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<div class="md-search" data-md-component="search" role="dialog">
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<form class="md-search__form" name="search">
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<div class="md-sidebar__inner">
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<!-- Navigation -->
<nav
class="md-nav md-nav--primary"
aria-label="Navigation"
data-md-level="0"
>
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<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../.." class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Home
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</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
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<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
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<!-- Navigation tabs -->
<!-- Render 1st level items with nested items as sections -->
<!-- Navigation pruning -->
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
<!-- Determine checked and indeterminate state -->
<!-- Active checkbox expands items contained within nested section -->
<input
class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle "
type="checkbox"
id="__nav_2"
/>
<!-- Toggle to expand nested items -->
<label
class="md-nav__link"
for="__nav_2"
id="__nav_2_label"
tabindex=""
>
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Level 101
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<!-- Toggle to expand nested items with link to index page -->
<!-- Nested navigation -->
<nav
class="md-nav"
data-md-level="1"
aria-labelledby="__nav_2_label"
aria-expanded="false"
>
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_2">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Level 101
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<!-- Determine all nested items that are index pages -->
<!-- Navigation tabs -->
<!-- Render 1st level items with nested items as sections -->
<!-- Navigation pruning -->
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<!-- Determine checked and indeterminate state -->
<!-- Active checkbox expands items contained within nested section -->
<input
class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle "
type="checkbox"
id="__nav_2_1"
/>
<!-- Toggle to expand nested items -->
<label
class="md-nav__link"
for="__nav_2_1"
id="__nav_2_1_label"
tabindex="0"
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<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Fundamentals Series
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<!-- Toggle to expand nested items with link to index page -->
<!-- Nested navigation -->
<nav
class="md-nav"
data-md-level="2"
aria-labelledby="__nav_2_1_label"
aria-expanded="false"
>
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_2_1">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Fundamentals Series
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<!-- Determine all nested items that are index pages -->
<!-- Navigation tabs -->
<!-- Render 1st level items with nested items as sections -->
<!-- Navigation pruning -->
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
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<input
class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle "
type="checkbox"
id="__nav_2_1_1"
/>
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class="md-nav__link"
for="__nav_2_1_1"
id="__nav_2_1_1_label"
tabindex="0"
>
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Linux Basics
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<!-- Toggle to expand nested items with link to index page -->
<!-- Nested navigation -->
<nav
class="md-nav"
data-md-level="3"
aria-labelledby="__nav_2_1_1_label"
aria-expanded="false"
>
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_2_1_1">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Linux Basics
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
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<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level101/linux_basics/intro/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Introduction
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<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level101/linux_basics/command_line_basics/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
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Command Line Basics
</span>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level101/linux_basics/linux_server_administration/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Server Administration
</span>
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</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
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<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level101/linux_basics/conclusion/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Conclusion
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<!-- Navigation link status -->
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</li>
</ul>
</nav>
<!-- Pruned navigation item -->
</li>
<!-- Currently active page -->
<!-- Determine classes -->
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<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
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<!-- Navigation tabs -->
<!-- Render 1st level items with nested items as sections -->
<!-- Navigation pruning -->
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<!-- Determine checked and indeterminate state -->
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<input
class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle "
type="checkbox"
id="__nav_2_1_2"
/>
<!-- Toggle to expand nested items -->
<label
class="md-nav__link"
for="__nav_2_1_2"
id="__nav_2_1_2_label"
tabindex="0"
>
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Git
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<!-- Toggle to expand nested items with link to index page -->
<!-- Nested navigation -->
<nav
class="md-nav"
data-md-level="3"
aria-labelledby="__nav_2_1_2_label"
aria-expanded="false"
>
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_2_1_2">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Git
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
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<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level101/git/git-basics/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
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Git Basics
</span>
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</a>
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<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level101/git/branches/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Working With Branches
</span>
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<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level101/git/github-hooks/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Github and Hooks
