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https://github.com/linkedin/school-of-sre
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1661 lines
46 KiB
HTML
1661 lines
46 KiB
HTML
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<!doctype html>
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<title>HTTP - School Of SRE</title>
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<label class="md-overlay" for="__drawer"></label>
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<div data-md-component="skip">
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<a href="#http" class="md-skip">
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Skip to content
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<script async defer data-domain="linkedin.github.io" src="https://tracking.eskratch.com/js/plausible.js"></script>
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<header class="md-header" data-md-component="header">
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<nav class="md-header-nav md-grid" aria-label="Header">
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<a href="../../.." title="School Of SRE" class="md-header-nav__button md-logo" aria-label="School Of SRE">
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<img src="../../../img/sos.png" alt="logo">
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</a>
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<!-- Button to open drawer -->
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<label class="md-header-nav__button md-icon" for="__drawer">
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<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M3 6h18v2H3V6m0 5h18v2H3v-2m0 5h18v2H3v-2z"/></svg>
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<div class="md-header-nav__title" data-md-component="header-title">
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<div class="md-header-nav__ellipsis">
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<span class="md-header-nav__topic md-ellipsis">
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<a href="../../.." title="School Of SRE" >
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School Of SRE
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</a>
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</span>
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<span class="md-header-nav__topic md-ellipsis">
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HTTP
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</span>
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</div>
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</div>
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<label class="md-header-nav__button md-icon" for="__search">
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</label>
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<div class="md-search" data-md-component="search" role="dialog">
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<label class="md-search__overlay" for="__search"></label>
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<div class="md-search__inner" role="search">
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<form class="md-search__form" name="search">
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<input type="text" class="md-search__input" name="query" aria-label="Search" placeholder="Search" autocapitalize="off" autocorrect="off" autocomplete="off" spellcheck="false" data-md-component="search-query" data-md-state="active" required>
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<button type="reset" class="md-search__icon md-icon" aria-label="Clear" data-md-component="search-reset" tabindex="-1">
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</button>
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</form>
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<div class="md-search__output">
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<div class="md-search__scrollwrap" data-md-scrollfix>
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<div class="md-search-result" data-md-component="search-result">
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<div class="md-search-result__meta">
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Initializing search
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</div>
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<ol class="md-search-result__list"></ol>
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<main class="md-main" data-md-component="main">
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<nav class="md-nav md-nav--primary" aria-label="Navigation" data-md-level="0">
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<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../.." class="md-nav__link">
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Home
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<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--active md-nav__item--nested">
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Level 101
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Level 101
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<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
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<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--active md-nav__item--nested">
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<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle" data-md-toggle="nav-2-1" type="checkbox" id="nav-2-1" checked>
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<label class="md-nav__link" for="nav-2-1">
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Fundamentals Series
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
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</label>
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<nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Fundamentals Series" data-md-level="2">
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<label class="md-nav__title" for="nav-2-1">
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
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Fundamentals Series
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</label>
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<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
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<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
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<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle" data-md-toggle="nav-2-1-1" type="checkbox" id="nav-2-1-1" >
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<label class="md-nav__link" for="nav-2-1-1">
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Linux Basics
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
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</label>
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<nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Linux Basics" data-md-level="3">
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<label class="md-nav__title" for="nav-2-1-1">
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
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Linux Basics
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</label>
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<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../linux_basics/intro/" class="md-nav__link">
