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<div class="md-search" data-md-component="search" role="dialog">
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<form class="md-search__form" name="search">
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<nav
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Home
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<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
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Level 101
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Level 101
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<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
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<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
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<!-- Nested navigation item -->
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
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type="checkbox"
id="__nav_2_1"
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Fundamentals Series
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<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_2_1">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Fundamentals Series
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
<!-- Determine classes -->
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<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
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<!-- Navigation pruning -->
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
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type="checkbox"
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
Linux Basics
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<nav
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<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_2_1_1">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Linux Basics
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
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<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level101/linux_basics/intro/" class="md-nav__link">
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Introduction
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Command Line Basics
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Server Administration
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<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
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Conclusion
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<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
Git
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<!-- Nested navigation -->
<nav
class="md-nav"
data-md-level="3"
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Git
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
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<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level101/git/git-basics/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
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Git Basics
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<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level101/git/branches/" class="md-nav__link">
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Working With Branches
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<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level101/git/github-hooks/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
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Github and Hooks
</span>
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<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level101/git/conclusion/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Conclusion
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
<!-- Pruned navigation item -->
</li>
<!-- Currently active page -->
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<!-- Determine all nested items that are index pages -->
<!-- Navigation tabs -->
<!-- Render 1st level items with nested items as sections -->
<!-- Navigation pruning -->
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<!-- Determine checked and indeterminate state -->
<!-- Active checkbox expands items contained within nested section -->
<input
class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle "
type="checkbox"
id="__nav_2_1_3"
/>
<!-- Toggle to expand nested items -->
<label
class="md-nav__link"
for="__nav_2_1_3"
id="__nav_2_1_3_label"
tabindex="0"
>
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Linux Networking
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<!-- Toggle to expand nested items with link to index page -->
<!-- Nested navigation -->
<nav
class="md-nav"
data-md-level="3"
aria-labelledby="__nav_2_1_3_label"
aria-expanded="false"
>
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_2_1_3">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Linux Networking
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level101/linux_networking/intro/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Introduction
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level101/linux_networking/dns/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
DNS
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
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<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level101/linux_networking/udp/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
UDP
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
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<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level101/linux_networking/http/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
HTTP
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
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<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level101/linux_networking/tcp/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
TCP
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level101/linux_networking/ipr/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Routing
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
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<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level101/linux_networking/conclusion/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Conclusion
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
<!-- Pruned navigation item -->
</li>
<!-- Currently active page -->
</ul>
</nav>
<!-- Pruned navigation item -->
</li>
<!-- Currently active page -->
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<!-- Determine all nested items that are index pages -->
<!-- Navigation tabs -->
<!-- Render 1st level items with nested items as sections -->
<!-- Navigation pruning -->