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
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<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level101/git/conclusion/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Conclusion
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
<!-- Pruned navigation item -->
</li>
<!-- Currently active page -->
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<!-- Determine all nested items that are index pages -->
<!-- Navigation tabs -->
<!-- Render 1st level items with nested items as sections -->
<!-- Navigation pruning -->
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<!-- Determine checked and indeterminate state -->
<!-- Active checkbox expands items contained within nested section -->
<input
class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle "
type="checkbox"
id="__nav_2_1_3"
/>
<!-- Toggle to expand nested items -->
<label
class="md-nav__link"
for="__nav_2_1_3"
id="__nav_2_1_3_label"
tabindex="0"
>
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Linux Networking
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<!-- Toggle to expand nested items with link to index page -->
<!-- Nested navigation -->
<nav
class="md-nav"
data-md-level="3"
aria-labelledby="__nav_2_1_3_label"
aria-expanded="false"
>
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_2_1_3">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Linux Networking
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level101/linux_networking/intro/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Introduction
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level101/linux_networking/dns/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
DNS
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level101/linux_networking/udp/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
UDP
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
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<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level101/linux_networking/http/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
HTTP
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level101/linux_networking/tcp/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
TCP
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level101/linux_networking/ipr/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Routing
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level101/linux_networking/conclusion/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Conclusion
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
<!-- Pruned navigation item -->
</li>
<!-- Currently active page -->
</ul>
</nav>
<!-- Pruned navigation item -->
</li>
<!-- Currently active page -->
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<!-- Determine all nested items that are index pages -->
<!-- Navigation tabs -->
<!-- Render 1st level items with nested items as sections -->
<!-- Navigation pruning -->
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<!-- Determine checked and indeterminate state -->
<!-- Active checkbox expands items contained within nested section -->
<input
class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle "
type="checkbox"
id="__nav_2_2"
/>
<!-- Toggle to expand nested items -->
<label
class="md-nav__link"
for="__nav_2_2"
id="__nav_2_2_label"
tabindex="0"
>
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Python and Web
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<!-- Toggle to expand nested items with link to index page -->
<!-- Nested navigation -->
<nav
class="md-nav"
data-md-level="2"
aria-labelledby="__nav_2_2_label"
aria-expanded="false"
>
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_2_2">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Python and Web
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level101/python_web/intro/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Introduction
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level101/python_web/python-concepts/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Some Python Concepts
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level101/python_web/python-web-flask/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Python, Web and Flask
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level101/python_web/url-shorten-app/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
The URL Shortening App
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level101/python_web/sre-conclusion/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Conclusion
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
<!-- Pruned navigation item -->
</li>
<!-- Currently active page -->
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<!-- Determine all nested items that are index pages -->
<!-- Navigation tabs -->
<!-- Render 1st level items with nested items as sections -->
<!-- Navigation pruning -->
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<!-- Determine checked and indeterminate state -->
<!-- Active checkbox expands items contained within nested section -->
<input
class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle "
type="checkbox"
id="__nav_2_3"
/>
<!-- Toggle to expand nested items -->
<label
class="md-nav__link"
for="__nav_2_3"
id="__nav_2_3_label"
tabindex="0"
>
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Data
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<!-- Toggle to expand nested items with link to index page -->
<!-- Nested navigation -->
<nav
class="md-nav"
data-md-level="2"
aria-labelledby="__nav_2_3_label"
aria-expanded="false"
>
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_2_3">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Data
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<!-- Determine all nested items that are index pages -->
<!-- Navigation tabs -->
<!-- Render 1st level items with nested items as sections -->
<!-- Navigation pruning -->
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<!-- Determine checked and indeterminate state -->
<!-- Active checkbox expands items contained within nested section -->
<input
class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle "
type="checkbox"
id="__nav_2_3_1"
/>
<!-- Toggle to expand nested items -->
<label
class="md-nav__link"
for="__nav_2_3_1"
id="__nav_2_3_1_label"
tabindex="0"
>
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Relational Databases
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<!-- Toggle to expand nested items with link to index page -->
<!-- Nested navigation -->
<nav
class="md-nav"
data-md-level="3"
aria-labelledby="__nav_2_3_1_label"
aria-expanded="false"
>
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_2_3_1">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Relational Databases
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level101/databases_sql/intro/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Introduction
