GitHub/school-of-sre
1
0
Fork 0
mirror of https://github.com/linkedin/school-of-sre synced 2026-01-07 00:58:03 +00:00
Code Issues Packages Projects Releases Wiki Activity
Files
f3ae7e8fb4872901b9f6b2b3ea8cc66f190ff7b0
school-of-sre/level102/system_troubleshooting_and_performance/performance-improvements/index.html
github-actions f3ae7e8fb4 Deployed 8874812 with MkDocs version: 1.2.3
2022-10-03 14:45:48 +00:00

2269 lines
53 KiB
HTML
Raw Blame History

This file contains ambiguous Unicode characters

This file contains Unicode characters that might be confused with other characters. If you think that this is intentional, you can safely ignore this warning. Use the Escape button to reveal them.

<!doctype html>
<html lang="en" class="no-js">
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1">
<link rel="canonical" href="https://linkedin.github.io/school-of-sre/level102/system_troubleshooting_and_performance/performance-improvements/">
<link rel="shortcut icon" href="../../../img/favicon.ico">
<meta name="generator" content="mkdocs-1.2.3, mkdocs-material-6.2.8">
<title>Performance Improvements - School Of SRE</title>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../../../assets/stylesheets/main.cb6bc1d0.min.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../../../assets/stylesheets/palette.39b8e14a.min.css">
<link rel="preconnect" href="https://fonts.gstatic.com" crossorigin>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Roboto:300,400,400i,700%7CRoboto+Mono&display=fallback">
<style>body,input{font-family:"Roboto",-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif}code,kbd,pre{font-family:"Roboto Mono",SFMono-Regular,Consolas,Menlo,monospace}</style>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../../../stylesheets/custom.css">
</head>
<body dir="ltr" data-md-color-scheme="" data-md-color-primary="none" data-md-color-accent="none">
<input class="md-toggle" data-md-toggle="drawer" type="checkbox" id="__drawer" autocomplete="off">
<input class="md-toggle" data-md-toggle="search" type="checkbox" id="__search" autocomplete="off">
<label class="md-overlay" for="__drawer"></label>
<div data-md-component="skip">
<a href="#performance-analysis-commands" class="md-skip">
Skip to content
</a>
</div>
<div data-md-component="announce">
</div>
<script async defer data-domain="linkedin.github.io" src="https://tracking.eskratch.com/js/plausible.js"></script>
<script>document.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded", function() {
if (document.getElementById("nav-2").checked!=true && document.getElementById("nav-3").checked!=true && window.innerWidth>1220){
document.getElementById("nav-2").checked=true;
document.getElementById("nav-3").checked=true;
}
});</script>
<header class="md-header" data-md-component="header">
<nav class="md-header-nav md-grid" aria-label="Header">
<a href="https://linkedin.github.io/school-of-sre/" title="School Of SRE" class="md-header-nav__button md-logo" aria-label="School Of SRE">
<img src="../../../img/sos.png" alt="logo">
</a>
<!-- Button to open drawer -->
<label class="md-header-nav__button md-icon" for="__drawer">
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M3 6h18v2H3V6m0 5h18v2H3v-2m0 5h18v2H3v-2z"/></svg>
</label>
<div class="md-header-nav__title" data-md-component="header-title">
<div class="md-header-nav__ellipsis">
<span class="md-header-nav__topic md-ellipsis">
<a href="https://linkedin.github.io/school-of-sre/" title="School Of SRE" >
School Of SRE
</a>
</span>
<span class="md-header-nav__topic md-ellipsis">
Performance Improvements
</span>
</div>
</div>
<label class="md-header-nav__button md-icon" for="__search">
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M9.5 3A6.5 6.5 0 0116 9.5c0 1.61-.59 3.09-1.56 4.23l.27.27h.79l5 5-1.5 1.5-5-5v-.79l-.27-.27A6.516 6.516 0 019.5 16 6.5 6.5 0 013 9.5 6.5 6.5 0 019.5 3m0 2C7 5 5 7 5 9.5S7 14 9.5 14 14 12 14 9.5 12 5 9.5 5z"/></svg>
</label>
<div class="md-search" data-md-component="search" role="dialog">
<label class="md-search__overlay" for="__search"></label>
<div class="md-search__inner" role="search">
<form class="md-search__form" name="search">
<input type="text" class="md-search__input" name="query" aria-label="Search" placeholder="Search" autocapitalize="off" autocorrect="off" autocomplete="off" spellcheck="false" data-md-component="search-query" data-md-state="active" required>
<label class="md-search__icon md-icon" for="__search">
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M9.5 3A6.5 6.5 0 0116 9.5c0 1.61-.59 3.09-1.56 4.23l.27.27h.79l5 5-1.5 1.5-5-5v-.79l-.27-.27A6.516 6.516 0 019.5 16 6.5 6.5 0 013 9.5 6.5 6.5 0 019.5 3m0 2C7 5 5 7 5 9.5S7 14 9.5 14 14 12 14 9.5 12 5 9.5 5z"/></svg>
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M20 11v2H8l5.5 5.5-1.42 1.42L4.16 12l7.92-7.92L13.5 5.5 8 11h12z"/></svg>
</label>
<button type="reset" class="md-search__icon md-icon" aria-label="Clear" data-md-component="search-reset" tabindex="-1">
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M19 6.41L17.59 5 12 10.59 6.41 5 5 6.41 10.59 12 5 17.59 6.41 19 12 13.41 17.59 19 19 17.59 13.41 12 19 6.41z"/></svg>
</button>
</form>
<div class="md-search__output">
<div class="md-search__scrollwrap" data-md-scrollfix>
<div class="md-search-result" data-md-component="search-result">
<div class="md-search-result__meta">
Initializing search
</div>
<ol class="md-search-result__list"></ol>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</nav>
</header>
<div class="md-container" data-md-component="container">
<main class="md-main" data-md-component="main">