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Introduction
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../linux_basics/command_line_basics/" class="md-nav__link">
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Command Line Basics
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../linux_basics/linux_server_administration/" class="md-nav__link">
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Server Administration
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../linux_basics/conclusion/" class="md-nav__link">
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Conclusion
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</a>
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</li>
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</ul>
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</nav>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
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<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle" data-md-toggle="nav-2-1-2" type="checkbox" id="nav-2-1-2" >
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<label class="md-nav__link" for="nav-2-1-2">
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Git
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
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</label>
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<nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Git" data-md-level="3">
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<label class="md-nav__title" for="nav-2-1-2">
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
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Git
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</label>
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<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../git/git-basics/" class="md-nav__link">
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Git Basics
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../git/branches/" class="md-nav__link">
|
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Working With Branches
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</a>
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</li>
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||
|
||
|
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|
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|
||
|
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|
||
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
<a href="../../git/github-hooks/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
Github and Hooks
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
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<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
<a href="../../git/conclusion/" class="md-nav__link">
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||
Conclusion
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||
</a>
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</li>
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|
||
|
||
|
||
</ul>
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||
</nav>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--active md-nav__item--nested">
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<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle" data-md-toggle="nav-2-1-3" type="checkbox" id="nav-2-1-3" checked>
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<label class="md-nav__link" for="nav-2-1-3">
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Linux Networking
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
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</label>
|
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<nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Linux Networking" data-md-level="3">
|
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<label class="md-nav__title" for="nav-2-1-3">
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
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Linux Networking
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||
</label>
|
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<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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||
<a href="../intro/" class="md-nav__link">
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Introduction
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</a>
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</li>
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||
|
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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||
<a href="../dns/" class="md-nav__link">
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DNS
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</a>
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||
</li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
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||
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|
||
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||
<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../udp/" class="md-nav__link">
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UDP
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</a>
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</li>
|
||
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||
|
||
|
||
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||
|
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<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--active">
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<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle" data-md-toggle="toc" type="checkbox" id="__toc">
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|
||
|
||
|
||
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<a href="./" class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--active">
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||
HTTP
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</a>
|
||
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||
</li>
|
||
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||
|
||
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||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
<a href="../tcp/" class="md-nav__link">
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||
TCP
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
<a href="../ipr/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
Routing
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
<a href="../conclusion/" class="md-nav__link">
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||
Conclusion
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||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</nav>
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</nav>
|
||
</li>
|
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|
||
|
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|
||
|
||
|
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|
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<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
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<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle" data-md-toggle="nav-2-2" type="checkbox" id="nav-2-2" >
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<label class="md-nav__link" for="nav-2-2">
|
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Python and Web
|