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
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<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level101/databases_sql/concepts/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Key Concepts
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
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<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level101/databases_sql/mysql/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
MySQL
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level101/databases_sql/innodb/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
InnoDB
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
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<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level101/databases_sql/backup_recovery/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Backup and Recovery
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
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<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level101/databases_sql/replication/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
MySQL Replication
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level101/databases_sql/operations/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Operational Concepts
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
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<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level101/databases_sql/select_query/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Select Query
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level101/databases_sql/query_performance/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Query Performance
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
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<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level101/databases_sql/lab/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Lab
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level101/databases_sql/conclusion/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Conclusion
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
<!-- Pruned navigation item -->
</li>
<!-- Currently active page -->
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<!-- Determine all nested items that are index pages -->
<!-- Navigation tabs -->
<!-- Render 1st level items with nested items as sections -->
<!-- Navigation pruning -->
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<!-- Determine checked and indeterminate state -->
<!-- Active checkbox expands items contained within nested section -->
<input
class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle "
type="checkbox"
id="__nav_2_3_2"
/>
<!-- Toggle to expand nested items -->
<label
class="md-nav__link"
for="__nav_2_3_2"
id="__nav_2_3_2_label"
tabindex="0"
>
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
NoSQL
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<!-- Toggle to expand nested items with link to index page -->
<!-- Nested navigation -->
<nav
class="md-nav"
data-md-level="3"
aria-labelledby="__nav_2_3_2_label"
aria-expanded="false"
>
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_2_3_2">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
NoSQL
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level101/databases_nosql/intro/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Introduction
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level101/databases_nosql/key_concepts/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Key Concepts
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level101/databases_nosql/further_reading/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Conclusion
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
<!-- Pruned navigation item -->
</li>
<!-- Currently active page -->
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<!-- Determine all nested items that are index pages -->
<!-- Navigation tabs -->
<!-- Render 1st level items with nested items as sections -->
<!-- Navigation pruning -->
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<!-- Determine checked and indeterminate state -->
<!-- Active checkbox expands items contained within nested section -->
<input
class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle "
type="checkbox"
id="__nav_2_3_3"
/>
<!-- Toggle to expand nested items -->
<label
class="md-nav__link"
for="__nav_2_3_3"
id="__nav_2_3_3_label"
tabindex="0"
>
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Message Queue
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<!-- Toggle to expand nested items with link to index page -->
<!-- Nested navigation -->
<nav
class="md-nav"
data-md-level="3"
aria-labelledby="__nav_2_3_3_label"
aria-expanded="false"
>
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_2_3_3">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Message Queue
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level101/messagequeue/intro/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Introduction
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level101/messagequeue/key_concepts/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Key Concepts
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level101/messagequeue/further_reading/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Conclusion
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
<!-- Pruned navigation item -->
</li>
<!-- Currently active page -->
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<!-- Determine all nested items that are index pages -->
<!-- Navigation tabs -->
<!-- Render 1st level items with nested items as sections -->
<!-- Navigation pruning -->
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<!-- Determine checked and indeterminate state -->
<!-- Active checkbox expands items contained within nested section -->
<input
class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle "
type="checkbox"
id="__nav_2_3_4"
/>
<!-- Toggle to expand nested items -->
<label
class="md-nav__link"
for="__nav_2_3_4"
id="__nav_2_3_4_label"
tabindex="0"
>
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Big Data
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<!-- Toggle to expand nested items with link to index page -->
<!-- Nested navigation -->
<nav
class="md-nav"
data-md-level="3"
aria-labelledby="__nav_2_3_4_label"
aria-expanded="false"
>
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_2_3_4">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Big Data
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level101/big_data/intro/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Introduction
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level101/big_data/evolution/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Evolution and Architecture of Hadoop