<div class="md-main__inner md-grid">
<div class="md-sidebar md-sidebar--primary" data-md-component="navigation" >
<div class="md-sidebar__scrollwrap">
<div class="md-sidebar__inner">
<nav class="md-nav md-nav--primary" aria-label="Navigation" data-md-level="0">
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../.." class="md-nav__link">
Home
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle" data-md-toggle="nav-2" type="checkbox" id="nav-2" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="nav-2">
Level 101
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Level 101" data-md-level="1">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="nav-2">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Level 101
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle" data-md-toggle="nav-2-1" type="checkbox" id="nav-2-1" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="nav-2-1">
Fundamentals Series
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Fundamentals Series" data-md-level="2">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="nav-2-1">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Fundamentals Series
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle" data-md-toggle="nav-2-1-1" type="checkbox" id="nav-2-1-1" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="nav-2-1-1">
Linux Basics
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Linux Basics" data-md-level="3">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="nav-2-1-1">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Linux Basics
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level101/linux_basics/intro/" class="md-nav__link">
Introduction
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level101/linux_basics/command_line_basics/" class="md-nav__link">
Command Line Basics
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level101/linux_basics/linux_server_administration/" class="md-nav__link">
Server Administration
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level101/linux_basics/conclusion/" class="md-nav__link">
Conclusion
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle" data-md-toggle="nav-2-1-2" type="checkbox" id="nav-2-1-2" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="nav-2-1-2">
Git
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Git" data-md-level="3">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="nav-2-1-2">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Git
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level101/git/git-basics/" class="md-nav__link">
Git Basics
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level101/git/branches/" class="md-nav__link">
Working With Branches
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level101/git/github-hooks/" class="md-nav__link">
Github and Hooks
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level101/git/conclusion/" class="md-nav__link">
Conclusion
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle" data-md-toggle="nav-2-1-3" type="checkbox" id="nav-2-1-3" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="nav-2-1-3">
Linux Networking
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Linux Networking" data-md-level="3">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="nav-2-1-3">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Linux Networking
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level101/linux_networking/intro/" class="md-nav__link">
Introduction
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level101/linux_networking/dns/" class="md-nav__link">
DNS
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level101/linux_networking/udp/" class="md-nav__link">
UDP
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level101/linux_networking/http/" class="md-nav__link">
HTTP
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level101/linux_networking/tcp/" class="md-nav__link">
TCP
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level101/linux_networking/ipr/" class="md-nav__link">
Routing
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level101/linux_networking/conclusion/" class="md-nav__link">
Conclusion
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle" data-md-toggle="nav-2-2" type="checkbox" id="nav-2-2" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="nav-2-2">
Python and Web
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Python and Web" data-md-level="2">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="nav-2-2">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Python and Web
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level101/python_web/intro/" class="md-nav__link">
Introduction
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level101/python_web/python-concepts/" class="md-nav__link">
Some Python Concepts
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level101/python_web/python-web-flask/" class="md-nav__link">
Python, Web and Flask
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level101/python_web/url-shorten-app/" class="md-nav__link">
The URL Shortening App
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level101/python_web/sre-conclusion/" class="md-nav__link">
Conclusion
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle" data-md-toggle="nav-2-3" type="checkbox" id="nav-2-3" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="nav-2-3">
Data
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Data" data-md-level="2">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="nav-2-3">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Data
