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<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--active md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
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Fundamentals Series
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<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
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<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
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<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
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Conclusion
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<!-- Pruned navigation item -->
</li>
<!-- Currently active page -->
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<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
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<!-- Navigation pruning -->
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<!-- Determine checked and indeterminate state -->
<!-- Active checkbox expands items contained within nested section -->
<input
class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle "
type="checkbox"
id="__nav_2_1_3"
/>
<!-- Toggle to expand nested items -->
<label
class="md-nav__link"
for="__nav_2_1_3"
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Linux Networking
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<nav
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<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_2_1_3">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Linux Networking
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<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
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<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../linux_networking/intro/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
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Introduction
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
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<!-- Determine classes -->
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<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../linux_networking/dns/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
DNS
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<a href="../../linux_networking/udp/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
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UDP
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<a href="../../linux_networking/http/" class="md-nav__link">
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HTTP
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<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../linux_networking/tcp/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
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TCP
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<a href="../../linux_networking/ipr/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
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<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../linux_networking/conclusion/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
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<!-- Pruned navigation item -->
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<!-- Pruned navigation item -->
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<!-- Currently active page -->
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<!-- Navigation tabs -->
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<!-- Nested navigation item -->
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<!-- Determine checked and indeterminate state -->
<!-- Active checkbox expands items contained within nested section -->
<input
class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle "
type="checkbox"
id="__nav_2_2"
/>
<!-- Toggle to expand nested items -->
<label
class="md-nav__link"
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<nav
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data-md-level="2"
aria-labelledby="__nav_2_2_label"
aria-expanded="false"
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<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_2_2">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Python and Web
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
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<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../python_web/intro/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Introduction
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<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../python_web/python-concepts/" class="md-nav__link">
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<a href="../../python_web/python-web-flask/" class="md-nav__link">
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<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../python_web/url-shorten-app/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
The URL Shortening App
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<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../python_web/sre-conclusion/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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<!-- Navigation link status -->
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</nav>
<!-- Pruned navigation item -->
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<!-- Currently active page -->
<!-- Determine classes -->
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<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<!-- Determine all nested items that are index pages -->
<!-- Navigation tabs -->
<!-- Render 1st level items with nested items as sections -->
<!-- Navigation pruning -->
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--active md-nav__item--nested">
<!-- Determine checked and indeterminate state -->
<!-- Active checkbox expands items contained within nested section -->
<input
class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle "
type="checkbox"
id="__nav_2_3"
checked
/>
<!-- Toggle to expand nested items -->
<label
class="md-nav__link"
for="__nav_2_3"
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tabindex="0"
>
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
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<!-- Navigation link status -->
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<!-- Toggle to expand nested items with link to index page -->
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<nav