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<!-- Determine checked and indeterminate state -->
<!-- Active checkbox expands items contained within nested section -->
<input
class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle "
type="checkbox"
id="__nav_2_2"
/>
<!-- Toggle to expand nested items -->
<label
class="md-nav__link"
for="__nav_2_2"
id="__nav_2_2_label"
tabindex="0"
>
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Python and Web
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<!-- Toggle to expand nested items with link to index page -->
<!-- Nested navigation -->
<nav
class="md-nav"
data-md-level="2"
aria-labelledby="__nav_2_2_label"
aria-expanded="false"
>
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_2_2">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Python and Web
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level101/python_web/intro/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Introduction
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level101/python_web/python-concepts/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Some Python Concepts
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level101/python_web/python-web-flask/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Python, Web and Flask
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level101/python_web/url-shorten-app/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
The URL Shortening App
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level101/python_web/sre-conclusion/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Conclusion
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
<!-- Pruned navigation item -->
</li>
<!-- Currently active page -->
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<!-- Determine all nested items that are index pages -->
<!-- Navigation tabs -->
<!-- Render 1st level items with nested items as sections -->
<!-- Navigation pruning -->
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<!-- Determine checked and indeterminate state -->
<!-- Active checkbox expands items contained within nested section -->
<input
class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle "
type="checkbox"
id="__nav_2_3"
/>
<!-- Toggle to expand nested items -->
<label
class="md-nav__link"
for="__nav_2_3"
id="__nav_2_3_label"
tabindex="0"
>
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Data
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<!-- Toggle to expand nested items with link to index page -->
<!-- Nested navigation -->
<nav
class="md-nav"
data-md-level="2"
aria-labelledby="__nav_2_3_label"
aria-expanded="false"
>
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_2_3">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Data
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<!-- Determine all nested items that are index pages -->
<!-- Navigation tabs -->
<!-- Render 1st level items with nested items as sections -->
<!-- Navigation pruning -->
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<!-- Determine checked and indeterminate state -->
<!-- Active checkbox expands items contained within nested section -->
<input
class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle "
type="checkbox"
id="__nav_2_3_1"
/>
<!-- Toggle to expand nested items -->
<label
class="md-nav__link"
for="__nav_2_3_1"
id="__nav_2_3_1_label"
tabindex="0"
>
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Relational Databases
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<!-- Toggle to expand nested items with link to index page -->
<!-- Nested navigation -->
<nav
class="md-nav"
data-md-level="3"
aria-labelledby="__nav_2_3_1_label"
aria-expanded="false"
>
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_2_3_1">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Relational Databases
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level101/databases_sql/intro/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Introduction
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level101/databases_sql/concepts/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Key Concepts
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level101/databases_sql/mysql/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
MySQL
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level101/databases_sql/innodb/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
InnoDB
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level101/databases_sql/backup_recovery/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Backup and Recovery
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level101/databases_sql/replication/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
MySQL Replication
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level101/databases_sql/operations/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Operational Concepts
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level101/databases_sql/select_query/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Select Query
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level101/databases_sql/query_performance/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Query Performance
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level101/databases_sql/lab/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Lab
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level101/databases_sql/conclusion/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Conclusion
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
<!-- Pruned navigation item -->
</li>
<!-- Currently active page -->
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<!-- Determine all nested items that are index pages -->
<!-- Navigation tabs -->
<!-- Render 1st level items with nested items as sections -->
<!-- Navigation pruning -->
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<!-- Determine checked and indeterminate state -->
<!-- Active checkbox expands items contained within nested section -->
<input
class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle "
type="checkbox"
id="__nav_2_3_2"
/>
<!-- Toggle to expand nested items -->
<label
class="md-nav__link"
for="__nav_2_3_2"
id="__nav_2_3_2_label"
tabindex="0"
>
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
NoSQL
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<!-- Toggle to expand nested items with link to index page -->
<!-- Nested navigation -->
<nav
class="md-nav"
data-md-level="3"
aria-labelledby="__nav_2_3_2_label"
aria-expanded="false"
>
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_2_3_2">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
NoSQL
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level101/databases_nosql/intro/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Introduction