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
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</label>
|
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<nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Python and Web" data-md-level="2">
|
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<label class="md-nav__title" for="nav-2-2">
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
||
Python and Web
|
||
</label>
|
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<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
|
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|
||
|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
<a href="../../python_web/intro/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
Introduction
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
<a href="../../python_web/python-concepts/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
Some Python Concepts
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
<a href="../../python_web/python-web-flask/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
Python, Web and Flask
|
||
</a>
|
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</li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
<a href="../../python_web/url-shorten-app/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
The URL Shortening App
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
<a href="../../python_web/sre-conclusion/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
Conclusion
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</nav>
|
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
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<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle" data-md-toggle="nav-2-3" type="checkbox" id="nav-2-3" >
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<label class="md-nav__link" for="nav-2-3">
|
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Data
|
||
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
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</label>
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<nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Data" data-md-level="2">
|
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<label class="md-nav__title" for="nav-2-3">
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
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Data
|
||
</label>
|
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<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
|
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|
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|
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|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
|
||
|
||
|
||
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle" data-md-toggle="nav-2-3-1" type="checkbox" id="nav-2-3-1" >
|
||
|
||
<label class="md-nav__link" for="nav-2-3-1">
|
||
Relational Databases
|
||
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
||
</label>
|
||
<nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Relational Databases" data-md-level="3">
|
||
<label class="md-nav__title" for="nav-2-3-1">
|
||
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
||
Relational Databases
|
||
</label>
|
||
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
<a href="../../databases_sql/intro/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
Introduction
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
<a href="../../databases_sql/concepts/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
Key Concepts
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
<a href="../../databases_sql/mysql/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
MySQL
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
<a href="../../databases_sql/innodb/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
InnoDB
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
<a href="../../databases_sql/backup_recovery/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
Backup and Recovery
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
<a href="../../databases_sql/replication/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
MySQL Replication
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
|
||
|
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|
||
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle" data-md-toggle="nav-2-3-1-7" type="checkbox" id="nav-2-3-1-7" >
|
||
|
||
<label class="md-nav__link" for="nav-2-3-1-7">
|
||
Operational Concepts
|
||
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
||
</label>
|
||
<nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Operational Concepts" data-md-level="4">
|
||
<label class="md-nav__title" for="nav-2-3-1-7">
|
||
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
||
Operational Concepts
|
||
</label>
|
||
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
<a href="../../databases_sql/select_query/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
Select Query
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
<a href="../../databases_sql/query_performance/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
Query Performance
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</nav>
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
<a href="../../databases_sql/lab/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
Lab
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
<a href="../../databases_sql/conclusion/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
Conclusion
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</nav>
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
|
||
|
||
|
||
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle" data-md-toggle="nav-2-3-2" type="checkbox" id="nav-2-3-2" >
|
||
|
||
<label class="md-nav__link" for="nav-2-3-2">
|
||
NoSQL
|
||
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
||
</label>
|
||
<nav class="md-nav" aria-label="NoSQL" data-md-level="3">
|
||
<label class="md-nav__title" for="nav-2-3-2">
|
||
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
||
NoSQL
|
||
</label>
|
||
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
<a href="../../databases_nosql/intro/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
Introduction
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
<a href="../../databases_nosql/key_concepts/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
Key Concepts
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
<a href="../../databases_nosql/further_reading/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
Conclusion
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</nav>
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
|
||
|
||
|
||
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle" data-md-toggle="nav-2-3-3" type="checkbox" id="nav-2-3-3" >
|
||
|
||
<label class="md-nav__link" for="nav-2-3-3">
|
||
Big Data
|
||
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
||
</label>
|
||
<nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Big Data" data-md-level="3">
|
||
<label class="md-nav__title" for="nav-2-3-3">
|
||
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
||
Big Data
|
||
</label>
|
||
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
<a href="../../big_data/intro/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
Introduction
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
<a href="../../big_data/evolution/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
