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6261 lines
119 KiB
HTML
6261 lines
119 KiB
HTML
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<!doctype html>
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<html lang="en" class="no-js">
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<head>
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<meta charset="utf-8">
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<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1">
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<link rel="canonical" href="https://linkedin.github.io/school-of-sre/level102/system_design/large-system-design/">
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<link rel="prev" href="../intro/">
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<link rel="next" href="../scaling/">
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<meta name="generator" content="mkdocs-1.5.3, mkdocs-material-9.5.12">
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<title>Large System Design - School Of SRE</title>
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<link rel="stylesheet" href="../../../assets/stylesheets/main.7e359304.min.css">
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<link rel="preconnect" href="https://fonts.gstatic.com" crossorigin>
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<link rel="stylesheet" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Roboto:300,300i,400,400i,700,700i%7CRoboto+Mono:400,400i,700,700i&display=fallback">
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<style>:root{--md-text-font:"Roboto";--md-code-font:"Roboto Mono"}</style>
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<link rel="stylesheet" href="../../../stylesheets/custom.css">
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<script>__md_scope=new URL("../../..",location),__md_hash=e=>[...e].reduce((e,_)=>(e<<5)-e+_.charCodeAt(0),0),__md_get=(e,_=localStorage,t=__md_scope)=>JSON.parse(_.getItem(t.pathname+"."+e)),__md_set=(e,_,t=localStorage,a=__md_scope)=>{try{t.setItem(a.pathname+"."+e,JSON.stringify(_))}catch(e){}}</script>
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</head>
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<body dir="ltr">
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<input class="md-toggle" data-md-toggle="drawer" type="checkbox" id="__drawer" autocomplete="off">
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<label class="md-overlay" for="__drawer"></label>
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<div data-md-component="skip">
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<a href="#application-requirements" class="md-skip">
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Skip to content
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</a>
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</div>
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<div data-md-component="announce">
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</div>
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<script async defer data-domain="linkedin.github.io" src="https://tracking.eskratch.com/js/plausible.js"></script>
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<script>document.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded", function() {
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<header class="md-header" data-md-component="header">
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<nav class="md-header__inner md-grid" aria-label="header.title">
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<a href="https://linkedin.github.io/school-of-sre/" title="School Of SRE" class="md-header__button md-logo" aria-label="School Of SRE">
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<img src="../../../img/sos.png" alt="logo">
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</a>
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<!-- Button to open drawer -->
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<label class="md-header__button md-icon" for="__drawer">
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<div class="md-header__title" data-md-component="header-title">
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<div class="md-header__ellipsis">
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<span class="md-header__topic md-ellipsis">
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<a href="https://linkedin.github.io/school-of-sre/" title="School Of SRE" >
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School Of SRE
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</a>
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</span>
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<span class="md-header__topic md-ellipsis">
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Large System Design
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</span>
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</div>
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</div>
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<label class="md-header__button md-icon" for="__search">
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<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M9.5 3A6.5 6.5 0 0 1 16 9.5c0 1.61-.59 3.09-1.56 4.23l.27.27h.79l5 5-1.5 1.5-5-5v-.79l-.27-.27A6.516 6.516 0 0 1 9.5 16 6.5 6.5 0 0 1 3 9.5 6.5 6.5 0 0 1 9.5 3m0 2C7 5 5 7 5 9.5S7 14 9.5 14 14 12 14 9.5 12 5 9.5 5Z"/></svg>
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<div class="md-search" data-md-component="search" role="dialog">
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<label class="md-search__overlay" for="__search"></label>
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<div class="md-search__inner" role="search">
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<form class="md-search__form" name="search">
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<input type="text" class="md-search__input" name="query" aria-label="Search" placeholder="Search" autocapitalize="off" autocorrect="off" autocomplete="off" spellcheck="false" data-md-component="search-query" required>
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<label class="md-search__icon md-icon" for="__search">
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<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M9.5 3A6.5 6.5 0 0 1 16 9.5c0 1.61-.59 3.09-1.56 4.23l.27.27h.79l5 5-1.5 1.5-5-5v-.79l-.27-.27A6.516 6.516 0 0 1 9.5 16 6.5 6.5 0 0 1 3 9.5 6.5 6.5 0 0 1 9.5 3m0 2C7 5 5 7 5 9.5S7 14 9.5 14 14 12 14 9.5 12 5 9.5 5Z"/></svg>
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<nav class="md-search__options" aria-label="Search">
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<button type="reset" class="md-search__icon md-icon" title="Clear" aria-label="Clear" tabindex="-1">
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<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M19 6.41 17.59 5 12 10.59 6.41 5 5 6.41 10.59 12 5 17.59 6.41 19 12 13.41 17.59 19 19 17.59 13.41 12 19 6.41Z"/></svg>
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</form>
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<div class="md-search__output">
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<div class="md-search__scrollwrap" data-md-scrollfix>
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<div class="md-search-result" data-md-component="search-result">
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<div class="md-search-result__meta">
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||
Initializing search
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</div>
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<ol class="md-search-result__list" role="presentation"></ol>
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||
</div>
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||
</div>
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||
</div>
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||
</div>
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</div>
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</nav>
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</header>
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<div class="md-container" data-md-component="container">
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<main class="md-main" data-md-component="main">
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<div class="md-main__inner md-grid">
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<div class="md-sidebar md-sidebar--primary" data-md-component="sidebar" data-md-type="navigation" >
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<div class="md-sidebar__scrollwrap">
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<div class="md-sidebar__inner">
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<!-- Navigation -->
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<nav
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class="md-nav md-nav--primary"
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aria-label="Navigation"
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data-md-level="0"
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>
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<!-- Repository information -->
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<!-- Navigation list -->
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<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
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||
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<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
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||
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<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../.." class="md-nav__link">
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||
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<!-- Navigation link icon -->
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||
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||
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<!-- Navigation link title -->
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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Home
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||
</span>
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||
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||
<!-- Navigation link status -->
|
||
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||
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||
</a>
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||
</li>
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||
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||
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||
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||
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||
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||
|
||
<!-- Determine classes -->
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||
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||
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||
|
||
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
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||
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||
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||
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
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||
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||
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||
<!-- Determine all nested items that are index pages -->
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||
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||
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<!-- Navigation tabs -->
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||
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||
|
||
<!-- Render 1st level items with nested items as sections -->
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||
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||
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||
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||
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||
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||
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<!-- Navigation pruning -->
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<!-- Nested navigation item -->
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||
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
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||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine checked and indeterminate state -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Active checkbox expands items contained within nested section -->
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||
<input
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||
class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle "
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||
type="checkbox"
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||
id="__nav_2"
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||
|
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/>
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<!-- Toggle to expand nested items -->
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||
|
||
|
||
<label
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||
class="md-nav__link"
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||
for="__nav_2"
|
||
id="__nav_2_label"
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||
tabindex=""
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||
>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link title -->
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||
<span class="md-ellipsis">
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||
Level 101
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||
</span>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link status -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
||
</label>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Toggle to expand nested items with link to index page -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Nested navigation -->
|
||
<nav
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||
class="md-nav"
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||
data-md-level="1"
|
||
aria-labelledby="__nav_2_label"
|
||
aria-expanded="false"
|
||
>
|
||
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_2">
|
||
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
||
Level 101
|
||
</label>
|
||