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level101/databases_nosql/key_concepts/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Key Concepts
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level101/databases_nosql/further_reading/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Conclusion
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
<!-- Pruned navigation item -->
</li>
<!-- Currently active page -->
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<!-- Determine all nested items that are index pages -->
<!-- Navigation tabs -->
<!-- Render 1st level items with nested items as sections -->
<!-- Navigation pruning -->
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<!-- Determine checked and indeterminate state -->
<!-- Active checkbox expands items contained within nested section -->
<input
class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle "
type="checkbox"
id="__nav_2_3_3"
/>
<!-- Toggle to expand nested items -->
<label
class="md-nav__link"
for="__nav_2_3_3"
id="__nav_2_3_3_label"
tabindex="0"
>
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Message Queue
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<!-- Toggle to expand nested items with link to index page -->
<!-- Nested navigation -->
<nav
class="md-nav"
data-md-level="3"
aria-labelledby="__nav_2_3_3_label"
aria-expanded="false"
>
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_2_3_3">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Message Queue
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level101/messagequeue/intro/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Introduction
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level101/messagequeue/key_concepts/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Key Concepts
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level101/messagequeue/further_reading/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Conclusion
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
<!-- Pruned navigation item -->
</li>
<!-- Currently active page -->
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<!-- Determine all nested items that are index pages -->
<!-- Navigation tabs -->
<!-- Render 1st level items with nested items as sections -->
<!-- Navigation pruning -->
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<!-- Determine checked and indeterminate state -->
<!-- Active checkbox expands items contained within nested section -->
<input
class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle "
type="checkbox"
id="__nav_2_3_4"
/>
<!-- Toggle to expand nested items -->
<label
class="md-nav__link"
for="__nav_2_3_4"
id="__nav_2_3_4_label"
tabindex="0"
>
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Big Data
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<!-- Toggle to expand nested items with link to index page -->
<!-- Nested navigation -->
<nav
class="md-nav"
data-md-level="3"
aria-labelledby="__nav_2_3_4_label"
aria-expanded="false"
>
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_2_3_4">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Big Data
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level101/big_data/intro/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Introduction
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level101/big_data/evolution/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Evolution and Architecture of Hadoop
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level101/big_data/tasks/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Conclusion
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
<!-- Pruned navigation item -->
</li>
<!-- Currently active page -->
</ul>
</nav>
<!-- Pruned navigation item -->
</li>
<!-- Currently active page -->
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<!-- Determine all nested items that are index pages -->
<!-- Navigation tabs -->
<!-- Render 1st level items with nested items as sections -->
<!-- Navigation pruning -->
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<!-- Determine checked and indeterminate state -->
<!-- Active checkbox expands items contained within nested section -->
<input
class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle "
type="checkbox"
id="__nav_2_4"
/>
<!-- Toggle to expand nested items -->
<label
class="md-nav__link"
for="__nav_2_4"
id="__nav_2_4_label"
tabindex="0"
>
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Systems Design
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<!-- Toggle to expand nested items with link to index page -->
<!-- Nested navigation -->
<nav
class="md-nav"
data-md-level="2"
aria-labelledby="__nav_2_4_label"
aria-expanded="false"
>
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_2_4">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Systems Design
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level101/systems_design/intro/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Introduction
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level101/systems_design/scalability/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Scalability
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level101/systems_design/availability/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Availability
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level101/systems_design/fault-tolerance/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Fault Tolerance
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level101/systems_design/conclusion/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Conclusion
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
<!-- Pruned navigation item -->
</li>
<!-- Currently active page -->
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<!-- Determine all nested items that are index pages -->
<!-- Navigation tabs -->
<!-- Render 1st level items with nested items as sections -->
<!-- Navigation pruning -->
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<!-- Determine checked and indeterminate state -->
<!-- Active checkbox expands items contained within nested section -->
<input
class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle "
type="checkbox"
id="__nav_2_5"
/>
<!-- Toggle to expand nested items -->
<label
class="md-nav__link"
for="__nav_2_5"
id="__nav_2_5_label"
tabindex="0"
>
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Metrics and Monitoring
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<!-- Toggle to expand nested items with link to index page -->
<!-- Nested navigation -->
<nav
class="md-nav"
data-md-level="2"
aria-labelledby="__nav_2_5_label"
aria-expanded="false"
>
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_2_5">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Metrics and Monitoring
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level101/metrics_and_monitoring/introduction/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Introduction