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level101/big_data/tasks/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Conclusion
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
<!-- Pruned navigation item -->
</li>
<!-- Currently active page -->
</ul>
</nav>
<!-- Pruned navigation item -->
</li>
<!-- Currently active page -->
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<!-- Determine all nested items that are index pages -->
<!-- Navigation tabs -->
<!-- Render 1st level items with nested items as sections -->
<!-- Navigation pruning -->
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<!-- Determine checked and indeterminate state -->
<!-- Active checkbox expands items contained within nested section -->
<input
class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle "
type="checkbox"
id="__nav_2_4"
/>
<!-- Toggle to expand nested items -->
<label
class="md-nav__link"
for="__nav_2_4"
id="__nav_2_4_label"
tabindex="0"
>
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Systems Design
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<!-- Toggle to expand nested items with link to index page -->
<!-- Nested navigation -->
<nav
class="md-nav"
data-md-level="2"
aria-labelledby="__nav_2_4_label"
aria-expanded="false"
>
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_2_4">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Systems Design
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level101/systems_design/intro/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Introduction
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level101/systems_design/scalability/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Scalability
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level101/systems_design/availability/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Availability
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level101/systems_design/fault-tolerance/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Fault Tolerance
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level101/systems_design/conclusion/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Conclusion
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
<!-- Pruned navigation item -->
</li>
<!-- Currently active page -->
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<!-- Determine all nested items that are index pages -->
<!-- Navigation tabs -->
<!-- Render 1st level items with nested items as sections -->
<!-- Navigation pruning -->
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<!-- Determine checked and indeterminate state -->
<!-- Active checkbox expands items contained within nested section -->
<input
class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle "
type="checkbox"
id="__nav_2_5"
/>
<!-- Toggle to expand nested items -->
<label
class="md-nav__link"
for="__nav_2_5"
id="__nav_2_5_label"
tabindex="0"
>
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Metrics and Monitoring
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<!-- Toggle to expand nested items with link to index page -->
<!-- Nested navigation -->
<nav
class="md-nav"
data-md-level="2"
aria-labelledby="__nav_2_5_label"
aria-expanded="false"
>
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_2_5">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Metrics and Monitoring
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level101/metrics_and_monitoring/introduction/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Introduction
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level101/metrics_and_monitoring/command-line_tools/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Command-line Tools
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level101/metrics_and_monitoring/third-party_monitoring/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Third-party Monitoring
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level101/metrics_and_monitoring/alerts/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Proactive Monitoring with Alerts
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level101/metrics_and_monitoring/best_practices/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Best Practices for Monitoring
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level101/metrics_and_monitoring/observability/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Observability
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level101/metrics_and_monitoring/conclusion/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Conclusion
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
<!-- Pruned navigation item -->
</li>
<!-- Currently active page -->
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<!-- Determine all nested items that are index pages -->
<!-- Navigation tabs -->
<!-- Render 1st level items with nested items as sections -->
<!-- Navigation pruning -->
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<!-- Determine checked and indeterminate state -->
<!-- Active checkbox expands items contained within nested section -->
<input
class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle "
type="checkbox"
id="__nav_2_6"
/>
<!-- Toggle to expand nested items -->
<label
class="md-nav__link"
for="__nav_2_6"
id="__nav_2_6_label"
tabindex="0"
>
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Security
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<!-- Toggle to expand nested items with link to index page -->
<!-- Nested navigation -->
<nav
class="md-nav"
data-md-level="2"
aria-labelledby="__nav_2_6_label"
aria-expanded="false"
>
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_2_6">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Security
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level101/security/intro/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Introduction
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level101/security/fundamentals/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Fundamentals of Security
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level101/security/network_security/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Network Security
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level101/security/threats_attacks_defences/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Threat, Attacks & Defences
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level101/security/writing_secure_code/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Writing Secure code
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level101/security/conclusion/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Conclusion
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
<!-- Pruned navigation item -->
</li>
<!-- Currently active page -->
</ul>
</nav>
<!-- Pruned navigation item -->
</li>
<!-- Currently active page -->
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<!-- Determine all nested items that are index pages -->