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine classes -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine all nested items that are index pages -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation tabs -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Render 1st level items with nested items as sections -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation pruning -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
|
||
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine checked and indeterminate state -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Active checkbox expands items contained within nested section -->
|
||
<input
|
||
class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle "
|
||
type="checkbox"
|
||
id="__nav_2_1"
|
||
|
||
/>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Toggle to expand nested items -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<label
|
||
class="md-nav__link"
|
||
for="__nav_2_1"
|
||
id="__nav_2_1_label"
|
||
tabindex="0"
|
||
>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link title -->
|
||
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
Fundamentals Series
|
||
</span>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link status -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
||
</label>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Toggle to expand nested items with link to index page -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Nested navigation -->
|
||
<nav
|
||
class="md-nav"
|
||
data-md-level="2"
|
||
aria-labelledby="__nav_2_1_label"
|
||
aria-expanded="false"
|
||
>
|
||
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_2_1">
|
||
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
||
Fundamentals Series
|
||
</label>
|
||
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine classes -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine all nested items that are index pages -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation tabs -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Render 1st level items with nested items as sections -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation pruning -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
|
||
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine checked and indeterminate state -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Active checkbox expands items contained within nested section -->
|
||
<input
|
||
class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle "
|
||
type="checkbox"
|
||
id="__nav_2_1_1"
|
||
|
||
/>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Toggle to expand nested items -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<label
|
||
class="md-nav__link"
|
||
for="__nav_2_1_1"
|
||
id="__nav_2_1_1_label"
|
||
tabindex="0"
|
||
>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link title -->
|
||
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
Linux Basics
|
||
</span>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link status -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
||
</label>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Toggle to expand nested items with link to index page -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Nested navigation -->
|
||
<nav
|
||
class="md-nav"
|
||
data-md-level="3"
|
||
aria-labelledby="__nav_2_1_1_label"
|
||
aria-expanded="false"
|
||
>
|
||
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_2_1_1">
|
||
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
||
Linux Basics
|
||
</label>
|
||
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine classes -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
|
||
|
||
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
<a href="../../../level101/linux_basics/intro/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link title -->
|
||
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
Introduction
|
||
</span>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link status -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine classes -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
|
||
|
||
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
<a href="../../../level101/linux_basics/command_line_basics/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link title -->
|
||
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
Command Line Basics
|
||
</span>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link status -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine classes -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
|
||
|
||
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
<a href="../../../level101/linux_basics/linux_server_administration/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link title -->
|
||
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
Server Administration
|
||
</span>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link status -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine classes -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
|
||
|
||
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
<a href="../../../level101/linux_basics/conclusion/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link title -->
|
||
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
Conclusion
|
||
</span>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link status -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</nav>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Pruned navigation item -->
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Currently active page -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine classes -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine all nested items that are index pages -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation tabs -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Render 1st level items with nested items as sections -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation pruning -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
|
||
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine checked and indeterminate state -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Active checkbox expands items contained within nested section -->
|
||
<input
|
||
class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle "
|
||
type="checkbox"
|
||
id="__nav_2_1_2"
|
||
|
||
/>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Toggle to expand nested items -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<label
|
||
class="md-nav__link"
|
||
for="__nav_2_1_2"
|
||
id="__nav_2_1_2_label"
|
||
tabindex="0"
|
||
>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link title -->
|
||
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
Git
|
||
</span>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link status -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
||
</label>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Toggle to expand nested items with link to index page -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Nested navigation -->
|
||
<nav
|
||
class="md-nav"
|
||
data-md-level="3"
|
||
aria-labelledby="__nav_2_1_2_label"
|
||
aria-expanded="false"
|
||
>
|
||
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_2_1_2">
|
||
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
||
Git
|
||
</label>
|
||
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine classes -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
|
||
|
||
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
<a href="../../../level101/git/git-basics/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link title -->
|
||
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
Git Basics
|
||
</span>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link status -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine classes -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
|
||
|
||
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
<a href="../../../level101/git/branches/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link title -->
|
||
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
Working With Branches
|
||
</span>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link status -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine classes -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
|
||
|
||
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
<a href="../../../level101/git/github-hooks/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link title -->
|
||
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
Github and Hooks
|
||
</span>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link status -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine classes -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
|
||
|
||
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
<a href="../../../level101/git/conclusion/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link title -->
|
||
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
Conclusion
|
||
</span>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link status -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</nav>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Pruned navigation item -->
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Currently active page -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine classes -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine all nested items that are index pages -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation tabs -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Render 1st level items with nested items as sections -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation pruning -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
|
||
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine checked and indeterminate state -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Active checkbox expands items contained within nested section -->
|
||
<input
|
||
class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle "
|
||
type="checkbox"
|
||
id="__nav_2_1_3"
|
||
|
||
/>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Toggle to expand nested items -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<label
|
||
class="md-nav__link"
|
||
for="__nav_2_1_3"
|
||
id="__nav_2_1_3_label"
|
||
tabindex="0"
|
||
>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link title -->
|
||
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
Linux Networking
|
||
</span>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link status -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
||
</label>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Toggle to expand nested items with link to index page -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Nested navigation -->
|
||
<nav
|
||
class="md-nav"
|
||
data-md-level="3"
|
||
aria-labelledby="__nav_2_1_3_label"
|
||
aria-expanded="false"
|
||
>
|
||
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_2_1_3">
|
||
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
||
Linux Networking
|
||
</label>
|
||
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine classes -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
|
||
|
||
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
<a href="../../../level101/linux_networking/intro/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link title -->
|
||
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
Introduction
|
||
</span>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link status -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine classes -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
|
||
|
||
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
<a href="../../../level101/linux_networking/dns/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link title -->
|
||
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
DNS
|
||
</span>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link status -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine classes -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
|
||
|
||
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
<a href="../../../level101/linux_networking/udp/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link title -->
|
||
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
UDP
|
||
</span>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link status -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine classes -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
|
||
|
||
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
<a href="../../../level101/linux_networking/http/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link title -->
|
||
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
HTTP
|
||
</span>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link status -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine classes -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
|
||
|
||
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
<a href="../../../level101/linux_networking/tcp/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link title -->
|
||
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
TCP
|
||
</span>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link status -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine classes -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
|
||
|
||
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
<a href="../../../level101/linux_networking/ipr/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link title -->
|
||
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
Routing
|
||
</span>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link status -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine classes -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
|
||
|
||
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
<a href="../../../level101/linux_networking/conclusion/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link title -->
|
||
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
Conclusion
|
||
</span>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link status -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</nav>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Pruned navigation item -->
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Currently active page -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</nav>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Pruned navigation item -->
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Currently active page -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine classes -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine all nested items that are index pages -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation tabs -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Render 1st level items with nested items as sections -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation pruning -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