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level101/metrics_and_monitoring/command-line_tools/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Command-line Tools
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level101/metrics_and_monitoring/third-party_monitoring/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Third-party Monitoring
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level101/metrics_and_monitoring/alerts/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Proactive Monitoring with Alerts
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level101/metrics_and_monitoring/best_practices/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Best Practices for Monitoring
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level101/metrics_and_monitoring/observability/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Observability
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level101/metrics_and_monitoring/conclusion/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Conclusion
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
<!-- Pruned navigation item -->
</li>
<!-- Currently active page -->
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<!-- Determine all nested items that are index pages -->
<!-- Navigation tabs -->
<!-- Render 1st level items with nested items as sections -->
<!-- Navigation pruning -->
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<!-- Determine checked and indeterminate state -->
<!-- Active checkbox expands items contained within nested section -->
<input
class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle "
type="checkbox"
id="__nav_2_6"
/>
<!-- Toggle to expand nested items -->
<label
class="md-nav__link"
for="__nav_2_6"
id="__nav_2_6_label"
tabindex="0"
>
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Security
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<!-- Toggle to expand nested items with link to index page -->
<!-- Nested navigation -->
<nav
class="md-nav"
data-md-level="2"
aria-labelledby="__nav_2_6_label"
aria-expanded="false"
>
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_2_6">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Security
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level101/security/intro/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Introduction
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level101/security/fundamentals/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Fundamentals of Security
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level101/security/network_security/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Network Security
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level101/security/threats_attacks_defences/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Threat, Attacks & Defences
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level101/security/writing_secure_code/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Writing Secure code
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level101/security/conclusion/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Conclusion
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
<!-- Pruned navigation item -->
</li>
<!-- Currently active page -->
</ul>
</nav>
<!-- Pruned navigation item -->
</li>
<!-- Currently active page -->
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<!-- Determine all nested items that are index pages -->
<!-- Navigation tabs -->
<!-- Render 1st level items with nested items as sections -->
<!-- Navigation pruning -->
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--active md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
<!-- Determine checked and indeterminate state -->
<!-- Active checkbox expands items contained within nested section -->
<input
class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle "
type="checkbox"
id="__nav_3"
checked
/>
<!-- Toggle to expand nested items -->
<label
class="md-nav__link"
for="__nav_3"
id="__nav_3_label"
tabindex=""
>
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Level 102
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<!-- Toggle to expand nested items with link to index page -->
<!-- Nested navigation -->
<nav
class="md-nav"
data-md-level="1"
aria-labelledby="__nav_3_label"
aria-expanded="true"
>
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_3">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Level 102
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<!-- Determine all nested items that are index pages -->
<!-- Navigation tabs -->
<!-- Render 1st level items with nested items as sections -->
<!-- Navigation pruning -->
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--active md-nav__item--nested">
<!-- Determine checked and indeterminate state -->
<!-- Active checkbox expands items contained within nested section -->
<input
class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle "
type="checkbox"
id="__nav_3_1"
checked
/>
<!-- Toggle to expand nested items -->
<label
class="md-nav__link"
for="__nav_3_1"
id="__nav_3_1_label"
tabindex="0"
>
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Linux Intermediate
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<!-- Toggle to expand nested items with link to index page -->
<!-- Nested navigation -->
<nav
class="md-nav"
data-md-level="2"
aria-labelledby="__nav_3_1_label"
aria-expanded="true"
>
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_3_1">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Linux Intermediate
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../introduction/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Introduction
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../package_management/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Package Management
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../storage_media/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Storage Media
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--active">
<!-- State toggle -->
<input
class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle"
type="checkbox"
id="__toc"
/>
<!-- Hack: see partials/toc.html for more information -->
<!-- Navigation link to table of contents -->
<label class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--active" for="__toc">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Archiving and Backup
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<a
href="./"
class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--active"
>
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Archiving and Backup
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
<!-- Table of contents -->
<nav class="md-nav md-nav--secondary" aria-label="Table of contents">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__toc">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Table of contents