<!-- Navigation tabs -->
<!-- Render 1st level items with nested items as sections -->
<!-- Navigation pruning -->
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--active md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
<!-- Determine checked and indeterminate state -->
<!-- Active checkbox expands items contained within nested section -->
<input
class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle "
type="checkbox"
id="__nav_3"
checked
/>
<!-- Toggle to expand nested items -->
<label
class="md-nav__link"
for="__nav_3"
id="__nav_3_label"
tabindex=""
>
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Level 102
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<!-- Toggle to expand nested items with link to index page -->
<!-- Nested navigation -->
<nav
class="md-nav"
data-md-level="1"
aria-labelledby="__nav_3_label"
aria-expanded="true"
>
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_3">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Level 102
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<!-- Determine all nested items that are index pages -->
<!-- Navigation tabs -->
<!-- Render 1st level items with nested items as sections -->
<!-- Navigation pruning -->
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--active md-nav__item--nested">
<!-- Determine checked and indeterminate state -->
<!-- Active checkbox expands items contained within nested section -->
<input
class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle "
type="checkbox"
id="__nav_3_1"
checked
/>
<!-- Toggle to expand nested items -->
<label
class="md-nav__link"
for="__nav_3_1"
id="__nav_3_1_label"
tabindex="0"
>
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Linux Intermediate
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<!-- Toggle to expand nested items with link to index page -->
<!-- Nested navigation -->
<nav
class="md-nav"
data-md-level="2"
aria-labelledby="__nav_3_1_label"
aria-expanded="true"
>
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_3_1">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Linux Intermediate
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../introduction/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Introduction
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--active">
<!-- State toggle -->
<input
class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle"
type="checkbox"
id="__toc"
/>
<!-- Hack: see partials/toc.html for more information -->
<!-- Navigation link to table of contents -->
<label class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--active" for="__toc">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Package Management
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<a
href="./"
class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--active"
>
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Package Management
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
<!-- Table of contents -->
<nav class="md-nav md-nav--secondary" aria-label="Table of contents">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__toc">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Table of contents
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-component="toc" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#introduction" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Introduction
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#package" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Package
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#dependencies" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Dependencies
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#repository" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Repository
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#high-level-and-low-level-package-management-tools" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
High Level and Low-Level Package management tools
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<!-- Navigation item -->
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../storage_media/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Storage Media
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../archiving_backup/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Archiving and Backup
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../introvim/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Introduction to Vim
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../bashscripting/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Bash Scripting
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../conclusion/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Conclusion
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
<!-- Pruned navigation item -->
</li>
<!-- Currently active page -->
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<!-- Determine all nested items that are index pages -->
<!-- Navigation tabs -->
<!-- Render 1st level items with nested items as sections -->
<!-- Navigation pruning -->
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<!-- Determine checked and indeterminate state -->
<!-- Active checkbox expands items contained within nested section -->
<input
class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle "
type="checkbox"
id="__nav_3_2"
/>
<!-- Toggle to expand nested items -->
<label
class="md-nav__link"
for="__nav_3_2"
id="__nav_3_2_label"
tabindex="0"
>
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Linux Advanced
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<!-- Toggle to expand nested items with link to index page -->
<!-- Nested navigation -->
<nav
class="md-nav"
data-md-level="2"
aria-labelledby="__nav_3_2_label"
aria-expanded="false"
>
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_3_2">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Linux Advanced
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<!-- Determine all nested items that are index pages -->
<!-- Navigation tabs -->
<!-- Render 1st level items with nested items as sections -->
<!-- Navigation pruning -->
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<!-- Determine checked and indeterminate state -->
<!-- Active checkbox expands items contained within nested section -->
<input
class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle "
type="checkbox"
id="__nav_3_2_1"
/>
<!-- Toggle to expand nested items -->
<label
class="md-nav__link"
for="__nav_3_2_1"
id="__nav_3_2_1_label"
tabindex="0"
>
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Containerization And Orchestration
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<!-- Toggle to expand nested items with link to index page -->
<!-- Nested navigation -->
<nav
class="md-nav"
data-md-level="3"
aria-labelledby="__nav_3_2_1_label"
aria-expanded="false"
>
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_3_2_1">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Containerization And Orchestration
