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle "
type="checkbox"
id="__nav_3_2_2"
/>
<!-- Toggle to expand nested items -->
<label
class="md-nav__link"
for="__nav_3_2_2"
id="__nav_3_2_2_label"
tabindex="0"
>
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
System Calls and Signals
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<!-- Toggle to expand nested items with link to index page -->
<!-- Nested navigation -->
<nav
class="md-nav"
data-md-level="3"
aria-labelledby="__nav_3_2_2_label"
aria-expanded="false"
>
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_3_2_2">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
System Calls and Signals
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../system_calls_and_signals/intro/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Introduction
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../system_calls_and_signals/signals/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Signals
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../system_calls_and_signals/system_calls/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
System Calls
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../system_calls_and_signals/conclusion/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Conclusion
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
<!-- Pruned navigation item -->
</li>
<!-- Currently active page -->
</ul>
</nav>
<!-- Pruned navigation item -->
</li>
<!-- Currently active page -->
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<!-- Determine all nested items that are index pages -->
<!-- Navigation tabs -->
<!-- Render 1st level items with nested items as sections -->
<!-- Navigation pruning -->
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<!-- Determine checked and indeterminate state -->
<!-- Active checkbox expands items contained within nested section -->
<input
class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle "
type="checkbox"
id="__nav_3_3"
/>
<!-- Toggle to expand nested items -->
<label
class="md-nav__link"
for="__nav_3_3"
id="__nav_3_3_label"
tabindex="0"
>
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Networking
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<!-- Toggle to expand nested items with link to index page -->
<!-- Nested navigation -->
<nav
class="md-nav"
data-md-level="2"
aria-labelledby="__nav_3_3_label"
aria-expanded="false"
>
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_3_3">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Networking
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../networking/introduction/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Introduction
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../networking/security/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Security
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../networking/scale/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Scale
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../networking/rtt/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
RTT
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../networking/infrastructure-features/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Infrastructure Services
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../networking/conclusion/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Conclusion
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
<!-- Pruned navigation item -->
</li>
<!-- Currently active page -->
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<!-- Determine all nested items that are index pages -->
<!-- Navigation tabs -->
<!-- Render 1st level items with nested items as sections -->
<!-- Navigation pruning -->
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<!-- Determine checked and indeterminate state -->
<!-- Active checkbox expands items contained within nested section -->
<input
class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle "
type="checkbox"
id="__nav_3_4"
/>
<!-- Toggle to expand nested items -->
<label
class="md-nav__link"
for="__nav_3_4"
id="__nav_3_4_label"
tabindex="0"
>
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
System Design
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<!-- Toggle to expand nested items with link to index page -->
<!-- Nested navigation -->
<nav
class="md-nav"
data-md-level="2"
aria-labelledby="__nav_3_4_label"
aria-expanded="false"
>
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_3_4">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
System Design
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../system_design/intro/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Introduction
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../system_design/large-system-design/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Large System Design
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../system_design/scaling/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Scaling
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../system_design/scaling-beyond-the-datacenter/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Scaling Beyond the Data Center
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../system_design/resiliency/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Resiliency
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../system_design/conclusion/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Conclusion
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
<!-- Pruned navigation item -->
</li>
<!-- Currently active page -->
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<!-- Determine all nested items that are index pages -->
<!-- Navigation tabs -->