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data-md-level="2"
aria-labelledby="__nav_2_3_label"
aria-expanded="true"
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<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_2_3">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Data
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
<!-- Determine classes -->
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<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<!-- Determine all nested items that are index pages -->
<!-- Navigation tabs -->
<!-- Render 1st level items with nested items as sections -->
<!-- Navigation pruning -->
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--active md-nav__item--nested">
<!-- Determine checked and indeterminate state -->
<!-- Active checkbox expands items contained within nested section -->
<input
class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle "
type="checkbox"
id="__nav_2_3_1"
checked
/>
<!-- Toggle to expand nested items -->
<label
class="md-nav__link"
for="__nav_2_3_1"
id="__nav_2_3_1_label"
tabindex="0"
>
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Relational Databases
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<!-- Toggle to expand nested items with link to index page -->
<!-- Nested navigation -->
<nav
class="md-nav"
data-md-level="3"
aria-labelledby="__nav_2_3_1_label"
aria-expanded="true"
>
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_2_3_1">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Relational Databases
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../intro/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Introduction
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--active">
<!-- State toggle -->
<input
class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle"
type="checkbox"
id="__toc"
/>
<!-- Hack: see partials/toc.html for more information -->
<!-- Navigation link to table of contents -->
<label class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--active" for="__toc">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Key Concepts
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<a
href="./"
class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--active"
>
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Key Concepts
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
<!-- Table of contents -->
<nav class="md-nav md-nav--secondary" aria-label="Table of contents">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__toc">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Table of contents
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-component="toc" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#popular-databases" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Popular databases
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<!-- Navigation item -->
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../mysql/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
MySQL
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../innodb/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
InnoDB
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../backup_recovery/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Backup and Recovery
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../replication/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
MySQL Replication
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../operations/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Operational Concepts
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../select_query/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Select Query
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../query_performance/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Query Performance
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../lab/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Lab
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../conclusion/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Conclusion
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
<!-- Pruned navigation item -->
</li>
<!-- Currently active page -->
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<!-- Determine all nested items that are index pages -->
<!-- Navigation tabs -->
<!-- Render 1st level items with nested items as sections -->
<!-- Navigation pruning -->
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<!-- Determine checked and indeterminate state -->
<!-- Active checkbox expands items contained within nested section -->
<input
class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle "
type="checkbox"
id="__nav_2_3_2"
/>
<!-- Toggle to expand nested items -->
<label
class="md-nav__link"
for="__nav_2_3_2"
id="__nav_2_3_2_label"
tabindex="0"
>
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
NoSQL
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<!-- Toggle to expand nested items with link to index page -->
<!-- Nested navigation -->
<nav
class="md-nav"
data-md-level="3"
aria-labelledby="__nav_2_3_2_label"
aria-expanded="false"
>
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_2_3_2">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
NoSQL
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../databases_nosql/intro/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Introduction
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../databases_nosql/key_concepts/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Key Concepts
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../databases_nosql/further_reading/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Conclusion
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
<!-- Pruned navigation item -->
</li>
<!-- Currently active page -->
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<!-- Determine all nested items that are index pages -->
<!-- Navigation tabs -->
<!-- Render 1st level items with nested items as sections -->
<!-- Navigation pruning -->
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<!-- Determine checked and indeterminate state -->
<!-- Active checkbox expands items contained within nested section -->
<input
class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle "
type="checkbox"
id="__nav_2_3_3"
/>
<!-- Toggle to expand nested items -->
<label
class="md-nav__link"
for="__nav_2_3_3"
id="__nav_2_3_3_label"
tabindex="0"
>
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Message Queue
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<!-- Toggle to expand nested items with link to index page -->
<!-- Nested navigation -->