|
||
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine checked and indeterminate state -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Active checkbox expands items contained within nested section -->
|
||
<input
|
||
class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle "
|
||
type="checkbox"
|
||
id="__nav_2_2"
|
||
|
||
/>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Toggle to expand nested items -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<label
|
||
class="md-nav__link"
|
||
for="__nav_2_2"
|
||
id="__nav_2_2_label"
|
||
tabindex="0"
|
||
>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link title -->
|
||
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
Python and Web
|
||
</span>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link status -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
||
</label>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Toggle to expand nested items with link to index page -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Nested navigation -->
|
||
<nav
|
||
class="md-nav"
|
||
data-md-level="2"
|
||
aria-labelledby="__nav_2_2_label"
|
||
aria-expanded="false"
|
||
>
|
||
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_2_2">
|
||
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
||
Python and Web
|
||
</label>
|
||
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine classes -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
|
||
|
||
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
<a href="../../../level101/python_web/intro/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link title -->
|
||
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
Introduction
|
||
</span>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link status -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine classes -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
|
||
|
||
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
<a href="../../../level101/python_web/python-concepts/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link title -->
|
||
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
Some Python Concepts
|
||
</span>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link status -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine classes -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
|
||
|
||
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
<a href="../../../level101/python_web/python-web-flask/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link title -->
|
||
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
Python, Web and Flask
|
||
</span>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link status -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine classes -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
|
||
|
||
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
<a href="../../../level101/python_web/url-shorten-app/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link title -->
|
||
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
The URL Shortening App
|
||
</span>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link status -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine classes -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
|
||
|
||
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
<a href="../../../level101/python_web/sre-conclusion/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link title -->
|
||
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
Conclusion
|
||
</span>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link status -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</nav>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Pruned navigation item -->
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Currently active page -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine classes -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine all nested items that are index pages -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation tabs -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Render 1st level items with nested items as sections -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation pruning -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
|
||
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine checked and indeterminate state -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Active checkbox expands items contained within nested section -->
|
||
<input
|
||
class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle "
|
||
type="checkbox"
|
||
id="__nav_2_3"
|
||
|
||
/>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Toggle to expand nested items -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<label
|
||
class="md-nav__link"
|
||
for="__nav_2_3"
|
||
id="__nav_2_3_label"
|
||
tabindex="0"
|
||
>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link title -->
|
||
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
Data
|
||
</span>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link status -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
||
</label>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Toggle to expand nested items with link to index page -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Nested navigation -->
|
||
<nav
|
||
class="md-nav"
|
||
data-md-level="2"
|
||
aria-labelledby="__nav_2_3_label"
|
||
aria-expanded="false"
|
||
>
|
||
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_2_3">
|
||
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
||
Data
|
||
</label>
|
||
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine classes -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine all nested items that are index pages -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation tabs -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Render 1st level items with nested items as sections -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation pruning -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
|
||
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine checked and indeterminate state -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Active checkbox expands items contained within nested section -->
|
||
<input
|
||
class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle "
|
||
type="checkbox"
|
||
id="__nav_2_3_1"
|
||
|
||
/>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Toggle to expand nested items -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<label
|
||
class="md-nav__link"
|
||
for="__nav_2_3_1"
|
||
id="__nav_2_3_1_label"
|
||
tabindex="0"
|
||
>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link title -->
|
||
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
Relational Databases
|
||
</span>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link status -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
||
</label>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Toggle to expand nested items with link to index page -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Nested navigation -->
|
||
<nav
|
||
class="md-nav"
|
||
data-md-level="3"
|
||
aria-labelledby="__nav_2_3_1_label"
|
||
aria-expanded="false"
|
||
>
|
||
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_2_3_1">
|
||
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
||
Relational Databases
|
||
</label>
|
||
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine classes -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
|
||
|
||
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
<a href="../../../level101/databases_sql/intro/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link title -->
|
||
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
Introduction
|
||
</span>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link status -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine classes -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
|
||
|
||
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
<a href="../../../level101/databases_sql/concepts/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link title -->
|
||
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
Key Concepts
|
||
</span>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link status -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine classes -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
|
||
|
||
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
<a href="../../../level101/databases_sql/mysql/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link title -->
|
||
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
MySQL
|
||
</span>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link status -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine classes -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
|
||
|
||
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
<a href="../../../level101/databases_sql/innodb/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link title -->
|
||
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
InnoDB
|
||
</span>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link status -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine classes -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
|
||
|
||
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
<a href="../../../level101/databases_sql/backup_recovery/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link title -->
|
||
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
Backup and Recovery
|
||
</span>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link status -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine classes -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
|
||
|
||
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
<a href="../../../level101/databases_sql/replication/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link title -->
|
||
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
MySQL Replication
|
||
</span>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link status -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine classes -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
|
||
|
||
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
<a href="../../../level101/databases_sql/operations/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link title -->
|
||
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
Operational Concepts
|
||
</span>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link status -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine classes -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
|
||
|
||
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
<a href="../../../level101/databases_sql/select_query/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link title -->
|
||
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
Select Query
|
||
</span>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link status -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine classes -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
|
||
|
||
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
<a href="../../../level101/databases_sql/query_performance/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link title -->
|
||
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
Query Performance
|
||
</span>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link status -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine classes -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
|
||
|
||
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
<a href="../../../level101/databases_sql/lab/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link title -->
|
||
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
Lab
|
||
</span>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link status -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine classes -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
|
||
|
||
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
<a href="../../../level101/databases_sql/conclusion/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link title -->
|
||
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
Conclusion
|
||
</span>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link status -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</nav>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Pruned navigation item -->
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Currently active page -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine classes -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine all nested items that are index pages -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation tabs -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Render 1st level items with nested items as sections -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation pruning -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
|
||
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine checked and indeterminate state -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Active checkbox expands items contained within nested section -->
|
||
<input
|
||
class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle "
|
||
type="checkbox"
|
||
id="__nav_2_3_2"
|
||
|
||
/>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Toggle to expand nested items -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<label
|
||
class="md-nav__link"
|
||
for="__nav_2_3_2"
|
||
id="__nav_2_3_2_label"
|
||
tabindex="0"
|
||
>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link title -->
|
||
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
NoSQL
|
||
</span>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link status -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
||
</label>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Toggle to expand nested items with link to index page -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Nested navigation -->
|
||
<nav
|
||
class="md-nav"
|
||
data-md-level="3"
|
||
aria-labelledby="__nav_2_3_2_label"
|
||
aria-expanded="false"
|
||
>
|
||
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_2_3_2">
|
||
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
||
NoSQL
|
||
</label>
|
||
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine classes -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
|
||
|
||
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
<a href="../../../level101/databases_nosql/intro/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link title -->
|
||
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
Introduction
|
||
</span>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link status -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine classes -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
|
||
|
||
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