Evolution and Architecture of Hadoop
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
<a href="../../big_data/tasks/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
Conclusion
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</nav>
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</nav>
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
|
||
|
||
|
||
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle" data-md-toggle="nav-2-4" type="checkbox" id="nav-2-4" >
|
||
|
||
<label class="md-nav__link" for="nav-2-4">
|
||
Systems Design
|
||
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
||
</label>
|
||
<nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Systems Design" data-md-level="2">
|
||
<label class="md-nav__title" for="nav-2-4">
|
||
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
||
Systems Design
|
||
</label>
|
||
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
<a href="../../systems_design/intro/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
Introduction
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
<a href="../../systems_design/scalability/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
Scalability
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
<a href="../../systems_design/availability/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
Availability
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
<a href="../../systems_design/fault-tolerance/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
Fault Tolerance
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
<a href="../../systems_design/conclusion/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
Conclusion
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</nav>
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
|
||
|
||
|
||
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle" data-md-toggle="nav-2-5" type="checkbox" id="nav-2-5" >
|
||
|
||
<label class="md-nav__link" for="nav-2-5">
|
||
Metrics and Monitoring
|
||
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
||
</label>
|
||
<nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Metrics and Monitoring" data-md-level="2">
|
||
<label class="md-nav__title" for="nav-2-5">
|
||
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
||
Metrics and Monitoring
|
||
</label>
|
||
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
<a href="../../metrics_and_monitoring/introduction/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
Introduction
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
<a href="../../metrics_and_monitoring/command-line_tools/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
Command-line Tools
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
<a href="../../metrics_and_monitoring/third-party_monitoring/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
Third-party Monitoring
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
<a href="../../metrics_and_monitoring/alerts/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
Proactive Monitoring with Alerts
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
<a href="../../metrics_and_monitoring/best_practices/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
Best Practices for Monitoring
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
<a href="../../metrics_and_monitoring/observability/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
Observability
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
<a href="../../metrics_and_monitoring/conclusion/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
Conclusion
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</nav>
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
|
||
|
||
|
||
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle" data-md-toggle="nav-2-6" type="checkbox" id="nav-2-6" >
|
||
|
||
<label class="md-nav__link" for="nav-2-6">
|
||
Security
|
||
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
||
</label>
|
||
<nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Security" data-md-level="2">
|
||
<label class="md-nav__title" for="nav-2-6">
|
||
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
||
Security
|
||
</label>
|
||
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
<a href="../../security/intro/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
Introduction
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
<a href="../../security/fundamentals/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
Fundamentals of Security
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
<a href="../../security/network_security/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
Network Security
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
<a href="../../security/threats_attacks_defences/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
Threat, Attacks & Defences
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
<a href="../../security/writing_secure_code/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
Writing Secure code
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
<a href="../../security/conclusion/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
Conclusion
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</nav>
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</nav>
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
|
||
|
||
|
||
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle" data-md-toggle="nav-3" type="checkbox" id="nav-3" >
|
||
|
||
<label class="md-nav__link" for="nav-3">
|
||
Level 102
|
||
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
||
</label>
|
||
<nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Level 102" data-md-level="1">
|
||
<label class="md-nav__title" for="nav-3">
|
||
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
||
Level 102
|
||
</label>
|
||
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
|
||
|
||
|
||
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle" data-md-toggle="nav-3-1" type="checkbox" id="nav-3-1" >
|
||
|
||
<label class="md-nav__link" for="nav-3-1">
|
||
Linux Advanced
|
||
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
||
</label>
|
||
<nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Linux Advanced" data-md-level="2">
|
||
<label class="md-nav__title" for="nav-3-1">
|
||
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
||
Linux Advanced
|
||
</label>
|
||
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
|
||
|
||
|
||
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle" data-md-toggle="nav-3-1-1" type="checkbox" id="nav-3-1-1" >
|
||
|
||
<label class="md-nav__link" for="nav-3-1-1">
|
||
Containerization And Orchestration
|
||
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
||
</label>
|
||
<nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Containerization And Orchestration" data-md-level="3">
|
||
<label class="md-nav__title" for="nav-3-1-1">
|
||
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
||
Containerization And Orchestration
|
||
</label>
|
||
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
<a href="../../../level102/containerization_and_orchestration/intro/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
Introduction
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
<a href="../../../level102/containerization_and_orchestration/intro_to_containers/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
Introduction To Containers
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