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-component="toc" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#introduction" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Introduction
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#archiving" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Archiving
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#gzip" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
gzip
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#tar" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
tar
</span>
</a>
<nav class="md-nav" aria-label="tar">
<ul class="md-nav__list">
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#create-an-archive-with-files-and-folder" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Create an archive with files and folder
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#listing-files-in-the-archive" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Listing files in the archive
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#extract-files-from-the-archive" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Extract files from the archive
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#backup" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Backup
</span>
</a>
<nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Backup">
<ul class="md-nav__list">
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#incremental-backup" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Incremental backup
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#differential-backup" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Differential backup
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#network-backup" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Network backup
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#cloud-backup" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Cloud Backup
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<!-- Navigation item -->
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../introvim/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Introduction to Vim
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../bashscripting/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Bash Scripting
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../conclusion/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Conclusion
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
<!-- Pruned navigation item -->
</li>
<!-- Currently active page -->
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<!-- Determine all nested items that are index pages -->
<!-- Navigation tabs -->
<!-- Render 1st level items with nested items as sections -->
<!-- Navigation pruning -->
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<!-- Determine checked and indeterminate state -->
<!-- Active checkbox expands items contained within nested section -->
<input
class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle "
type="checkbox"
id="__nav_3_2"
/>
<!-- Toggle to expand nested items -->
<label
class="md-nav__link"
for="__nav_3_2"
id="__nav_3_2_label"
tabindex="0"
>
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Linux Advanced
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<!-- Toggle to expand nested items with link to index page -->
<!-- Nested navigation -->
<nav
class="md-nav"
data-md-level="2"
aria-labelledby="__nav_3_2_label"
aria-expanded="false"
>
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_3_2">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Linux Advanced
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<!-- Determine all nested items that are index pages -->
<!-- Navigation tabs -->
<!-- Render 1st level items with nested items as sections -->
<!-- Navigation pruning -->
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<!-- Determine checked and indeterminate state -->
<!-- Active checkbox expands items contained within nested section -->
<input
class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle "
type="checkbox"
id="__nav_3_2_1"
/>
<!-- Toggle to expand nested items -->
<label
class="md-nav__link"
for="__nav_3_2_1"
id="__nav_3_2_1_label"
tabindex="0"
>
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Containerization And Orchestration
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<!-- Toggle to expand nested items with link to index page -->
<!-- Nested navigation -->
<nav
class="md-nav"
data-md-level="3"
aria-labelledby="__nav_3_2_1_label"
aria-expanded="false"
>
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_3_2_1">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Containerization And Orchestration
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../containerization_and_orchestration/intro/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Introduction
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../containerization_and_orchestration/intro_to_containers/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Introduction To Containers
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../containerization_and_orchestration/containerization_with_docker/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Containerization With Docker
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../containerization_and_orchestration/orchestration_with_kubernetes/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Orchestration With Kubernetes
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../containerization_and_orchestration/conclusion/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Conclusion
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
<!-- Pruned navigation item -->
</li>
<!-- Currently active page -->
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<!-- Determine all nested items that are index pages -->
<!-- Navigation tabs -->
<!-- Render 1st level items with nested items as sections -->
<!-- Navigation pruning -->
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<!-- Determine checked and indeterminate state -->
<!-- Active checkbox expands items contained within nested section -->
<input
class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle "
type="checkbox"
id="__nav_3_2_2"
/>
<!-- Toggle to expand nested items -->
<label
class="md-nav__link"
for="__nav_3_2_2"
id="__nav_3_2_2_label"
tabindex="0"
>
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
System Calls and Signals
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<!-- Toggle to expand nested items with link to index page -->
<!-- Nested navigation -->
<nav
class="md-nav"
data-md-level="3"
aria-labelledby="__nav_3_2_2_label"
aria-expanded="false"
>
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_3_2_2">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