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle" data-md-toggle="nav-2-3-1" type="checkbox" id="nav-2-3-1" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="nav-2-3-1">
Relational Databases
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Relational Databases" data-md-level="3">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="nav-2-3-1">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Relational Databases
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level101/databases_sql/intro/" class="md-nav__link">
Introduction
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level101/databases_sql/concepts/" class="md-nav__link">
Key Concepts
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level101/databases_sql/mysql/" class="md-nav__link">
MySQL
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level101/databases_sql/innodb/" class="md-nav__link">
InnoDB
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level101/databases_sql/backup_recovery/" class="md-nav__link">
Backup and Recovery
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level101/databases_sql/replication/" class="md-nav__link">
MySQL Replication
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level101/databases_sql/operations/" class="md-nav__link">
Operational Concepts
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level101/databases_sql/select_query/" class="md-nav__link">
Select Query
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level101/databases_sql/query_performance/" class="md-nav__link">
Query Performance
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level101/databases_sql/lab/" class="md-nav__link">
Lab
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level101/databases_sql/conclusion/" class="md-nav__link">
Conclusion
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle" data-md-toggle="nav-2-3-2" type="checkbox" id="nav-2-3-2" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="nav-2-3-2">
NoSQL
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" aria-label="NoSQL" data-md-level="3">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="nav-2-3-2">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
NoSQL
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level101/databases_nosql/intro/" class="md-nav__link">
Introduction
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level101/databases_nosql/key_concepts/" class="md-nav__link">
Key Concepts
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level101/databases_nosql/further_reading/" class="md-nav__link">
Conclusion
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle" data-md-toggle="nav-2-3-3" type="checkbox" id="nav-2-3-3" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="nav-2-3-3">
Big Data
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Big Data" data-md-level="3">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="nav-2-3-3">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Big Data
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level101/big_data/intro/" class="md-nav__link">
Introduction
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level101/big_data/evolution/" class="md-nav__link">
Evolution and Architecture of Hadoop
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level101/big_data/tasks/" class="md-nav__link">
Conclusion
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle" data-md-toggle="nav-2-4" type="checkbox" id="nav-2-4" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="nav-2-4">
Systems Design
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Systems Design" data-md-level="2">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="nav-2-4">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Systems Design
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level101/systems_design/intro/" class="md-nav__link">
Introduction
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level101/systems_design/scalability/" class="md-nav__link">
Scalability
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level101/systems_design/availability/" class="md-nav__link">
Availability
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level101/systems_design/fault-tolerance/" class="md-nav__link">
Fault Tolerance
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level101/systems_design/conclusion/" class="md-nav__link">
Conclusion
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle" data-md-toggle="nav-2-5" type="checkbox" id="nav-2-5" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="nav-2-5">
Metrics and Monitoring
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Metrics and Monitoring" data-md-level="2">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="nav-2-5">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Metrics and Monitoring
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level101/metrics_and_monitoring/introduction/" class="md-nav__link">
Introduction
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level101/metrics_and_monitoring/command-line_tools/" class="md-nav__link">
Command-line Tools
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level101/metrics_and_monitoring/third-party_monitoring/" class="md-nav__link">
Third-party Monitoring
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level101/metrics_and_monitoring/alerts/" class="md-nav__link">
Proactive Monitoring with Alerts
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level101/metrics_and_monitoring/best_practices/" class="md-nav__link">