<nav
class="md-nav"
data-md-level="3"
aria-labelledby="__nav_2_3_3_label"
aria-expanded="false"
>
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_2_3_3">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Message Queue
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../messagequeue/intro/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Introduction
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../messagequeue/key_concepts/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Key Concepts
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../messagequeue/further_reading/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Conclusion
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
<!-- Pruned navigation item -->
</li>
<!-- Currently active page -->
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<!-- Determine all nested items that are index pages -->
<!-- Navigation tabs -->
<!-- Render 1st level items with nested items as sections -->
<!-- Navigation pruning -->
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<!-- Determine checked and indeterminate state -->
<!-- Active checkbox expands items contained within nested section -->
<input
class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle "
type="checkbox"
id="__nav_2_3_4"
/>
<!-- Toggle to expand nested items -->
<label
class="md-nav__link"
for="__nav_2_3_4"
id="__nav_2_3_4_label"
tabindex="0"
>
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Big Data
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<!-- Toggle to expand nested items with link to index page -->
<!-- Nested navigation -->
<nav
class="md-nav"
data-md-level="3"
aria-labelledby="__nav_2_3_4_label"
aria-expanded="false"
>
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_2_3_4">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Big Data
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../big_data/intro/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Introduction
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../big_data/evolution/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Evolution and Architecture of Hadoop
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../big_data/tasks/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Conclusion
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
<!-- Pruned navigation item -->
</li>
<!-- Currently active page -->
</ul>
</nav>
<!-- Pruned navigation item -->
</li>
<!-- Currently active page -->
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<!-- Determine all nested items that are index pages -->
<!-- Navigation tabs -->
<!-- Render 1st level items with nested items as sections -->
<!-- Navigation pruning -->
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<!-- Determine checked and indeterminate state -->
<!-- Active checkbox expands items contained within nested section -->
<input
class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle "
type="checkbox"
id="__nav_2_4"
/>
<!-- Toggle to expand nested items -->
<label
class="md-nav__link"
for="__nav_2_4"
id="__nav_2_4_label"
tabindex="0"
>
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Systems Design
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<!-- Toggle to expand nested items with link to index page -->
<!-- Nested navigation -->
<nav
class="md-nav"
data-md-level="2"
aria-labelledby="__nav_2_4_label"
aria-expanded="false"
>
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_2_4">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Systems Design
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../systems_design/intro/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Introduction
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../systems_design/scalability/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Scalability
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../systems_design/availability/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Availability
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../systems_design/fault-tolerance/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Fault Tolerance
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../systems_design/conclusion/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Conclusion
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
<!-- Pruned navigation item -->
</li>
<!-- Currently active page -->
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<!-- Determine all nested items that are index pages -->
<!-- Navigation tabs -->
<!-- Render 1st level items with nested items as sections -->
<!-- Navigation pruning -->
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<!-- Determine checked and indeterminate state -->
<!-- Active checkbox expands items contained within nested section -->
<input
class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle "
type="checkbox"
id="__nav_2_5"
/>
<!-- Toggle to expand nested items -->
<label
class="md-nav__link"
for="__nav_2_5"
id="__nav_2_5_label"
tabindex="0"
>
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Metrics and Monitoring
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<!-- Toggle to expand nested items with link to index page -->
<!-- Nested navigation -->
<nav
class="md-nav"
data-md-level="2"
aria-labelledby="__nav_2_5_label"
aria-expanded="false"
>
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_2_5">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Metrics and Monitoring
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../metrics_and_monitoring/introduction/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Introduction
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../metrics_and_monitoring/command-line_tools/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Command-line Tools
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../metrics_and_monitoring/third-party_monitoring/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Third-party Monitoring
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../metrics_and_monitoring/alerts/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Proactive Monitoring with Alerts
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../metrics_and_monitoring/best_practices/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Best Practices for Monitoring
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../metrics_and_monitoring/observability/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Observability
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../metrics_and_monitoring/conclusion/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Conclusion