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<article class="md-content__inner md-typeset">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<h1 id="http">HTTP</h1>
|
||
<p>Till this point we have only got the IP address of linkedin.com. The HTML page of linkedin.com is served by HTTP protocol which the browser renders. Browser sends a HTTP request to the IP of the server determined above.
|
||
Request has a verb GET, PUT, POST followed by a path and query parameters and lines of key value pair which gives information about the client and capabilities of the client like contents it can accept and a body (usually in POST or PUT)</p>
|
||
<pre><code class="language-bash"># Eg run the following in your container and have a look at the headers
|
||
curl linkedin.com -v
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
<pre><code class="language-bash">* Connected to linkedin.com (108.174.10.10) port 80 (#0)
|
||
> GET / HTTP/1.1
|
||
> Host: linkedin.com
|
||
> User-Agent: curl/7.64.1
|
||
> Accept: */*
|
||
>
|
||
< HTTP/1.1 301 Moved Permanently
|
||
< Date: Mon, 09 Nov 2020 10:39:43 GMT
|
||
< X-Li-Pop: prod-esv5
|
||
< X-LI-Proto: http/1.1
|
||
< Location: https://www.linkedin.com/
|
||
< Content-Length: 0
|
||
<
|
||
* Connection #0 to host linkedin.com left intact
|
||
* Closing connection 0
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
<p>Here, in the first line GET is the verb, / is the path and 1.1 is the HTTP protocol version. Then there are key value pairs which give client capabilities and some details to the server. The server responds back with HTTP version, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_HTTP_status_codes">Status Code and Status message</a>. Status codes 2xx means success, 3xx denotes redirection, 4xx denotes client side errors and 5xx server side errors.</p>
|
||
<p>We will now jump in to see the difference between HTTP/1.0 and HTTP/1.1. </p>
|
||
<pre><code class="language-bash">#On the terminal type
|
||
telnet www.linkedin.com 80
|
||
#Copy and paste the following with an empty new line at last in the telnet STDIN
|
||
GET / HTTP/1.1
|
||
HOST:linkedin.com
|
||
USER-AGENT: curl
|
||
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
<p>This would get server response and waits for next input as the underlying connection to www.linkedin.com can be reused for further queries. While going through TCP, we can understand the benefits of this. But in HTTP/1.0 this connection will be immediately closed after the response meaning new connection has to be opened for each query. HTTP/1.1 can have only one inflight request in an open connection but connection can be reused for multiple requests one after another. One of the benefits of HTTP/2.0 over HTTP/1.1 is we can have multiple inflight requests on the same connection. We are restricting our scope to generic HTTP and not jumping to the intricacies of each protocol version but they should be straight forward to understand post the course.</p>
|
||
<p>HTTP is called <strong>stateless protocol</strong>. This section we will try to understand what stateless means. Say we logged in to linkedin.com, each request to linkedin.com from the client will have no context of the user and it makes no sense to prompt user to login for each page/resource. This problem of HTTP is solved by <em>COOKIE</em>. A user is created a session when a user logs in. This session identifier is sent to the browser via <em>SET-COOKIE</em> header. The browser stores the COOKIE till the expiry set by the server and sends the cookie for each request from hereon for linkedin.com. More details on cookies are available <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Cookies">here</a>. Cookies are a critical piece of information like password and since HTTP is a plain text protocol, any man in the middle can capture either password or cookies and can breach the privacy of the user. Similarly as discussed during DNS a spoofed IP of linkedin.com can cause a phishing attack on users where an user can give linkedin’s password to login on the malicious site. To solve both problems HTTPs came in place and HTTPs has to be mandated.</p>
|
||
<p>HTTPS has to provide server identification and encryption of data between client and server. The server administrator has to generate a private public key pair and certificate request. This certificate request has to be signed by a certificate authority which converts the certificate request to a certificate. The server administrator has to update the certificate and private key to the webserver. The certificate has details about the server (like domain name for which it serves, expiry date), public key of the server. The private key is a secret to the server and losing the private key loses the trust the server provides. When clients connect, the client sends a HELLO. The server sends its certificate to the client. The client checks the validity of the cert by seeing if it is within its expiry time, if it is signed by a trusted authority and the hostname in the cert is the same as the server. This validation makes sure the server is the right server and there is no phishing. Once that is validated, the client negotiates a symmetrical key and cipher with the server by encrypting the negotiation with the public key of the server. Nobody else other than the server who has the private key can understand this data. Once negotiation is complete, that symmetric key and algorithm is used for further encryption which can be decrypted only by client and server from thereon as they only know the symmetric key and algorithm. The switch to symmetric algorithm from asymmetric encryption algorithm is to not strain the resources of client devices as symmetric encryption is generally less resource intensive than asymmetric. </p>
|
||
<pre><code class="language-bash">#Try the following on your terminal to see the cert details like Subject Name(domain name), Issuer details, Expiry date
|
||
curl https://www.linkedin.com -v
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
<pre><code class="language-bash">* Connected to www.linkedin.com (13.107.42.14) port 443 (#0)
|
||
* ALPN, offering h2
|
||
* ALPN, offering http/1.1
|
||
* successfully set certificate verify locations:
|
||
* CAfile: /etc/ssl/cert.pem
|
||
CApath: none
|
||
* TLSv1.2 (OUT), TLS handshake, Client hello (1):
|
||
} [230 bytes data]
|
||
* TLSv1.2 (IN), TLS handshake, Server hello (2):
|
||
{ [90 bytes data]
|
||
* TLSv1.2 (IN), TLS handshake, Certificate (11):
|
||
{ [3171 bytes data]
|
||
* TLSv1.2 (IN), TLS handshake, Server key exchange (12):
|
||
{ [365 bytes data]
|
||
* TLSv1.2 (IN), TLS handshake, Server finished (14):
|
||
{ [4 bytes data]
|
||
* TLSv1.2 (OUT), TLS handshake, Client key exchange (16):
|
||
} [102 bytes data]
|
||
* TLSv1.2 (OUT), TLS change cipher, Change cipher spec (1):
|
||
} [1 bytes data]
|
||
* TLSv1.2 (OUT), TLS handshake, Finished (20):
|
||
} [16 bytes data]
|
||
* TLSv1.2 (IN), TLS change cipher, Change cipher spec (1):
|
||
{ [1 bytes data]
|
||
* TLSv1.2 (IN), TLS handshake, Finished (20):
|
||
{ [16 bytes data]
|
||
* SSL connection using TLSv1.2 / ECDHE-RSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384
|
||
* ALPN, server accepted to use h2
|
||
* Server certificate:
|
||
* subject: C=US; ST=California; L=Sunnyvale; O=LinkedIn Corporation; CN=www.linkedin.com
|
||
* start date: Oct 2 00:00:00 2020 GMT
|
||
* expire date: Apr 2 12:00:00 2021 GMT
|
||
* subjectAltName: host "www.linkedin.com" matched cert's "www.linkedin.com"
|
||
* issuer: C=US; O=DigiCert Inc; CN=DigiCert SHA2 Secure Server CA
|
||
* SSL certificate verify ok.