Best Practices for Monitoring
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level101/metrics_and_monitoring/observability/" class="md-nav__link">
Observability
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level101/metrics_and_monitoring/conclusion/" class="md-nav__link">
Conclusion
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle" data-md-toggle="nav-2-6" type="checkbox" id="nav-2-6" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="nav-2-6">
Security
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Security" data-md-level="2">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="nav-2-6">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Security
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level101/security/intro/" class="md-nav__link">
Introduction
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level101/security/fundamentals/" class="md-nav__link">
Fundamentals of Security
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level101/security/network_security/" class="md-nav__link">
Network Security
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level101/security/threats_attacks_defences/" class="md-nav__link">
Threat, Attacks & Defences
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level101/security/writing_secure_code/" class="md-nav__link">
Writing Secure code
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../level101/security/conclusion/" class="md-nav__link">
Conclusion
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--active md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle" data-md-toggle="nav-3" type="checkbox" id="nav-3" checked>
<label class="md-nav__link" for="nav-3">
Level 102
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Level 102" data-md-level="1">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="nav-3">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Level 102
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle" data-md-toggle="nav-3-1" type="checkbox" id="nav-3-1" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="nav-3-1">
Linux Intermediate
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Linux Intermediate" data-md-level="2">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="nav-3-1">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Linux Intermediate
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../linux_intermediate/introduction/" class="md-nav__link">
Introduction
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../linux_intermediate/package_management/" class="md-nav__link">
Package Management
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../linux_intermediate/storage_media/" class="md-nav__link">
Storage Media
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../linux_intermediate/archiving_backup/" class="md-nav__link">
Archiving and Backup
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../linux_intermediate/introvim/" class="md-nav__link">
Introduction to Vim
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../linux_intermediate/bashscripting/" class="md-nav__link">
Bash Scripting
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../linux_intermediate/conclusion/" class="md-nav__link">
Conclusion
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle" data-md-toggle="nav-3-2" type="checkbox" id="nav-3-2" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="nav-3-2">
Linux Advanced
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Linux Advanced" data-md-level="2">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="nav-3-2">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Linux Advanced
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle" data-md-toggle="nav-3-2-1" type="checkbox" id="nav-3-2-1" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="nav-3-2-1">
Containerization And Orchestration
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Containerization And Orchestration" data-md-level="3">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="nav-3-2-1">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Containerization And Orchestration
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../containerization_and_orchestration/intro/" class="md-nav__link">
Introduction
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../containerization_and_orchestration/intro_to_containers/" class="md-nav__link">
Introduction To Containers
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../containerization_and_orchestration/containerization_with_docker/" class="md-nav__link">
Containerization With Docker
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../containerization_and_orchestration/orchestration_with_kubernetes/" class="md-nav__link">
Orchestration With Kubernetes
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../containerization_and_orchestration/conclusion/" class="md-nav__link">
Conclusion
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle" data-md-toggle="nav-3-2-2" type="checkbox" id="nav-3-2-2" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="nav-3-2-2">
System Calls and Signals
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" aria-label="System Calls and Signals" data-md-level="3">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="nav-3-2-2">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
System Calls and Signals
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../system_calls_and_signals/intro/" class="md-nav__link">
Introduction
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../system_calls_and_signals/signals/" class="md-nav__link">