<!-- Render 1st level items with nested items as sections -->
<!-- Navigation pruning -->
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<!-- Determine checked and indeterminate state -->
<!-- Active checkbox expands items contained within nested section -->
<input
class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle "
type="checkbox"
id="__nav_3_5"
/>
<!-- Toggle to expand nested items -->
<label
class="md-nav__link"
for="__nav_3_5"
id="__nav_3_5_label"
tabindex="0"
>
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
System Troubleshooting and Performance Improvements
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<!-- Toggle to expand nested items with link to index page -->
<!-- Nested navigation -->
<nav
class="md-nav"
data-md-level="2"
aria-labelledby="__nav_3_5_label"
aria-expanded="false"
>
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_3_5">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
System Troubleshooting and Performance Improvements
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../system_troubleshooting_and_performance/introduction/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Introduction
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../system_troubleshooting_and_performance/troubleshooting/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Troubleshooting
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../system_troubleshooting_and_performance/important-tools/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Important Tools
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../system_troubleshooting_and_performance/performance-improvements/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Performance Improvements
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../system_troubleshooting_and_performance/troubleshooting-example/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Troubleshooting Example
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../system_troubleshooting_and_performance/conclusion/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Conclusion
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
<!-- Pruned navigation item -->
</li>
<!-- Currently active page -->
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<!-- Determine all nested items that are index pages -->
<!-- Navigation tabs -->
<!-- Render 1st level items with nested items as sections -->
<!-- Navigation pruning -->
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<!-- Determine checked and indeterminate state -->
<!-- Active checkbox expands items contained within nested section -->
<input
class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle "
type="checkbox"
id="__nav_3_6"
/>
<!-- Toggle to expand nested items -->
<label
class="md-nav__link"
for="__nav_3_6"
id="__nav_3_6_label"
tabindex="0"
>
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Continuous Integration and Continuous Delivery
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<!-- Toggle to expand nested items with link to index page -->
<!-- Nested navigation -->
<nav
class="md-nav"
data-md-level="2"
aria-labelledby="__nav_3_6_label"
aria-expanded="false"
>
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_3_6">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Continuous Integration and Continuous Delivery
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../continuous_integration_and_continuous_delivery/introduction/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Introduction
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../continuous_integration_and_continuous_delivery/introduction_to_cicd/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
What is CI/CD?
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
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<h1>Containerization With Docker</h1>
<h2 id="introduction">Introduction</h2>
<p>Docker has gained huge popularity among other container engines since it was released to the public in 2013. Here are some of the reasons why Docker so popular:</p>
<ul>
<li><em>Improved portability</em></li>
</ul>
<p>Docker containers can be shipped and run across environments be it local machine, on-prem or cloud instances in the form of Docker images. Compared to docker containers, LXC containers have more machine specifications.
- <em>Lighter weight</em></p>
<p>Docker images are light weight compared to VM images. For example, an Ubuntu 18.04 VM size is about 3GB whereas the docker image is 45MB!</p>
<ul>
<li><em>Versioning of container images</em></li>
</ul>
<p>Docker supports maintaining multiple versions of images which makes it easier to look up the history of an image and even rollback.</p>
<ul>
<li><em>Reuse of images</em></li>
</ul>
<p>Since Docker images are in the form of layers, one image can be used as base on top of which new images are built. For example, <a href="https://hub.docker.com/_/alpine">Alpine</a> is a light weight image (5MB) which is commonly used as a base image. Docker layers are managed using <a href="https://docs.docker.com/storage/storagedriver/">storage drivers</a>.</p>
<ul>
<li><em>Community support</em></li>
</ul>
<p>Docker hub is a container registry where anyone logged in can upload or download a container image. Docker images of popular OS distros are regularly updated in docker hub and receive large community support.</p>
<p>Let’s look at some terms which come up during our discussion of Docker.</p>
<h2 id="docker-terminology">Docker terminology</h2>
<ul>
<li><em>Docker images</em></li>
</ul>
<p>Docker image contains the executable version of the application along with the dependencies (config files, libraries, binaries) required for the application to run as a standalone container. It can be understood as a snapshot of a container.