<a href="../../../level101/databases_nosql/key_concepts/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link title -->
|
||
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
Key Concepts
|
||
</span>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link status -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine classes -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
|
||
|
||
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
<a href="../../../level101/databases_nosql/further_reading/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link title -->
|
||
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
Conclusion
|
||
</span>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link status -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</nav>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Pruned navigation item -->
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Currently active page -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine classes -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine all nested items that are index pages -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation tabs -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Render 1st level items with nested items as sections -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation pruning -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
|
||
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine checked and indeterminate state -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Active checkbox expands items contained within nested section -->
|
||
<input
|
||
class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle "
|
||
type="checkbox"
|
||
id="__nav_2_3_3"
|
||
|
||
/>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Toggle to expand nested items -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<label
|
||
class="md-nav__link"
|
||
for="__nav_2_3_3"
|
||
id="__nav_2_3_3_label"
|
||
tabindex="0"
|
||
>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link title -->
|
||
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
Message Queue
|
||
</span>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link status -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
||
</label>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Toggle to expand nested items with link to index page -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Nested navigation -->
|
||
<nav
|
||
class="md-nav"
|
||
data-md-level="3"
|
||
aria-labelledby="__nav_2_3_3_label"
|
||
aria-expanded="false"
|
||
>
|
||
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_2_3_3">
|
||
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
||
Message Queue
|
||
</label>
|
||
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine classes -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
|
||
|
||
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
<a href="../../../level101/messagequeue/intro/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link title -->
|
||
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
Introduction
|
||
</span>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link status -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine classes -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
|
||
|
||
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
<a href="../../../level101/messagequeue/key_concepts/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link title -->
|
||
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
Key Concepts
|
||
</span>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link status -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine classes -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
|
||
|
||
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
<a href="../../../level101/messagequeue/further_reading/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link title -->
|
||
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
Conclusion
|
||
</span>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link status -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</nav>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Pruned navigation item -->
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Currently active page -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine classes -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine all nested items that are index pages -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation tabs -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Render 1st level items with nested items as sections -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation pruning -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
|
||
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine checked and indeterminate state -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Active checkbox expands items contained within nested section -->
|
||
<input
|
||
class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle "
|
||
type="checkbox"
|
||
id="__nav_2_3_4"
|
||
|
||
/>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Toggle to expand nested items -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<label
|
||
class="md-nav__link"
|
||
for="__nav_2_3_4"
|
||
id="__nav_2_3_4_label"
|
||
tabindex="0"
|
||
>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link title -->
|
||
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
Big Data
|
||
</span>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link status -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
||
</label>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Toggle to expand nested items with link to index page -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Nested navigation -->
|
||
<nav
|
||
class="md-nav"
|
||
data-md-level="3"
|
||
aria-labelledby="__nav_2_3_4_label"
|
||
aria-expanded="false"
|
||
>
|
||
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_2_3_4">
|
||
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
||
Big Data
|
||
</label>
|
||
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine classes -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
|
||
|
||
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
<a href="../../../level101/big_data/intro/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link title -->
|
||
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
Introduction
|
||
</span>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link status -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine classes -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
|
||
|
||
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
<a href="../../../level101/big_data/evolution/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link title -->
|
||
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
Evolution and Architecture of Hadoop
|
||
</span>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link status -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine classes -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
|
||
|
||
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
<a href="../../../level101/big_data/tasks/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link title -->
|
||
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
Conclusion
|
||
</span>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link status -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</nav>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Pruned navigation item -->
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Currently active page -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</nav>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Pruned navigation item -->
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Currently active page -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine classes -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine all nested items that are index pages -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation tabs -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Render 1st level items with nested items as sections -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation pruning -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
|
||
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine checked and indeterminate state -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Active checkbox expands items contained within nested section -->
|
||
<input
|
||
class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle "
|
||
type="checkbox"
|
||
id="__nav_2_4"
|
||
|
||
/>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Toggle to expand nested items -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<label
|
||
class="md-nav__link"
|
||
for="__nav_2_4"
|
||
id="__nav_2_4_label"
|
||
tabindex="0"
|
||
>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link title -->
|
||
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
Systems Design
|
||
</span>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link status -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
||
</label>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Toggle to expand nested items with link to index page -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Nested navigation -->
|
||
<nav
|
||
class="md-nav"
|
||
data-md-level="2"
|
||
aria-labelledby="__nav_2_4_label"
|
||
aria-expanded="false"
|
||
>
|
||
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_2_4">
|
||
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
||
Systems Design
|
||
</label>
|
||
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine classes -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
|
||
|
||
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
<a href="../../../level101/systems_design/intro/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link title -->
|
||
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
Introduction
|
||
</span>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link status -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine classes -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
|
||
|
||
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
<a href="../../../level101/systems_design/scalability/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link title -->
|
||
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
Scalability
|
||
</span>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link status -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine classes -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
|
||
|
||
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
<a href="../../../level101/systems_design/availability/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link title -->
|
||
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
Availability
|
||
</span>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link status -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine classes -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
|
||
|
||
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
<a href="../../../level101/systems_design/fault-tolerance/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link title -->
|
||
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
Fault Tolerance
|
||
</span>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link status -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine classes -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
|
||
|
||
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
<a href="../../../level101/systems_design/conclusion/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link title -->
|
||
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
Conclusion
|
||
</span>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link status -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</nav>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Pruned navigation item -->
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Currently active page -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine classes -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine all nested items that are index pages -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation tabs -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Render 1st level items with nested items as sections -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation pruning -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
|
||
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine checked and indeterminate state -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Active checkbox expands items contained within nested section -->
|
||
<input
|
||
class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle "
|
||
type="checkbox"
|
||
id="__nav_2_5"
|
||
|
||
/>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Toggle to expand nested items -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<label
|
||
class="md-nav__link"
|
||
for="__nav_2_5"
|
||
id="__nav_2_5_label"
|
||
tabindex="0"
|
||
>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link title -->
|
||
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
Metrics and Monitoring
|
||
</span>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link status -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
||
</label>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Toggle to expand nested items with link to index page -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Nested navigation -->
|
||
<nav
|
||
class="md-nav"
|
||
data-md-level="2"
|
||
aria-labelledby="__nav_2_5_label"
|
||
aria-expanded="false"
|
||
>
|
||
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_2_5">
|
||
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
||
Metrics and Monitoring
|
||
</label>
|
||
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine classes -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
|
||
|
||
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
<a href="../../../level101/metrics_and_monitoring/introduction/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link title -->
|
||
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
Introduction
|
||
</span>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link status -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine classes -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
|
||
|
||
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
<a href="../../../level101/metrics_and_monitoring/command-line_tools/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link title -->
|
||
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
Command-line Tools
|
||
</span>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link status -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine classes -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
|
||
|
||
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