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
<!-- Pruned navigation item -->
</li>
<!-- Currently active page -->
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<!-- Determine all nested items that are index pages -->
<!-- Navigation tabs -->
<!-- Render 1st level items with nested items as sections -->
<!-- Navigation pruning -->
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<!-- Determine checked and indeterminate state -->
<!-- Active checkbox expands items contained within nested section -->
<input
class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle "
type="checkbox"
id="__nav_2_6"
/>
<!-- Toggle to expand nested items -->
<label
class="md-nav__link"
for="__nav_2_6"
id="__nav_2_6_label"
tabindex="0"
>
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Security
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<!-- Toggle to expand nested items with link to index page -->
<!-- Nested navigation -->
<nav
class="md-nav"
data-md-level="2"
aria-labelledby="__nav_2_6_label"
aria-expanded="false"
>
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_2_6">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Security
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../security/intro/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Introduction
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../security/fundamentals/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Fundamentals of Security
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../security/network_security/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Network Security
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../security/threats_attacks_defences/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Threat, Attacks & Defences
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../security/writing_secure_code/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Writing Secure code
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../security/conclusion/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Conclusion
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
<!-- Pruned navigation item -->
</li>
<!-- Currently active page -->
</ul>
</nav>
<!-- Pruned navigation item -->
</li>
<!-- Currently active page -->
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<!-- Determine all nested items that are index pages -->
<!-- Navigation tabs -->
<!-- Render 1st level items with nested items as sections -->
<!-- Navigation pruning -->
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
<!-- Determine checked and indeterminate state -->
<!-- Active checkbox expands items contained within nested section -->
<input
class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle "
type="checkbox"
id="__nav_3"
/>
<!-- Toggle to expand nested items -->
<label
class="md-nav__link"
for="__nav_3"
id="__nav_3_label"
tabindex=""
>
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Level 102
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<!-- Toggle to expand nested items with link to index page -->
<!-- Nested navigation -->
<nav
class="md-nav"
data-md-level="1"
aria-labelledby="__nav_3_label"
aria-expanded="false"
>
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_3">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Level 102
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<!-- Determine all nested items that are index pages -->
<!-- Navigation tabs -->
<!-- Render 1st level items with nested items as sections -->
<!-- Navigation pruning -->
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<!-- Determine checked and indeterminate state -->
<!-- Active checkbox expands items contained within nested section -->
<input
class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle "
type="checkbox"
id="__nav_3_1"
/>
<!-- Toggle to expand nested items -->
<label
class="md-nav__link"
for="__nav_3_1"
id="__nav_3_1_label"
tabindex="0"
>
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Linux Intermediate
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<!-- Toggle to expand nested items with link to index page -->
<!-- Nested navigation -->
<nav
class="md-nav"
data-md-level="2"
aria-labelledby="__nav_3_1_label"
aria-expanded="false"
>
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_3_1">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Linux Intermediate
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level102/linux_intermediate/introduction/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Introduction
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level102/linux_intermediate/package_management/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Package Management
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level102/linux_intermediate/storage_media/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Storage Media
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level102/linux_intermediate/archiving_backup/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Archiving and Backup
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level102/linux_intermediate/introvim/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Introduction to Vim
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level102/linux_intermediate/bashscripting/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Bash Scripting
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level102/linux_intermediate/conclusion/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Conclusion
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
<!-- Pruned navigation item -->
</li>
<!-- Currently active page -->
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<!-- Determine all nested items that are index pages -->
<!-- Navigation tabs -->
<!-- Render 1st level items with nested items as sections -->
<!-- Navigation pruning -->
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<!-- Determine checked and indeterminate state -->
<!-- Active checkbox expands items contained within nested section -->
<input
class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle "
type="checkbox"
id="__nav_3_2"
/>
<!-- Toggle to expand nested items -->
<label
class="md-nav__link"
for="__nav_3_2"
id="__nav_3_2_label"
tabindex="0"
>
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Linux Advanced
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<!-- Toggle to expand nested items with link to index page -->
<!-- Nested navigation -->
<nav
class="md-nav"
data-md-level="2"
aria-labelledby="__nav_3_2_label"
aria-expanded="false"
>
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_3_2">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Linux Advanced
