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<article class="md-content__inner md-typeset">
<h2 id="_1"></h2>
<h1 id="command-line-tools">Command-line tools</h1>
<p>Most of the Linux distributions today come with a set of tools that
monitor the system's performance. These tools help you measure and
understand various subsystem statistics (CPU, memory, network, and so
on). Let's look at some of the tools that are predominantly used.</p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><code>ps/top</code>-- The process status command (ps) displays information
about all the currently running processes in a Linux system. The
top command is similar to the ps command, but it periodically
updates the information displayed until the program is terminated.
An advanced version of top, called htop, has a more user-friendly
interface and some additional features. These command-line
utilities come with options to modify the operation and output of
the command. Following are some important options supported by the
ps command.</p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><code>-p &lt;pid1, pid2,...&gt;</code> -- Displays information about processes
that match the specified process IDs. Similarly, you can use
<code>-u &lt;uid&gt;</code> and <code>-g &lt;gid&gt;</code> to display information about
processes belonging to a specific user or group.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><code>-a</code> -- Displays information about other users' processes, as well
as one's own.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><code>-x</code> -- When displaying processes matched by other options,
includes processes that do not have a controlling terminal.</p>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><img alt="Results of top command" src="../images/image12.png" />
<p align="center"> Figure 2: Results of top command </p>
</p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><code>ss</code> -- The socket statistics command (ss) displays information
about network sockets on the system. This tool is the successor of
<a href="https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man8/netstat.8.html">netstat</a>,
which is deprecated. Following are some command-line options
supported by the ss command:</p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><code>-t</code> -- Displays the TCP socket. Similarly, <code>-u</code> displays UDP
sockets, <code>-x</code> is for UNIX domain sockets, and so on.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><code>-l</code> -- Displays only listening sockets.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><code>-n</code> -- Instructs the command to not resolve service names.
Instead displays the port numbers.</p>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><img alt="List of listening sockets on a system" src="../images/image8.png" /> <p align="center"> Figure
3: List of listening sockets on a system </p></p>
<ul>
<li><code>free</code> -- The free command displays memory usage statistics on the
host like available memory, used memory, and free memory. Most often,
this command is used with the <code>-h</code> command-line option, which
displays the statistics in a human-readable format.</li>
</ul>
<p><img alt="Memory statistics on a host in human-readable form" src="../images/image6.png" /> </p>
<p align="center"> Figure 4: Memory statistics on a host in human-readable form </p>
<ul>
<li><code>df --</code> The df command displays disk space usage statistics. The
<code>-i</code> command-line option is also often used to display
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inode">inode</a> usage
statistics. The <code>-h</code> command-line option is used for displaying
statistics in a human-readable format.</li>
</ul>
<p><img alt="Disk usage statistics on a system in human-readable form" src="../images/image9.png" /> </p>
<p align="center"> Figure 5:
Disk usage statistics on a system in human-readable form </p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><code>sar</code> -- The sar utility monitors various subsystems, such as CPU
and memory, in real time. This data can be stored in a file
specified with the <code>-o</code> option. This tool helps to identify
anomalies.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><code>iftop</code> -- The interface top command (<code>iftop</code>) displays bandwidth
utilization by a host on an interface. This command is often used
to identify bandwidth usage by active connections. The <code>-i</code> option
specifies which network interface to watch.</p>
</li>
</ul>
<p><img alt="Network bandwidth usage by
active connection on the host" src="../images/image2.png" />
<br />
<p align="center"> Figure 6: Network bandwidth usage by
active connection on the host </p>
</p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><code>tcpdump</code> -- The tcpdump command is a network monitoring tool that
captures network packets flowing over the network and displays a
description of the captured packets. The following options are
available:</p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><code>-i &lt;interface&gt;</code> -- Interface to listen on</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><code>host &lt;IP/hostname&gt;</code> -- Filters traffic going to or from the
specified host</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><code>src/dst</code> -- Displays one-way traffic from the source (src) or to
the destination (dst)</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><code>port &lt;port number&gt;</code> -- Filters traffic to or from a particular
port</p>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><img alt="tcpdump of packets on an interface" src="../images/image10.png" /> </p>
<p align="center"> Figure 7: *tcpdump* of packets on *docker0*
interface on a host </p>
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