<a href="../../../level101/metrics_and_monitoring/third-party_monitoring/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link title -->
|
||
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
Third-party Monitoring
|
||
</span>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link status -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine classes -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
|
||
|
||
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
<a href="../../../level101/metrics_and_monitoring/alerts/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link title -->
|
||
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
Proactive Monitoring with Alerts
|
||
</span>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link status -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine classes -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
|
||
|
||
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
<a href="../../../level101/metrics_and_monitoring/best_practices/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link title -->
|
||
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
Best Practices for Monitoring
|
||
</span>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link status -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine classes -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
|
||
|
||
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
<a href="../../../level101/metrics_and_monitoring/observability/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link title -->
|
||
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
Observability
|
||
</span>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link status -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine classes -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
|
||
|
||
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
<a href="../../../level101/metrics_and_monitoring/conclusion/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link title -->
|
||
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
Conclusion
|
||
</span>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link status -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</nav>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Pruned navigation item -->
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Currently active page -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine classes -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine all nested items that are index pages -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation tabs -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Render 1st level items with nested items as sections -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation pruning -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
|
||
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine checked and indeterminate state -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Active checkbox expands items contained within nested section -->
|
||
<input
|
||
class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle "
|
||
type="checkbox"
|
||
id="__nav_2_6"
|
||
|
||
/>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Toggle to expand nested items -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<label
|
||
class="md-nav__link"
|
||
for="__nav_2_6"
|
||
id="__nav_2_6_label"
|
||
tabindex="0"
|
||
>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link title -->
|
||
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
Security
|
||
</span>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link status -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
||
</label>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Toggle to expand nested items with link to index page -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Nested navigation -->
|
||
<nav
|
||
class="md-nav"
|
||
data-md-level="2"
|
||
aria-labelledby="__nav_2_6_label"
|
||
aria-expanded="false"
|
||
>
|
||
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_2_6">
|
||
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
||
Security
|
||
</label>
|
||
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine classes -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
|
||
|
||
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
<a href="../../../level101/security/intro/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link title -->
|
||
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
Introduction
|
||
</span>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link status -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine classes -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
|
||
|
||
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
<a href="../../../level101/security/fundamentals/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link title -->
|
||
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
Fundamentals of Security
|
||
</span>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link status -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine classes -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
|
||
|
||
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
<a href="../../../level101/security/network_security/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link title -->
|
||
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
Network Security
|
||
</span>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link status -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine classes -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
|
||
|
||
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
<a href="../../../level101/security/threats_attacks_defences/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link title -->
|
||
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
Threat, Attacks & Defences
|
||
</span>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link status -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine classes -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
|
||
|
||
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
<a href="../../../level101/security/writing_secure_code/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link title -->
|
||
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
Writing Secure code
|
||
</span>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link status -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine classes -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
|
||
|
||
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
<a href="../../../level101/security/conclusion/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link title -->
|
||
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
Conclusion
|
||
</span>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link status -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</nav>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Pruned navigation item -->
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Currently active page -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</nav>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Pruned navigation item -->
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Currently active page -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine classes -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine all nested items that are index pages -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation tabs -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Render 1st level items with nested items as sections -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation pruning -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
|
||
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--active md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine checked and indeterminate state -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Active checkbox expands items contained within nested section -->
|
||
<input
|
||
class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle "
|
||
type="checkbox"
|
||
id="__nav_3"
|
||
checked
|
||
/>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Toggle to expand nested items -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<label
|
||
class="md-nav__link"
|
||
for="__nav_3"
|
||
id="__nav_3_label"
|
||
tabindex=""
|
||
>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link title -->
|
||
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
Level 102
|
||
</span>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link status -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
||
</label>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Toggle to expand nested items with link to index page -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Nested navigation -->
|
||
<nav
|
||
class="md-nav"
|
||
data-md-level="1"
|
||
aria-labelledby="__nav_3_label"
|
||
aria-expanded="true"
|
||
>
|
||
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_3">
|
||
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
||
Level 102
|
||
</label>
|
||
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine classes -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine all nested items that are index pages -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation tabs -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Render 1st level items with nested items as sections -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation pruning -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
|
||
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine checked and indeterminate state -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Active checkbox expands items contained within nested section -->
|
||
<input
|
||
class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle "
|
||
type="checkbox"
|
||
id="__nav_3_1"
|
||
|
||
/>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Toggle to expand nested items -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<label
|
||
class="md-nav__link"
|
||
for="__nav_3_1"
|
||
id="__nav_3_1_label"
|
||
tabindex="0"
|
||
>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link title -->
|
||
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
Linux Intermediate
|
||
</span>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link status -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
||
</label>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Toggle to expand nested items with link to index page -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Nested navigation -->
|
||
<nav
|
||
class="md-nav"
|
||
data-md-level="2"
|
||
aria-labelledby="__nav_3_1_label"
|
||
aria-expanded="false"
|
||
>
|
||
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_3_1">
|
||
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
||
Linux Intermediate
|
||
</label>
|
||
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine classes -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
|
||
|
||
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
<a href="../../linux_intermediate/introduction/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link title -->
|
||
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
Introduction
|
||
</span>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link status -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine classes -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
|
||
|
||
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
<a href="../../linux_intermediate/package_management/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link title -->
|
||
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
Package Management
|
||
</span>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link status -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine classes -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
|
||
|
||
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
<a href="../../linux_intermediate/storage_media/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link title -->
|
||
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
Storage Media
|
||
</span>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link status -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine classes -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
|
||
|
||
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
<a href="../../linux_intermediate/archiving_backup/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link title -->
|
||
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
Archiving and Backup
|
||
</span>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link status -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine classes -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
|
||
|
||
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
<a href="../../linux_intermediate/introvim/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link title -->
|
||
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
Introduction to Vim
|
||
</span>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link status -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine classes -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
|
||
|
||
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
<a href="../../linux_intermediate/bashscripting/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link title -->
|
||
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
Bash Scripting
|
||
</span>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link status -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine classes -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
|
||
|
||
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
<a href="../../linux_intermediate/conclusion/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link title -->
|
||
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
Conclusion
|
||
</span>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link status -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</nav>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Pruned navigation item -->
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Currently active page -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine classes -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine all nested items that are index pages -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation tabs -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Render 1st level items with nested items as sections -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation pruning -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
|
||
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine checked and indeterminate state -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Active checkbox expands items contained within nested section -->
|
||
<input
|
||