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../containerization_and_orchestration/intro/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Introduction
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../containerization_and_orchestration/intro_to_containers/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Introduction To Containers
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../containerization_and_orchestration/containerization_with_docker/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Containerization With Docker
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../containerization_and_orchestration/orchestration_with_kubernetes/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Orchestration With Kubernetes
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../containerization_and_orchestration/conclusion/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Conclusion
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
<!-- Pruned navigation item -->
</li>
<!-- Currently active page -->
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<!-- Determine all nested items that are index pages -->
<!-- Navigation tabs -->
<!-- Render 1st level items with nested items as sections -->
<!-- Navigation pruning -->
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<!-- Determine checked and indeterminate state -->
<!-- Active checkbox expands items contained within nested section -->
<input
class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle "
type="checkbox"
id="__nav_3_2_2"
/>
<!-- Toggle to expand nested items -->
<label
class="md-nav__link"
for="__nav_3_2_2"
id="__nav_3_2_2_label"
tabindex="0"
>
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
System Calls and Signals
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<!-- Toggle to expand nested items with link to index page -->
<!-- Nested navigation -->
<nav
class="md-nav"
data-md-level="3"
aria-labelledby="__nav_3_2_2_label"
aria-expanded="false"
>
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_3_2_2">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
System Calls and Signals
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../system_calls_and_signals/intro/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Introduction
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../system_calls_and_signals/signals/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Signals
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../system_calls_and_signals/system_calls/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
System Calls
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../system_calls_and_signals/conclusion/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Conclusion
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
<!-- Pruned navigation item -->
</li>
<!-- Currently active page -->
</ul>
</nav>
<!-- Pruned navigation item -->
</li>
<!-- Currently active page -->
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<!-- Determine all nested items that are index pages -->
<!-- Navigation tabs -->
<!-- Render 1st level items with nested items as sections -->
<!-- Navigation pruning -->
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<!-- Determine checked and indeterminate state -->
<!-- Active checkbox expands items contained within nested section -->
<input
class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle "
type="checkbox"
id="__nav_3_3"
/>
<!-- Toggle to expand nested items -->
<label
class="md-nav__link"
for="__nav_3_3"
id="__nav_3_3_label"
tabindex="0"
>
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Networking
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<!-- Toggle to expand nested items with link to index page -->
<!-- Nested navigation -->
<nav
class="md-nav"
data-md-level="2"
aria-labelledby="__nav_3_3_label"
aria-expanded="false"
>
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_3_3">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Networking
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../networking/introduction/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Introduction
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../networking/security/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Security
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../networking/scale/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Scale
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../networking/rtt/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
RTT
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../networking/infrastructure-features/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Infrastructure Services
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../networking/conclusion/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Conclusion
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
<!-- Pruned navigation item -->
</li>
<!-- Currently active page -->
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<!-- Determine all nested items that are index pages -->
<!-- Navigation tabs -->
<!-- Render 1st level items with nested items as sections -->
<!-- Navigation pruning -->
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<!-- Determine checked and indeterminate state -->
<!-- Active checkbox expands items contained within nested section -->
<input
class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle "
type="checkbox"
id="__nav_3_4"
/>
<!-- Toggle to expand nested items -->
<label
class="md-nav__link"
for="__nav_3_4"
id="__nav_3_4_label"
tabindex="0"
>
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
System Design
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<!-- Toggle to expand nested items with link to index page -->
<!-- Nested navigation -->
<nav
class="md-nav"
data-md-level="2"
aria-labelledby="__nav_3_4_label"
aria-expanded="false"
>
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_3_4">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
System Design
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../system_design/intro/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Introduction
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../system_design/large-system-design/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Large System Design
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../system_design/scaling/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Scaling
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../system_design/scaling-beyond-the-datacenter/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Scaling Beyond the Data Center
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../system_design/resiliency/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Resiliency
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../system_design/conclusion/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Conclusion
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