System Calls and Signals
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../system_calls_and_signals/intro/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Introduction
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../system_calls_and_signals/signals/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Signals
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../system_calls_and_signals/system_calls/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
System Calls
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../system_calls_and_signals/conclusion/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Conclusion
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
<!-- Pruned navigation item -->
</li>
<!-- Currently active page -->
</ul>
</nav>
<!-- Pruned navigation item -->
</li>
<!-- Currently active page -->
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<!-- Determine all nested items that are index pages -->
<!-- Navigation tabs -->
<!-- Render 1st level items with nested items as sections -->
<!-- Navigation pruning -->
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<!-- Determine checked and indeterminate state -->
<!-- Active checkbox expands items contained within nested section -->
<input
class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle "
type="checkbox"
id="__nav_3_3"
/>
<!-- Toggle to expand nested items -->
<label
class="md-nav__link"
for="__nav_3_3"
id="__nav_3_3_label"
tabindex="0"
>
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Networking
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<!-- Toggle to expand nested items with link to index page -->
<!-- Nested navigation -->
<nav
class="md-nav"
data-md-level="2"
aria-labelledby="__nav_3_3_label"
aria-expanded="false"
>
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_3_3">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Networking
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../networking/introduction/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Introduction
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../networking/security/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Security
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../networking/scale/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Scale
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../networking/rtt/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
RTT
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../networking/infrastructure-features/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Infrastructure Services
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../networking/conclusion/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Conclusion
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
<!-- Pruned navigation item -->
</li>
<!-- Currently active page -->
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<!-- Determine all nested items that are index pages -->
<!-- Navigation tabs -->
<!-- Render 1st level items with nested items as sections -->
<!-- Navigation pruning -->
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<!-- Determine checked and indeterminate state -->
<!-- Active checkbox expands items contained within nested section -->
<input
class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle "
type="checkbox"
id="__nav_3_4"
/>
<!-- Toggle to expand nested items -->
<label
class="md-nav__link"
for="__nav_3_4"
id="__nav_3_4_label"
tabindex="0"
>
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
System Design
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<!-- Toggle to expand nested items with link to index page -->
<!-- Nested navigation -->
<nav
class="md-nav"
data-md-level="2"
aria-labelledby="__nav_3_4_label"
aria-expanded="false"
>
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_3_4">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
System Design
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../system_design/intro/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Introduction
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../system_design/large-system-design/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Large System Design
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../system_design/scaling/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Scaling
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../system_design/scaling-beyond-the-datacenter/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Scaling Beyond the Data Center
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../system_design/resiliency/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Resiliency
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../system_design/conclusion/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Conclusion
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
<!-- Pruned navigation item -->
</li>
<!-- Currently active page -->
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<!-- Determine all nested items that are index pages -->
<!-- Navigation tabs -->
<!-- Render 1st level items with nested items as sections -->
<!-- Navigation pruning -->
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<!-- Determine checked and indeterminate state -->
<!-- Active checkbox expands items contained within nested section -->
<input
class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle "
type="checkbox"
id="__nav_3_5"
/>
<!-- Toggle to expand nested items -->
<label
class="md-nav__link"
for="__nav_3_5"
id="__nav_3_5_label"
tabindex="0"
>
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
System Troubleshooting and Performance Improvements
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<!-- Toggle to expand nested items with link to index page -->
<!-- Nested navigation -->
<nav
class="md-nav"
data-md-level="2"
aria-labelledby="__nav_3_5_label"
aria-expanded="false"
>
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_3_5">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
System Troubleshooting and Performance Improvements
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../system_troubleshooting_and_performance/introduction/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Introduction
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../system_troubleshooting_and_performance/troubleshooting/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Troubleshooting
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../system_troubleshooting_and_performance/important-tools/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Important Tools
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../system_troubleshooting_and_performance/performance-improvements/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Performance Improvements