Signals
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../system_calls_and_signals/system_calls/" class="md-nav__link">
System Calls
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../system_calls_and_signals/conclusion/" class="md-nav__link">
Conclusion
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle" data-md-toggle="nav-3-3" type="checkbox" id="nav-3-3" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="nav-3-3">
Networking
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Networking" data-md-level="2">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="nav-3-3">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Networking
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../networking/introduction/" class="md-nav__link">
Introduction
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../networking/security/" class="md-nav__link">
Security
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../networking/scale/" class="md-nav__link">
Scale
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../networking/rtt/" class="md-nav__link">
RTT
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../networking/infrastructure-features/" class="md-nav__link">
Infrastructure Services
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../networking/conclusion/" class="md-nav__link">
Conclusion
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle" data-md-toggle="nav-3-4" type="checkbox" id="nav-3-4" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="nav-3-4">
System Design
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" aria-label="System Design" data-md-level="2">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="nav-3-4">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
System Design
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../system_design/intro/" class="md-nav__link">
Introduction
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../system_design/large-system-design/" class="md-nav__link">
Large System Design
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../system_design/scaling/" class="md-nav__link">
Scaling
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../system_design/scaling-beyond-the-datacenter/" class="md-nav__link">
Scaling Beyond the Data Center
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../system_design/resiliency/" class="md-nav__link">
Resiliency
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../system_design/conclusion/" class="md-nav__link">
Conclusion
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--active md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle" data-md-toggle="nav-3-5" type="checkbox" id="nav-3-5" checked>
<label class="md-nav__link" for="nav-3-5">
System Troubleshooting and Performance Improvements
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" aria-label="System Troubleshooting and Performance Improvements" data-md-level="2">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="nav-3-5">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
System Troubleshooting and Performance Improvements
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../introduction/" class="md-nav__link">
Introduction
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../troubleshooting/" class="md-nav__link">
Troubleshooting
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../important-tools/" class="md-nav__link">
Important Tools
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--active">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle" data-md-toggle="toc" type="checkbox" id="__toc">
<label class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--active" for="__toc">
Performance Improvements
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<a href="./" class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--active">
Performance Improvements
</a>
<nav class="md-nav md-nav--secondary" aria-label="Table of contents">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__toc">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Table of contents
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#performance-analysis-commands" class="md-nav__link">
Performance analysis commands
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#profiling-tools" class="md-nav__link">
Profiling tools
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#benchmarking" class="md-nav__link">
Benchmarking
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#scaling" class="md-nav__link">
Scaling
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../troubleshooting-example/" class="md-nav__link">
Troubleshooting Example
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../conclusion/" class="md-nav__link">
Conclusion
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle" data-md-toggle="nav-3-6" type="checkbox" id="nav-3-6" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="nav-3-6">
Continuous Integration and Continuous Delivery
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Continuous Integration and Continuous Delivery" data-md-level="2">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="nav-3-6">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Continuous Integration and Continuous Delivery
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../continuous_integration_and_continuous_delivery/introduction/" class="md-nav__link">
Introduction
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../continuous_integration_and_continuous_delivery/introduction_to_cicd/" class="md-nav__link">
What is CI/CD?