class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle "
|
||
type="checkbox"
|
||
id="__nav_3_2"
|
||
|
||
/>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Toggle to expand nested items -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<label
|
||
class="md-nav__link"
|
||
for="__nav_3_2"
|
||
id="__nav_3_2_label"
|
||
tabindex="0"
|
||
>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link title -->
|
||
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
Linux Advanced
|
||
</span>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link status -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
||
</label>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Toggle to expand nested items with link to index page -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Nested navigation -->
|
||
<nav
|
||
class="md-nav"
|
||
data-md-level="2"
|
||
aria-labelledby="__nav_3_2_label"
|
||
aria-expanded="false"
|
||
>
|
||
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_3_2">
|
||
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
||
Linux Advanced
|
||
</label>
|
||
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine classes -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine all nested items that are index pages -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation tabs -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Render 1st level items with nested items as sections -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation pruning -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
|
||
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine checked and indeterminate state -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Active checkbox expands items contained within nested section -->
|
||
<input
|
||
class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle "
|
||
type="checkbox"
|
||
id="__nav_3_2_1"
|
||
|
||
/>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Toggle to expand nested items -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<label
|
||
class="md-nav__link"
|
||
for="__nav_3_2_1"
|
||
id="__nav_3_2_1_label"
|
||
tabindex="0"
|
||
>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link title -->
|
||
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
Containerization And Orchestration
|
||
</span>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link status -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
||
</label>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Toggle to expand nested items with link to index page -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Nested navigation -->
|
||
<nav
|
||
class="md-nav"
|
||
data-md-level="3"
|
||
aria-labelledby="__nav_3_2_1_label"
|
||
aria-expanded="false"
|
||
>
|
||
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_3_2_1">
|
||
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
||
Containerization And Orchestration
|
||
</label>
|
||
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine classes -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
|
||
|
||
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
<a href="../../containerization_and_orchestration/intro/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link title -->
|
||
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
Introduction
|
||
</span>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link status -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine classes -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
|
||
|
||
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
<a href="../../containerization_and_orchestration/intro_to_containers/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link title -->
|
||
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
Introduction To Containers
|
||
</span>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link status -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine classes -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
|
||
|
||
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
<a href="../../containerization_and_orchestration/containerization_with_docker/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link title -->
|
||
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
Containerization With Docker
|
||
</span>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link status -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine classes -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
|
||
|
||
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
<a href="../../containerization_and_orchestration/orchestration_with_kubernetes/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link title -->
|
||
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
Orchestration With Kubernetes
|
||
</span>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link status -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine classes -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
|
||
|
||
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
<a href="../../containerization_and_orchestration/conclusion/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link title -->
|
||
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
Conclusion
|
||
</span>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link status -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</nav>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Pruned navigation item -->
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Currently active page -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine classes -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine all nested items that are index pages -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation tabs -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Render 1st level items with nested items as sections -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation pruning -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
|
||
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine checked and indeterminate state -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Active checkbox expands items contained within nested section -->
|
||
<input
|
||
class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle "
|
||
type="checkbox"
|
||
id="__nav_3_2_2"
|
||
|
||
/>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Toggle to expand nested items -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<label
|
||
class="md-nav__link"
|
||
for="__nav_3_2_2"
|
||
id="__nav_3_2_2_label"
|
||
tabindex="0"
|
||
>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link title -->
|
||
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
System Calls and Signals
|
||
</span>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link status -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
||
</label>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Toggle to expand nested items with link to index page -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Nested navigation -->
|
||
<nav
|
||
class="md-nav"
|
||
data-md-level="3"
|
||
aria-labelledby="__nav_3_2_2_label"
|
||
aria-expanded="false"
|
||
>
|
||
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_3_2_2">
|
||
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
||
System Calls and Signals
|
||
</label>
|
||
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine classes -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
|
||
|
||
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
<a href="../../system_calls_and_signals/intro/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link title -->
|
||
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
Introduction
|
||
</span>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link status -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine classes -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
|
||
|
||
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
<a href="../../system_calls_and_signals/signals/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link title -->
|
||
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
Signals
|
||
</span>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link status -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine classes -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
|
||
|
||
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
<a href="../../system_calls_and_signals/system_calls/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link title -->
|
||
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
System Calls
|
||
</span>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link status -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine classes -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
|
||
|
||
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
<a href="../../system_calls_and_signals/conclusion/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link title -->
|
||
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
Conclusion
|
||
</span>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link status -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</nav>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Pruned navigation item -->
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Currently active page -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</nav>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Pruned navigation item -->
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Currently active page -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine classes -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine all nested items that are index pages -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation tabs -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Render 1st level items with nested items as sections -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation pruning -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
|
||
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine checked and indeterminate state -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Active checkbox expands items contained within nested section -->
|
||
<input
|
||
class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle "
|
||
type="checkbox"
|
||
id="__nav_3_3"
|
||
|
||
/>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Toggle to expand nested items -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<label
|
||
class="md-nav__link"
|
||
for="__nav_3_3"
|
||
id="__nav_3_3_label"
|
||
tabindex="0"
|
||
>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link title -->
|
||
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
Networking
|
||
</span>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link status -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
||
</label>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Toggle to expand nested items with link to index page -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Nested navigation -->
|
||
<nav
|
||
class="md-nav"
|
||
data-md-level="2"
|
||
aria-labelledby="__nav_3_3_label"
|
||
aria-expanded="false"
|
||
>
|
||
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_3_3">
|
||
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
||
Networking
|
||
</label>
|
||
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine classes -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
|
||
|
||
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
<a href="../../networking/introduction/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link title -->
|
||
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
Introduction
|
||
</span>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link status -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine classes -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
|
||
|
||
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
<a href="../../networking/security/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link title -->
|
||
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
Security
|
||
</span>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link status -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine classes -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
|
||
|
||
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
<a href="../../networking/scale/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link title -->
|
||
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
Scale
|
||
</span>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link status -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine classes -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
|
||
|
||
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
<a href="../../networking/rtt/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link title -->
|
||
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
RTT
|
||
</span>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link status -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine classes -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
|
||
|
||
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
<a href="../../networking/infrastructure-features/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link title -->
|
||
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
Infrastructure Services
|
||
</span>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link status -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine classes -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
|
||
|
||
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
<a href="../../networking/conclusion/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link title -->
|
||
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
Conclusion
|
||
</span>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link status -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</nav>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Pruned navigation item -->
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Currently active page -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine classes -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine all nested items that are index pages -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation tabs -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Render 1st level items with nested items as sections -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation pruning -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
|
||
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--active md-nav__item--nested">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine checked and indeterminate state -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Active checkbox expands items contained within nested section -->
|
||
<input
|
||
class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle "
|
||
type="checkbox"
|
||
id="__nav_3_4"
|