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<!-- Determine all nested items that are index pages -->
<!-- Navigation tabs -->
<!-- Render 1st level items with nested items as sections -->
<!-- Navigation pruning -->
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<!-- Determine checked and indeterminate state -->
<!-- Active checkbox expands items contained within nested section -->
<input
class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle "
type="checkbox"
id="__nav_3_2_1"
/>
<!-- Toggle to expand nested items -->
<label
class="md-nav__link"
for="__nav_3_2_1"
id="__nav_3_2_1_label"
tabindex="0"
>
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Containerization And Orchestration
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<!-- Toggle to expand nested items with link to index page -->
<!-- Nested navigation -->
<nav
class="md-nav"
data-md-level="3"
aria-labelledby="__nav_3_2_1_label"
aria-expanded="false"
>
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_3_2_1">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Containerization And Orchestration
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level102/containerization_and_orchestration/intro/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Introduction
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level102/containerization_and_orchestration/intro_to_containers/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Introduction To Containers
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level102/containerization_and_orchestration/containerization_with_docker/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Containerization With Docker
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level102/containerization_and_orchestration/orchestration_with_kubernetes/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Orchestration With Kubernetes
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level102/containerization_and_orchestration/conclusion/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Conclusion
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
<!-- Pruned navigation item -->
</li>
<!-- Currently active page -->
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<!-- Determine all nested items that are index pages -->
<!-- Navigation tabs -->
<!-- Render 1st level items with nested items as sections -->
<!-- Navigation pruning -->
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<!-- Determine checked and indeterminate state -->
<!-- Active checkbox expands items contained within nested section -->
<input
class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle "
type="checkbox"
id="__nav_3_2_2"
/>
<!-- Toggle to expand nested items -->
<label
class="md-nav__link"
for="__nav_3_2_2"
id="__nav_3_2_2_label"
tabindex="0"
>
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
System Calls and Signals
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<!-- Toggle to expand nested items with link to index page -->
<!-- Nested navigation -->
<nav
class="md-nav"
data-md-level="3"
aria-labelledby="__nav_3_2_2_label"
aria-expanded="false"
>
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_3_2_2">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
System Calls and Signals
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level102/system_calls_and_signals/intro/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Introduction
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level102/system_calls_and_signals/signals/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Signals
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level102/system_calls_and_signals/system_calls/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
System Calls
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level102/system_calls_and_signals/conclusion/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Conclusion
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
<!-- Pruned navigation item -->
</li>
<!-- Currently active page -->
</ul>
</nav>
<!-- Pruned navigation item -->
</li>
<!-- Currently active page -->
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<!-- Determine all nested items that are index pages -->
<!-- Navigation tabs -->
<!-- Render 1st level items with nested items as sections -->
<!-- Navigation pruning -->
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<!-- Determine checked and indeterminate state -->
<!-- Active checkbox expands items contained within nested section -->
<input
class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle "
type="checkbox"
id="__nav_3_3"
/>
<!-- Toggle to expand nested items -->
<label
class="md-nav__link"
for="__nav_3_3"
id="__nav_3_3_label"
tabindex="0"
>
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Networking
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<!-- Toggle to expand nested items with link to index page -->
<!-- Nested navigation -->
<nav
class="md-nav"
data-md-level="2"
aria-labelledby="__nav_3_3_label"
aria-expanded="false"
>
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_3_3">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Networking
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level102/networking/introduction/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Introduction
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level102/networking/security/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Security
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level102/networking/scale/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Scale
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level102/networking/rtt/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
RTT
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level102/networking/infrastructure-features/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Infrastructure Services
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level102/networking/conclusion/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Conclusion
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
<!-- Pruned navigation item -->
</li>
<!-- Currently active page -->
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<!-- Determine all nested items that are index pages -->
<!-- Navigation tabs -->
<!-- Render 1st level items with nested items as sections -->
<!-- Navigation pruning -->
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<!-- Determine checked and indeterminate state -->
<!-- Active checkbox expands items contained within nested section -->
<input
class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle "
type="checkbox"
id="__nav_3_4"
/>
<!-- Toggle to expand nested items -->
<label
class="md-nav__link"
for="__nav_3_4"
id="__nav_3_4_label"
tabindex="0"
>
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
System Design
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<!-- Toggle to expand nested items with link to index page -->
<!-- Nested navigation -->
<nav
class="md-nav"
data-md-level="2"
aria-labelledby="__nav_3_4_label"
aria-expanded="false"
>
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_3_4">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
System Design
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level102/system_design/intro/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Introduction
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level102/system_design/large-system-design/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Large System Design
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level102/system_design/scaling/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Scaling
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level102/system_design/scaling-beyond-the-datacenter/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Scaling Beyond the Data Center
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level102/system_design/resiliency/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Resiliency
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level102/system_design/conclusion/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Conclusion
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
<!-- Pruned navigation item -->
</li>
<!-- Currently active page -->
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<!-- Determine all nested items that are index pages -->
<!-- Navigation tabs -->
<!-- Render 1st level items with nested items as sections -->
<!-- Navigation pruning -->
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<!-- Determine checked and indeterminate state -->
<!-- Active checkbox expands items contained within nested section -->
<input
class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle "
type="checkbox"
id="__nav_3_5"
/>
<!-- Toggle to expand nested items -->
<label
class="md-nav__link"
for="__nav_3_5"
id="__nav_3_5_label"
tabindex="0"
>
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
System Troubleshooting and Performance Improvements
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<!-- Toggle to expand nested items with link to index page -->
<!-- Nested navigation -->
<nav
class="md-nav"
data-md-level="2"
aria-labelledby="__nav_3_5_label"
aria-expanded="false"
>
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_3_5">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
System Troubleshooting and Performance Improvements
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level102/system_troubleshooting_and_performance/introduction/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Introduction
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level102/system_troubleshooting_and_performance/troubleshooting/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Troubleshooting
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level102/system_troubleshooting_and_performance/important-tools/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Important Tools
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level102/system_troubleshooting_and_performance/performance-improvements/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Performance Improvements
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level102/system_troubleshooting_and_performance/troubleshooting-example/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Troubleshooting Example
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level102/system_troubleshooting_and_performance/conclusion/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Conclusion
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
<!-- Pruned navigation item -->
</li>
<!-- Currently active page -->
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<!-- Determine all nested items that are index pages -->
<!-- Navigation tabs -->
<!-- Render 1st level items with nested items as sections -->
<!-- Navigation pruning -->
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<!-- Determine checked and indeterminate state -->
<!-- Active checkbox expands items contained within nested section -->
<input
class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle "
type="checkbox"
id="__nav_3_6"
/>
<!-- Toggle to expand nested items -->
<label
class="md-nav__link"
for="__nav_3_6"
id="__nav_3_6_label"
tabindex="0"
>
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Continuous Integration and Continuous Delivery
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<!-- Toggle to expand nested items with link to index page -->
<!-- Nested navigation -->
<nav
class="md-nav"
data-md-level="2"
aria-labelledby="__nav_3_6_label"
aria-expanded="false"
>
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_3_6">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Continuous Integration and Continuous Delivery
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<!-- Nested navigation item -->
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level102/continuous_integration_and_continuous_delivery/introduction/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Introduction
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level102/continuous_integration_and_continuous_delivery/introduction_to_cicd/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
What is CI/CD?
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level102/continuous_integration_and_continuous_delivery/cicd_brief_history/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Brief History
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level102/continuous_integration_and_continuous_delivery/continuous_integration_build_pipeline/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Continuous Integration
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
<!-- Determine active page for paginated views -->
<!-- Navigation item with nested items -->
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level102/continuous_integration_and_continuous_delivery/continuous_delivery_release_pipeline/" class="md-nav__link">
<!-- Navigation link icon -->
<!-- Navigation link title -->
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Continuous Delivery and Deployment
</span>
<!-- Navigation link status -->
</a>
</li>
<!-- Determine classes -->
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<h1>Key Concepts</h1>