<!-- Pruned navigation item -->
</li>
<!-- Currently active page -->
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<!-- Determine all nested items that are index pages -->
<!-- Navigation tabs -->
<!-- Render 1st level items with nested items as sections -->
<!-- Navigation pruning -->
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<!-- Determine checked and indeterminate state -->
<!-- Active checkbox expands items contained within nested section -->
<input
class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle "
type="checkbox"
id="__nav_3_5"
/>
<!-- Toggle to expand nested items -->
<label
class="md-nav__link"
for="__nav_3_5"
id="__nav_3_5_label"
tabindex="0"
>
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
System Troubleshooting and Performance Improvements
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<!-- Toggle to expand nested items with link to index page -->
<!-- Nested navigation -->
<nav
class="md-nav"
data-md-level="2"
aria-labelledby="__nav_3_5_label"
aria-expanded="false"
>
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_3_5">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
System Troubleshooting and Performance Improvements
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../system_troubleshooting_and_performance/introduction/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Introduction
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../system_troubleshooting_and_performance/troubleshooting/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Troubleshooting
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../system_troubleshooting_and_performance/important-tools/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Important Tools
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../system_troubleshooting_and_performance/performance-improvements/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Performance Improvements
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../system_troubleshooting_and_performance/troubleshooting-example/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Troubleshooting Example
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../system_troubleshooting_and_performance/conclusion/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Conclusion
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
<!-- Pruned navigation item -->
</li>
<!-- Currently active page -->
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<!-- Determine all nested items that are index pages -->
<!-- Navigation tabs -->
<!-- Render 1st level items with nested items as sections -->
<!-- Navigation pruning -->
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<!-- Determine checked and indeterminate state -->
<!-- Active checkbox expands items contained within nested section -->
<input
class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle "
type="checkbox"
id="__nav_3_6"
/>
<!-- Toggle to expand nested items -->
<label
class="md-nav__link"
for="__nav_3_6"
id="__nav_3_6_label"
tabindex="0"
>
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Continuous Integration and Continuous Delivery
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<!-- Toggle to expand nested items with link to index page -->
<!-- Nested navigation -->
<nav
class="md-nav"
data-md-level="2"
aria-labelledby="__nav_3_6_label"
aria-expanded="false"
>
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_3_6">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Continuous Integration and Continuous Delivery
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../continuous_integration_and_continuous_delivery/introduction/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Introduction
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../continuous_integration_and_continuous_delivery/introduction_to_cicd/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
What is CI/CD?
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../continuous_integration_and_continuous_delivery/cicd_brief_history/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Brief History
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<h1 id="package-management">Package Management</h1>
<h2 id="introduction">Introduction</h2>
<p>One of the main features of any operating system is the ability to run other programs and softwares, and hence Package management comes into picture. Package management is a method of installing and maintaining software programs on any operating system.</p>
<h2 id="package">Package</h2>
<p>In the early days of Linux, one had to download source code of any software and compile it to install and run the software. As the Linux space became more mature, it is understood the software landscape is very dynamic and started distributing software in the form of packages. Package file is a compressed collection of files that contains software, its dependencies, installation instructions and metadata about the package.</p>
<h2 id="dependencies">Dependencies</h2>
<p>It is rare that a software package is stand-alone, it depends on the different software, libraries and modules. These subroutines are stored and made available in the form of shared libraries which may serve more than one program. These shared resources are called dependencies. Package management does this hard job of resolving dependencies and installing them for the user along with the software.</p>
<h2 id="repository">Repository</h2>
<p>Repository is a storage location where all the packages, updates, dependencies are stored. Each repository can contain thousands of software packages hosted on a remote server intended to be installed and updated on linux systems. We usually update the package information ( <em>often referred to as metadata</em>) by running “<em>sudo dnf update”.</em></p>
<p><img alt="" src="../images/image29.png" /></p>
<p>Try out <em><code>sudo dnf repolist all</code></em> to list all the repositories.</p>
<p>We usually add repositories for installing packages from third party vendors.</p>
<blockquote>
<p>dnf config-manager --add-repo http://www.example.com/example.repo</p>
</blockquote>
<h2 id="high-level-and-low-level-package-management-tools">High Level and Low-Level Package management tools</h2>
<p>There are mainly two types of packages management tools:</p>
<blockquote>
<p>1. <em>Low-level tools</em>: This is mostly used for installing, removing and upgrading package files.</p>
<p>2. <em>High-Level tools</em>: In addition to Low-level tools, High-level tools do metadata searching and dependency resolution as well.</p>
</blockquote>
<table>
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<th>Linux Distribution</th>
<th>Low-Level Tools</th>
<th>High-Level tools</th>
</tr>
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<td>Debian</td>
<td>dpkg</td>
<td>apt-get</td>
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<td>Fedora, RedHat</td>
<td>dnf</td>
<td>dnf</td>
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