||
checked
|
||
/>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Toggle to expand nested items -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<label
|
||
class="md-nav__link"
|
||
for="__nav_3_4"
|
||
id="__nav_3_4_label"
|
||
tabindex="0"
|
||
>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link title -->
|
||
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
System Design
|
||
</span>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link status -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
||
</label>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Toggle to expand nested items with link to index page -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Nested navigation -->
|
||
<nav
|
||
class="md-nav"
|
||
data-md-level="2"
|
||
aria-labelledby="__nav_3_4_label"
|
||
aria-expanded="true"
|
||
>
|
||
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_3_4">
|
||
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
||
System Design
|
||
</label>
|
||
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine classes -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
|
||
|
||
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
<a href="../intro/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link title -->
|
||
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
Introduction
|
||
</span>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link status -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine classes -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
|
||
|
||
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--active">
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- State toggle -->
|
||
<input
|
||
class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle"
|
||
type="checkbox"
|
||
id="__toc"
|
||
/>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Hack: see partials/toc.html for more information -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link to table of contents -->
|
||
|
||
<label class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--active" for="__toc">
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link title -->
|
||
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
Large System Design
|
||
</span>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link status -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
||
</label>
|
||
|
||
<a
|
||
href="./"
|
||
class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--active"
|
||
>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link title -->
|
||
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
Large System Design
|
||
</span>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link status -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
</a>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Table of contents -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<nav class="md-nav md-nav--secondary" aria-label="Table of contents">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__toc">
|
||
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
||
Table of contents
|
||
</label>
|
||
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-component="toc" data-md-scrollfix>
|
||
|
||
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
<a href="#application-requirements" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
Application requirements
|
||
</span>
|
||
</a>
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
<a href="#slis-and-slos" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
SLIs and SLOs
|
||
</span>
|
||
</a>
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
<a href="#defining-application-requirements-in-terms-of-slis-and-slos" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
Defining application requirements in terms of SLIs and SLOs
|
||
</span>
|
||
</a>
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
<a href="#estimating-resource-requirements" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
Estimating resource requirements
|
||
</span>
|
||
</a>
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
<a href="#references" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
References:
|
||
</span>
|
||
</a>
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
</ul>
|
||
|
||
</nav>
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation item -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine classes -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
|
||
|
||
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
<a href="../scaling/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link title -->
|
||
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
Scaling
|
||
</span>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link status -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine classes -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
|
||
|
||
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
<a href="../scaling-beyond-the-datacenter/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link title -->
|
||
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
Scaling Beyond the Data Center
|
||
</span>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link status -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine classes -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
|
||
|
||
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
<a href="../resiliency/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link title -->
|
||
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
Resiliency
|
||
</span>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link status -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine classes -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
|
||
|
||
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
<a href="../conclusion/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link title -->
|
||
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
Conclusion
|
||
</span>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link status -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</nav>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Pruned navigation item -->
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Currently active page -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine classes -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine all nested items that are index pages -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation tabs -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Render 1st level items with nested items as sections -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation pruning -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
|
||
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine checked and indeterminate state -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Active checkbox expands items contained within nested section -->
|
||
<input
|
||
class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle "
|
||
type="checkbox"
|
||
id="__nav_3_5"
|
||
|
||
/>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Toggle to expand nested items -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<label
|
||
class="md-nav__link"
|
||
for="__nav_3_5"
|
||
id="__nav_3_5_label"
|
||
tabindex="0"
|
||
>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link title -->
|
||
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
System Troubleshooting and Performance Improvements
|
||
</span>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link status -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
||
</label>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Toggle to expand nested items with link to index page -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Nested navigation -->
|
||
<nav
|
||
class="md-nav"
|
||
data-md-level="2"
|
||
aria-labelledby="__nav_3_5_label"
|
||
aria-expanded="false"
|
||
>
|
||
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_3_5">
|
||
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
||
System Troubleshooting and Performance Improvements
|
||
</label>
|
||
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine classes -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
|
||
|
||
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
<a href="../../system_troubleshooting_and_performance/introduction/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link title -->
|
||
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
Introduction
|
||
</span>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link status -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine classes -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
|
||
|
||
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
<a href="../../system_troubleshooting_and_performance/troubleshooting/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link title -->
|
||
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
Troubleshooting
|
||
</span>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link status -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine classes -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
|
||
|
||
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
<a href="../../system_troubleshooting_and_performance/important-tools/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link title -->
|
||
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
Important Tools
|
||
</span>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link status -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine classes -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
|
||
|
||
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
<a href="../../system_troubleshooting_and_performance/performance-improvements/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link title -->
|
||
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
Performance Improvements
|
||
</span>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link status -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine classes -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
|
||
|
||
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
<a href="../../system_troubleshooting_and_performance/troubleshooting-example/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link title -->
|
||
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
Troubleshooting Example
|
||
</span>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link status -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine classes -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
|
||
|
||
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
<a href="../../system_troubleshooting_and_performance/conclusion/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link title -->
|
||
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
Conclusion
|
||
</span>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation link status -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</nav>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Pruned navigation item -->
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Currently active page -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine classes -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine all nested items that are index pages -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation tabs -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Render 1st level items with nested items as sections -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Navigation pruning -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
|
||
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Determine checked and indeterminate state -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Active checkbox expands items contained within nested section -->
|
||
<input
|
||
class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle "
|
||
type="checkbox"
|
||
id="__nav_3_6"
|
||
|
||
/>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Toggle to expand nested items -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<label
|
||
class="md-nav__link"
|
||
for="__nav_3_6"
|
||
id="__nav_3_6_label"
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Application requirements
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SLIs and SLOs
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Defining application requirements in terms of SLIs and SLOs
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Estimating resource requirements
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References:
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|
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<article class="md-content__inner md-typeset">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<h1>Large System Design</h1>
|
||
|
||
<p>Designing a system usually starts out to be abstract - we have large functional blocks that need to work together and are abstracted away into frontend, backend and database layers. However, when it is time to implement the system, especially as an SRE we have no other choice but to think in specific terms. Servers have a fixed amount of memory, storage capacity and processing power. So we need to think about the realistic expectations from our system, assess the requirements, translate them into specific requirements from each component of the system like network, storage and compute. This is typically how almost
|
||
all large scale systems are built. The folks over at Google have formalized this approach to designing systems as ‘Non abstract large system design’ (NALSD). According to the Google site reliability workbook,</p>
|
||
<blockquote>
|
||
<p>“Practically, NALSD combines elements of capacity planning, component isolation, and graceful system degradation that are crucial to highly available production systems.” </p>
|
||
</blockquote>
|
||
<p>We will be using an approach similar to this to build our system.</p>
|
||
<h2 id="application-requirements">Application requirements</h2>
|
||
<p>Let us define our application requirements in more concrete terms i.e.,
|
||
specific functions:</p>
|
||
<p>Our photo sharing application must let the user</p>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p>Sign up to become a member, and login to the application</p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p>Upload photographs, and optionally add a description and tag location and/or people</p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p>Follow other users on the platform</p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p>See a feed comprising of photos from other users that they follow</p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p>View their own profile page, and manage who they follow</p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<p>Let us define expectations for the application’s performance for a
|
||
better user experience. We also need to define the health of the system.