<ul>
<li>Relational DBs are used for data storage. Even a file can be used to store data, but relational DBs are designed with specific goals:<ul>
<li>Efficiency</li>
<li>Ease of access and management</li>
<li>Organized</li>
<li>Handle relations between data (represented as tables)</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Transaction: a unit of work that can comprise multiple statements, executed together</li>
<li>
<p>ACID properties</p>
<p>Set of properties that guarantee data integrity of DB transactions</p>
<ul>
<li>Atomicity: Each transaction is atomic (succeeds or fails completely)</li>
<li>Consistency: Transactions only result in valid state (which includes rules, constraints, triggers etc.)</li>
<li>Isolation: Each transaction is executed independently of others safely within a concurrent system</li>
<li>Durability: Completed transactions will not be lost due to any later failures</li>
</ul>
<p>Let’s take some examples to illustrate the above properties.</p>
<ul>
<li>Account A has a balance of ₹200 &amp; B has ₹400. Account A is transferring ₹100 to Account B. This transaction has a deduction from sender and an addition into the recipient’s balance. If the first operation passes successfully while the second fails, A’s balance would be ₹100 while B would be having ₹400 instead of ₹500. <strong>Atomicity</strong> in a DB ensures this partially failed transaction is rolled back.</li>
<li>If the second operation above fails, it leaves the DB inconsistent (sum of balance of accounts before and after the operation is not the same). <strong>Consistency</strong> ensures that this does not happen.</li>
<li>There are three operations, one to calculate interest for A’s account, another to add that to A’s account, then transfer ₹100 from B to A. Without <strong>isolation</strong> guarantees, concurrent execution of these 3 operations may lead to a different outcome every time.</li>
<li>What happens if the system crashes before the transactions are written to disk? <strong>Durability</strong> ensures that the changes are applied correctly during recovery.</li>
<li>Relational data</li>
<li>Tables represent relations</li>
<li>Columns (fields) represent attributes</li>
<li>Rows are individual records</li>
<li>Schema describes the structure of DB</li>
<li>SQL</li>
</ul>
<p>A query language to interact with and manage data.</p>
<p><a href="https://stackify.com/what-are-crud-operations/">CRUD operations</a>&mdash;create, read, update, delete queries</p>
<p>Management operations&mdash;create DBs/tables/indexes, backup, import/export, users, access controls, etc</p>
<p><em>Exercise</em>: Classify the below queries into the four types&mdash;DDL (definition), DML (manipulation), DCL (control) and TCL (transactions) and explain in detail.</p>
<pre><code>insert, create, drop, delete, update, commit, rollback, truncate, alter, grant, revoke
</code></pre>
<p>You can practise these in the <a href="https://linkedin.github.io/school-of-sre/level101/databases_sql/lab/">lab section</a>.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Constraints</p>
<p>Rules for data that can be stored. Query fails if you violate any of these defined on a table.</p>
<p><em>Primary key</em>: One or more columns that contain UNIQUE values, and cannot contain NULL values. A table can have only ONE primary key. An index on it is created by default.</p>
<p><em>Foreign key</em>: Links two tables together. Its value(s) match a primary key in a different table</p>
<p><em>Not null</em>: Does not allow null values</p>
<p><em>Unique</em>: Value of column must be unique across all rows</p>
<p><em>Default</em>: Provides a default value for a column if none is specified during insert</p>
<p><em>Check</em>: Allows only particular values (like Balance &gt;= 0)</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="https://datageek.blog/en/2018/06/05/rdbms-basics-indexes-and-clustered-indexes/">Indexes</a></p>
<p>Most indexes use B+ tree structure.</p>
<p>Why use them: Speeds up queries (in large tables that fetch only a few rows, min/max queries, by eliminating rows from consideration, etc)</p>
<p><em>Types of indexes</em>: unique, primary key, fulltext, secondary</p>
<p>Write-heavy loads, mostly full table scans or accessing large number of rows, etc. do not benefit from indexes</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="https://www.sqlservertutorial.net/sql-server-basics/sql-server-joins/">Joins</a></p>
<p>Allows you to fetch related data from multiple tables, linking them together with some common field. Powerful but also resource-intensive and makes scaling databases difficult. This is the cause of many slow performing queries when run at scale, and the solution is almost always to find ways to reduce the joins.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/8.0/en/access-control.html">Access control</a></p>
<p>DBs have privileged accounts for admin tasks, and regular accounts for clients. There are fine-grained controls on what actions (DDL, DML, etc. discussed earlier) are allowed for these accounts.</p>
<p>DB first verifies the user credentials (authentication), and then examines whether this user is permitted to perform the request (authorization) by looking up these information in some internal tables.</p>
<p>Other controls include activity auditing that allows examining the history of actions done by a user, and resource limits which define the number of queries, connections, etc. allowed.</p>
</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="popular-databases">Popular databases</h3>
<p>Commercial, closed source: Oracle, Microsoft SQL Server, IBM DB2</p>
<p>Open source with optional paid support: MySQL, MariaDB, PostgreSQL</p>
<p>Individuals and small companies have always preferred open source DBs because of the huge cost associated with commercial software.</p>
<p>In recent times, even large organizations have moved away from commercial software to open source alternatives because of the flexibility and cost savings associated with it.</p>
<p>Lack of support is no longer a concern because of the paid support available from the developer and third parties.</p>
<p>MySQL is the most widely used open source DB, and it is widely supported by hosting providers, making it easy for anyone to use. It is part of the popular Linux-Apache-MySQL-PHP (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LAMP_(software_bundle)">LAMP</a>) stack that became popular in the 2000s. We have many more choices for a programming language, but the rest of that stack is still widely used.</p>
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