|
||
* Using HTTP2, server supports multi-use
|
||
* Connection state changed (HTTP/2 confirmed)
|
||
* Copying HTTP/2 data in stream buffer to connection buffer after upgrade: len=0
|
||
* Using Stream ID: 1 (easy handle 0x7fb055808200)
|
||
* Connection state changed (MAX_CONCURRENT_STREAMS == 100)!
|
||
0 82117 0 0 0 0 0 0 --:--:-- --:--:-- --:--:-- 0
|
||
* Connection #0 to host www.linkedin.com left intact
|
||
HTTP/2 200
|
||
cache-control: no-cache, no-store
|
||
pragma: no-cache
|
||
content-length: 82117
|
||
content-type: text/html; charset=utf-8
|
||
expires: Thu, 01 Jan 1970 00:00:00 GMT
|
||
set-cookie: JSESSIONID=ajax:2747059799136291014; SameSite=None; Path=/; Domain=.www.linkedin.com; Secure
|
||
set-cookie: lang=v=2&lang=en-us; SameSite=None; Path=/; Domain=linkedin.com; Secure
|
||
set-cookie: bcookie="v=2&70bd59e3-5a51-406c-8e0d-dd70befa8890"; domain=.linkedin.com; Path=/; Secure; Expires=Wed, 09-Nov-2022 22:27:42 GMT; SameSite=None
|
||
set-cookie: bscookie="v=1&202011091050107ae9b7ac-fe97-40fc-830d-d7a9ccf80659AQGib5iXwarbY8CCBP94Q39THkgUlx6J"; domain=.www.linkedin.com; Path=/; Secure; Expires=Wed, 09-Nov-2022 22:27:42 GMT; HttpOnly; SameSite=None
|
||
set-cookie: lissc=1; domain=.linkedin.com; Path=/; Secure; Expires=Tue, 09-Nov-2021 10:50:10 GMT; SameSite=None
|
||
set-cookie: lidc="b=VGST04:s=V:r=V:g=2201:u=1:i=1604919010:t=1605005410:v=1:sig=AQHe-KzU8i_5Iy6MwnFEsgRct3c9Lh5R"; Expires=Tue, 10 Nov 2020 10:50:10 GMT; domain=.linkedin.com; Path=/; SameSite=None; Secure
|
||
x-fs-txn-id: 2b8d5409ba70
|
||
x-fs-uuid: 61bbf94956d14516302567fc882b0000
|
||
expect-ct: max-age=86400, report-uri="https://www.linkedin.com/platform-telemetry/ct"
|
||
x-xss-protection: 1; mode=block
|
||
content-security-policy-report-only: default-src 'none'; connect-src 'self' www.linkedin.com www.google-analytics.com https://dpm.demdex.net/id lnkd.demdex.net blob: https://linkedin.sc.omtrdc.net/b/ss/ static.licdn.com static-exp1.licdn.com static-exp2.licdn.com static-exp3.licdn.com; script-src 'sha256-THuVhwbXPeTR0HszASqMOnIyxqEgvGyBwSPBKBF/iMc=' 'sha256-PyCXNcEkzRWqbiNr087fizmiBBrq9O6GGD8eV3P09Ik=' 'sha256-2SQ55Erm3CPCb+k03EpNxU9bdV3XL9TnVTriDs7INZ4=' 'sha256-S/KSPe186K/1B0JEjbIXcCdpB97krdzX05S+dHnQjUs=' platform.linkedin.com platform-akam.linkedin.com platform-ecst.linkedin.com platform-azur.linkedin.com static.licdn.com static-exp1.licdn.com static-exp2.licdn.com static-exp3.licdn.com; img-src data: blob: *; font-src data: *; style-src 'self' 'unsafe-inline' static.licdn.com static-exp1.licdn.com static-exp2.licdn.com static-exp3.licdn.com; media-src dms.licdn.com; child-src blob: *; frame-src 'self' lnkd.demdex.net linkedin.cdn.qualaroo.com; manifest-src 'self'; report-uri https://www.linkedin.com/platform-telemetry/csp?f=g
|
||