Docker images are present as layers on top of the base layer. These layers are the ones that are versioned. The most recent version of layer is the one that is used on top of the base image.</p>
<p><code>docker image ls</code> lists the images present in the host machine.</p>
<ul>
<li><em>Docker containers</em></li>
</ul>
<p>Docker container is the running instance of the docker image. While images are static, containers created from the images can be executed into and interacted with. This is actually the “container” from the previous sections of the module.</p>
<p><code>docker run</code> is the command used to instantiate containers from images.</p>
<p><code>docker ps</code> lists docker containers currently running in the host machine.</p>
<ul>
<li><em>Docker file</em></li>
</ul>
<p>It is a plain text file of instructions based on which an image is assembled by docker engine (daemon, to be precise). It contains information on base image, ENV variables to be injected.</p>
<p><code>docker build</code> is used to build images from dockerfile.</p>
<ul>
<li><em>Docker hub</em></li>
</ul>
<p>It is Docker’s official container registry of images. Any user with a docker login can upload custom images to Docker hub using <code>docker push</code> and fetch images using <code>docker pull</code>.</p>
<p>Having known the basic terminologies let’s look at how docker engine works; how CLI commands are interpreted and container life-cycle is managed.</p>
<h2 id="components-of-docker-engine">Components of Docker engine</h2>
<p>Let’s start with the diagram of Docker Engine to understand better:</p>
<p><img alt="Docker Engine Architecture" src="../images/dockerengine.png" /></p>
<p>The docker engine follows a client-server architecture. It consists of 3 components:</p>
<ul>
<li><em>Docker client</em></li>
</ul>
<p>This is the component the user directly interacts with. When you execute docker commands which we saw earlier (push, pull, container ls, image ls) , we are actually using the docker client. A single docker client can communicate with multiple docker daemons.</p>
<ul>
<li><em>REST API</em></li>
</ul>
<p>Provides an interface for the docker client and daemon to communicate.</p>
<ul>
<li><em>Docker Daemon (server)</em></li>
</ul>
<p>This is the main component of the docker engine. It builds images from dockerfile, fetches images from docker registry, pushes images to the registry, stops, starts containers etc. It also manages networking between containers.</p>
<h2 id="lab">LAB</h2>
<p>The official <a href="https://github.com/docker/labs">docker github</a> provides labs at several levels for learning Docker. We're linking one of the labs which we found great for people beginning from scratch. Please follow the labs in this order:</p>
<ol>
<li>
<p><a href="https://github.com/docker/labs/blob/master/beginner/chapters/setup.md">Setting up local environment for the labs</a></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="https://github.com/docker/labs/blob/master/beginner/chapters/alpine.md">Basics for using docker CLI</a></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="https://github.com/docker/labs/blob/master/beginner/chapters/webapps.md">Creating and containerizing a basic Flask app</a></p>
</li>
</ol>
<p>Here is another <a href="https://github.com/docker/awesome-compose/tree/master/react-express-mongodb">beginner level lab</a> for dockerizing a MERN (Mongo + React + Express) application and it’s easy to follow along.</p>
<h2 id="advanced-features-of-docker">Advanced features of Docker</h2>
<p>While we have covered the basics of containerization and how a standalone application can be dockerized, processes in the real world need to communicate with each other. This need is particularly prevalent in applications which follow a microservice architecture. </p>
<p><strong>Docker networks</strong></p>
<p>Docker networks facilitate the interaction between containers running on the same hosts or even different hosts. There are several options provided through docker network command which specifies how the container interacts with the host and with other containers. The <code>host</code> option allows sharing of network stack with the host, <code>bridge</code> allows communication between containers running on the same host but not external to the host, <code>overlay</code> facilitates interaction between containers across hosts attached to the same network and <code>macvlan</code> which assigns a separate MAC address to a container for legacy containers are some important types of networks supported by Docker. This however is outside the scope of this module. The official documentation on <a href="https://docs.docker.com/network/">docker networks</a> itself is a good place to start.</p>
<p><strong>Volumes</strong></p>
<p>Apart from images, containers and networks, Docker also provides the option to create and mount volumes within containers. Generally, data within docker containers is non-persistent i.e once you kill the container the data is lost. Volumes are used for storing persistent data in containers. This <a href="https://dockerlabs.collabnix.com/beginners/volume/creating-volume-mount-from-dockercli.html">Docker lab</a> is a great place to start playing with volumes.</p>
<p><a href="https://linkedin.github.io/school-of-sre/level102/containerization_and_orchestration/orchestration_with_kubernetes/">In the next section</a> we see how container deployments are orchestrated with Kubernetes.</p>
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