|
||
SLIs and SLOs help us do just that.</p>
|
||
<h2 id="slis-and-slos">SLIs and SLOs</h2>
|
||
<p>The Google SRE book defines service level indicator(SLI) as “a carefully
|
||
defined quantitative measure of some aspect of the level of service that
|
||
is provided.” For our application, we can define multiple SLIs. One
|
||
indicator can be the response time for loading the feed for our photo
|
||
sharing application. Picking the right set of SLIs is very important
|
||
since they essentially help us define the health of the system as a
|
||
whole using concrete data. SLIs for an application are defined by the
|
||
owners of the service, in consultation with the SREs.</p>
|
||
<p>Service level objective (SLO) is defined as “a target value or range of
|
||
values for a service level that is measured by an SLI”. SLO is a way for
|
||
us to anchor ourselves to an optimal user experience by defining SLI
|
||
boundaries. If our application takes a long time to load the feed, users
|
||
might not open it very often. As a result, an example of SLO can be that
|
||
at least 99% of the users should see their feed loaded within 1 second.</p>
|
||
<p>Now that we have defined SLIs and SLOs, let us define the application’s
|
||
scalability, reliability and performance characteristics in terms of
|
||
specific SLI and SLO levels.</p>
|
||
<h2 id="defining-application-requirements-in-terms-of-slis-and-slos">Defining application requirements in terms of SLIs and SLOs</h2>
|
||
<p>The following can be some of the expectations for our application:</p>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p>Once the user successfully uploads the image, it should be accessible to the user and their followers 100% of the time, barring user elected deletion.</p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p>At least 50000 unique visitors should be able to visit the site at any given time and view their feed.</p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p>99% of the users should be able to view their feeds in less than 1 second.</p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p>Upon uploading a new image, it should show up in the feed of the user’s followers within 15 minutes.</p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p>Users should be able to upload potentially thousands of images. (as long as they are not abusing the service)</p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<p>Since our ultimate aim is to learn system design, we will arbitrarily limit the functionalities of the system. This will help us keep sight of our aim, and keep us focussed.</p>
|
||
<p>Having defined the functionalities and expectations for our system, let us quickly sketch an initial design.</p>
|
||
<p><img alt="Initial Application Sketch" src="../images/initial_application_sketch.jpeg" /></p>
|
||
<p>As of now, all the functionalities are residing on a single server,
|
||
which has endpoints for all of these functions. We will attempt to build
|
||
a system that satisfies our SLOs, is able to serve 50k concurrent users,
|
||
and about a million total users. In the course of this attempt, we will
|
||
discuss a string of concepts, some of which we have already seen in
|
||
Phase 1 of this course.</p>
|
||
<div class="callout callout-danger">
|
||
<h4>Caution</h4>
|
||
Note that the numbers we have picked in the following sections are completely arbitrary. They have been chosen to demonstrate thinking about system design in a non-abstract manner. They have not been benchmarked, and bear no real world resemblance. Do not use them in any real world systems that you may be designing. You should come up with your own numbers, using the guiding principles we have relied upon here.
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<h2 id="estimating-resource-requirements">Estimating resource requirements</h2>
|
||
<p><strong>Single Computer</strong></p>
|
||
<p>If we wished to run the application on a single server, we would need to
|
||
perform all the above functionalities from the diagram on this server
|
||
itself. Let us perform some calculations to figure out what kind of
|
||
resources we will need.</p>
|
||
<p>Before anything else, we need to store the data about users, their
|
||
uploads, follower information and any other metadata. We will choose a
|
||
relational DB to store this information, like MySQL. Do note that we can also choose to use a NOSQL solution here. That would require a similar approach to calculate the requirements. Let us represent the users like so:</p>
|
||
<pre><code>UserID(int)
|
||
UserName(varchar)
|
||
DisplayName(varchar)
|
||
YearOfBirth(year)
|
||
Email(varchar)
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
<p>Photos can be represented like this:</p>
|
||
<pre><code>PhotoID(int)
|
||
PhotoHash(varchar)
|
||
Uploadtime(datetime)
|
||
Location(varchar)
|
||
OptionalFlag(varchar)
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
<p>Followers can be represented like this:</p>
|
||
<pre><code>Follower(int)
|
||
Followee(int)
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
<p>Let us quickly estimate the storage needed for a hundred million total
|
||
users. A single user would need 4B + 32B + 32B + 4B + 32B = 104 bytes. A
|
||
hundred million users would need 10.4 GB storage. A single photo would
|
||
need about 4B + 20B + 4B + 32B + 4B = 64 bytes of storage to store the metadata related to the photo. Assuming a
|
||
million photos uploaded in one day, we would need about 64 MB of storage
|
||
per day, just for the metadata. For the photo storage itself, we will need about 300GB per day,
|
||
assuming 300KB average photo size.</p>
|
||
<p>A single visitor opening our application simply hits our /get_feed
|
||
endpoint upon logging in to the application. Let us quickly calculate
|
||
the resources needed to serve this request. Assuming the initial feed
|
||
loads 5 images (of 300 KB size on an average) and then does lazy loading
|
||
to infinitely scroll, we will need to send about 1.5 megabytes of images
|
||
to the user for his initial call. With a 1000 Mbps* network link to the
|
||
server, we can send only about (1000/8)/1.5 or about 83 users all
|
||
loading the feed at the same time, before we saturate the network link.
|
||
If we needed to serve 50k concurrent users every second, we would need
|
||
1.5*50000*8 = 600000 Mbps network throughput needed for every 5 images
|
||
sent, assuming we send out all 5 images in a single second. If we are
|
||
reading all of it from disk, we would likely hit disk throughput limits
|
||
far before approaching anywhere near this amount of traffic.</p>
|
||
<p>So in order to meet our application requirements, we would need a server
|
||
that has ~310GB storage for the database and the images of one day, and
|
||
about 600 Gbps link to serve 50k users concurrently, along with CPU
|
||
required to perform all this. Clearly not the task for a single server.</p>
|
||
<p>And do note that we have severely limited the information we are storing
|
||
in the database. We would likely need an order of magnitude more
|
||
information to be stored.</p>
|
||
<p>While we clearly do not have any real world server that has the
|
||
resources we calculated above, this exercise provides us some valuable
|
||
data points about what the resource cost is. Armed with this
|
||
information, let us work on scaling our system through system design to
|
||
get us as close as possible to our goals for the application.</p>
|
||
<p>* Modern servers even have multi-gigabit links, but it is highly
|
||
unlikely that such a huge server will be serving our application alone.
|
||
Modern cloud providers have VMs that also boast several gigabits of
|
||
bandwidth, but they usually end up being throttled after certain limits.</p>
|
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<h2 id="references">References:</h2>
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<ol>
|
||
<li><a href="https://www.mongodb.com/nosql-explained/nosql-vs-sql">SQL vs NoSQL databases</a> </li>
|
||
<li><a href="https://sre.google/workbook/non-abstract-design/">Introducing Non-Abstract Large System Design</a></li>
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</ol>
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