content-security-policy: default-src *; connect-src 'self' https://media-src.linkedin.com/media/ www.linkedin.com s.c.lnkd.licdn.com m.c.lnkd.licdn.com s.c.exp1.licdn.com s.c.exp2.licdn.com m.c.exp1.licdn.com m.c.exp2.licdn.com wss://*.linkedin.com dms.licdn.com https://dpm.demdex.net/id lnkd.demdex.net blob: https://accounts.google.com/gsi/status https://linkedin.sc.omtrdc.net/b/ss/ www.google-analytics.com static.licdn.com static-exp1.licdn.com static-exp2.licdn.com static-exp3.licdn.com media.licdn.com media-exp1.licdn.com media-exp2.licdn.com media-exp3.licdn.com; img-src data: blob: *; font-src data: *; style-src 'unsafe-inline' 'self' static-src.linkedin.com *.licdn.com; script-src 'report-sample' 'unsafe-inline' 'unsafe-eval' 'self' spdy.linkedin.com static-src.linkedin.com *.ads.linkedin.com *.licdn.com static.chartbeat.com www.google-analytics.com ssl.google-analytics.com bcvipva02.rightnowtech.com www.bizographics.com sjs.bizographics.com js.bizographics.com d.la4-c1-was.salesforceliveagent.com slideshare.www.linkedin.com https://snap.licdn.com/li.lms-analytics/ platform.linkedin.com platform-akam.linkedin.com platform-ecst.linkedin.com platform-azur.linkedin.com; object-src 'none'; media-src blob: *; child-src blob: lnkd-communities: voyager: *; frame-ancestors 'self'; report-uri https://www.linkedin.com/platform-telemetry/csp?f=l
|
||
x-frame-options: sameorigin
|
||
x-content-type-options: nosniff
|
||
strict-transport-security: max-age=2592000
|
||
x-li-fabric: prod-lva1
|
||
x-li-pop: afd-prod-lva1
|
||
x-li-proto: http/2
|
||
x-li-uuid: Ybv5SVbRRRYwJWf8iCsAAA==
|
||
x-msedge-ref: Ref A: CFB9AC1D2B0645DDB161CEE4A4909AEF Ref B: BOM02EDGE0712 Ref C: 2020-11-09T10:50:10Z
|
||
date: Mon, 09 Nov 2020 10:50:10 GMT
|
||
|
||
* Closing connection 0
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
<p>Here my system has a list of certificate authorities it trusts in this file /etc/ssl/cert.pem. Curl validates the certificate is for www.linkedin.com by seeing the CN section of the subject part of the certificate. It also makes sure the certificate is not expired by seeing the expire date. It also validates the signature on the certificate by using the public key of issuer Digicert in /etc/ssl/cert.pem. Once this is done, using the public key of www.linkedin.com it negotiates cipher TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_AES_256_GCM_SHA384 with a symmetric key. Subsequent data transfer including first HTTP request uses the same cipher and symmetric key.</p>
|
||
|
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|
||
<script src="../../../assets/javascripts/bundle.994580cf.min.js"></script><script id="__lang" type="application/json">{"clipboard.copy": "Copy to clipboard", "clipboard.copied": "Copied to clipboard", "search.config.lang": "en", "search.config.pipeline": "trimmer, stopWordFilter", "search.config.separator": "[\\s\\-]+", "search.placeholder": "Search", "search.result.placeholder": "Type to start searching", "search.result.none": "No matching documents", "search.result.one": "1 matching document", "search.result.other": "# matching documents", "search.result.more.one": "1 more on this page", "search.result.more.other": "# more on this page", "search.result.term.missing": "Missing"}</script>
|
||
|
||
<script>
|
||
app = initialize({
|
||
base: "../../..",
|
||
features: [],
|
||
search: Object.assign({
|
||
worker: "../../../assets/javascripts/worker/search.9c0e82ba.min.js"
|
||
}, typeof search !== "undefined" && search)
|
||
})
|
||
</script>
|
||
|
||
|
||
</body>
|
||
</html> |