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../system_troubleshooting_and_performance/troubleshooting-example/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Troubleshooting Example
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../system_troubleshooting_and_performance/conclusion/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Conclusion
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
<!-- Pruned navigation item -->
</li>
<!-- Currently active page -->
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<!-- Determine all nested items that are index pages -->
<!-- Navigation tabs -->
<!-- Render 1st level items with nested items as sections -->
<!-- Navigation pruning -->
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<!-- Determine checked and indeterminate state -->
<!-- Active checkbox expands items contained within nested section -->
<input
class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle "
type="checkbox"
id="__nav_3_6"
/>
<!-- Toggle to expand nested items -->
<label
class="md-nav__link"
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<h1 id="archiving-and-backup">Archiving and Backup</h1>
<h2 id="introduction">Introduction</h2>
<p>One of the things SREs make sure of is the services are up all the time (at least 99.99% of the time), but the amount of data generated at each server running those services are immense. This data could be logs, user data in the database, or any other kind of metadata. Hence we need to compress, archive, rotate, and Backup the data in a timely manner for data safety and to make sure we don’t run out of space.</p>
<h2 id="archiving">Archiving</h2>
<p>We usually archive the data that are no longer needed but are kept mostly for compliance purposes. This helps in storing the data into compressed format saving a lot of space. Below section is to familiarize with the archiving tools and commands.</p>
<h2 id="gzip">gzip</h2>
<p>gzip is a program used to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_compression"><u>compress</u></a> one or more files, it replaces the original file with a compressed version of the original file.</p>
<p><img alt="" src="../images/image14.png" /></p>
<p>Here we can see that the <em>messages</em> log file is compressed to almost one-fifth of the original size and replaced with messages.gz. We can uncompress this file using <a href="https://linux.die.net/man/1/gunzip"><em><u>gunzip</u></em></a> command.</p>
<h2 id="tar">tar</h2>
<p><em>tar</em> program is a tool for archiving files and directories into a single file (often called tarball). This tool is usually used to prepare archives of files before it is transferred to a long term backup server. <em>tar</em> doesn’t replace the existing files and folders but creates a new file with extension <em>.tar</em> . It provides lot of flag to choose from for archiving</p>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Flags</th>
<th>Description</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>-c</td>
<td>Creates archive</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>-x</td>
<td>Extracts the archive</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>-f</td>
<td>Creates archive with the given filename</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>-t</td>
<td>Displays or lists files in archived file</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>-u</td>
<td>Archives and adds to an existing archive file</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>-v</td>
<td>Displays verbose information</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>-A</td>
<td>Concatenates the archived file</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>-z</td>
<td>Compresses the tar file using gzip</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>-j</td>
<td>Compresses the tar file using bzip2</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>-W</td>
<td>Verifies an archive file</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>-r</td>
<td>Updates or adds file or directory in already existing .tar file</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h3 id="create-an-archive-with-files-and-folder">Create an archive with files and folder</h3>
<p>Flag <code>c</code> is used for creating the archive where <code>f</code> is the filename.</p>
<p><img alt="" src="../images/image24.png" /></p>
<h3 id="listing-files-in-the-archive">Listing files in the archive</h3>
<p>We can use flag <code>t</code> for listing out what an archive contains.</p>
<p><img alt="" src="../images/image7.png" /></p>
<h3 id="extract-files-from-the-archive">Extract files from the archive</h3>
<p>We can use flag <code>x</code> to unarchive the archive.</p>
<p><img alt="" src="../images/image26.png" /></p>
<h2 id="backup">Backup</h2>
<p>Backup is a process of copying/duplicating the existing data, This backup can be used to restore the dataset in case of data loss. Data backup also becomes critical when the data is not needed in a day to day job but can be referred to as a source of truth and for compliance reasons in future. Different types of backup are :</p>
<h3 id="incremental-backup">Incremental backup</h3>
<p>Incremental backup is the backup of data since the last backup, this reduces data redundancy and storage efficiency.</p>
<h3 id="differential-backup">Differential backup</h3>
<p>Sometimes our data keeps on modifying/updating. In that case we take backup of changes that occurred since the last backup called differential backup.</p>
<h3 id="network-backup">Network backup</h3>
<p>Network backup refers to sending out data over the network from the source to a backup destination in a client-server model. This backup destination can be centralized or decentralized. Decentralized backups are useful for disaster recovery scenarios.</p>
<p><code>rsync</code> is one of the linux command which sync up file from one server to the destination server over the network.</p>
<p><img alt="" src="../images/image11.png" /></p>
<p>The syntax for <em>rsync</em> goes like <code>rsync \[options\] &lt;source&gt; &lt;destination&gt;</code>. We can locate the file on the path specified after <code>:</code> (colon) in the “<em>destination”</em>. If nothing is specified the default path is the home directory of the user used for backup. <code>/home/azureuser</code> in this case. You can always look for different options for rsync using the <code>man rsync</code> command.</p>
<h3 id="cloud-backup">Cloud Backup</h3>
<p>There are various third parties which provide the backup of data to the cloud. These cloud backups are much more reliable than stored backups on local machines or any server without RAID configuration as these providers manage redundancy of data, data recovery along with the data security. Two most widely used cloud backup options are Azure backup (from Microsoft) and Amazon Glacier backup (from AWS).</p>
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