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../continuous_integration_and_continuous_delivery/cicd_brief_history/" class="md-nav__link">
Brief History
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../continuous_integration_and_continuous_delivery/continuous_integration_build_pipeline/" class="md-nav__link">
Continuous Integration
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../continuous_integration_and_continuous_delivery/continuous_delivery_release_pipeline/" class="md-nav__link">
Continuous Delivery and Deployment
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../continuous_integration_and_continuous_delivery/jenkins_cicd_pipeline_hands_on_lab/" class="md-nav__link">
CI/CD Pipeline - Hands-on
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../continuous_integration_and_continuous_delivery/conclusion/" class="md-nav__link">
Conclusion
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../CONTRIBUTING/" class="md-nav__link">
Contribute
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../CODE_OF_CONDUCT/" class="md-nav__link">
Code of Conduct
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../../sre_community/" class="md-nav__link">
SRE Community
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="md-sidebar md-sidebar--secondary" data-md-component="toc" >
<div class="md-sidebar__scrollwrap">
<div class="md-sidebar__inner">
<nav class="md-nav md-nav--secondary" aria-label="Table of contents">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__toc">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Table of contents
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#performance-analysis-commands" class="md-nav__link">
Performance analysis commands
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#profiling-tools" class="md-nav__link">
Profiling tools
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#benchmarking" class="md-nav__link">
Benchmarking
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#scaling" class="md-nav__link">
Scaling
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="md-content">
<article class="md-content__inner md-typeset">
<h1>Performance Improvements</h1>
<p>Performance tools are an important part of development/operations lifecycle, Its highly important for understanding application behavior. SRE generally uses such tools to evaluate how well service will perform and make/suggest improvements accordingly.</p>
<h3 id="performance-analysis-commands">Performance analysis commands</h3>
<p>Most of these commands are a must to know for doing performance analysis of a system or service.</p>
<ul>
<li>top -: shows real-time view of running system, processes, threads etc.</li>
<li>htop -: Similar to top command, but a bit more interactive then it.</li>
<li>iotop -: An interactive disk I/O monitoring tool.</li>
<li>vmstat -: Virtual memory statistics explorer.</li>
<li>iostat -: Monitoring tool for input/output statistics for devices and partitions.</li>
<li>free -: Tell info about physical memory and swap memory. </li>
<li>sar -: System activity report, reports diff metrics such as cpu, disk, mem, network, etc.</li>
<li>mpstat -: Display info about CPU utilization and performance.</li>
<li>lsof -: Provides info about the list of open files, opened by which processes.</li>
<li>perf -: Performance analysing tool.</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="profiling-tools">Profiling tools</h3>
<p>Profiling is an important part of performance analysis of the service. There are various profiler tools available, which can help figure most frequent code-paths, debugging, memory profiling, etc. These can generate the heatmap to understand the code performance when under load.</p>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://github.com/brendangregg/FlameGraph">FlameGraph</a>: Flame graphs are a visualization of profiled software, allowing the most frequent code-paths to be identified quickly and accurately.</li>
<li><a href="https://valgrind.org/info/about.html">Valgrind</a>: It is a programming tool for memory debugging, memory leak detection, and profiling.</li>
<li><a href="https://sourceware.org/binutils/docs/gprof">Gprof</a>: GNU profiler tool uses a hybrid of instrumentation and sampling. Instrumentation is used to collect function call information, and sampling is used to gather runtime profiling information.</li>
</ul>
<p>To know how LinkedIn performs On-Demand Profiling on its services, Read LinkedIn blog <a href="https://engineering.linkedin.com/blog/2017/01/odp--an-infrastructure-for-on-demand-service-profiling">ODP: An Infrastructure for On-Demand Service Profiling</a></p>
<h3 id="benchmarking">Benchmarking</h3>
<p>It is a process of measuring the best performance of the service. Like how much QPS service can handle, its latency when load is increasing, host resource utilization, loadavg etc etc. The regression testing (i.e load testing) is a must before deploying the service to production.</p>
<p><strong>Some of known tools -:</strong></p>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://httpd.apache.org/docs/2.4/programs/ab.html">Apache Benchmark Tool, ab</a>:, It simulate a high load on webapp and gather data for analysis</li>
<li><a href="https://github.com/httperf/httperf">Httperf</a>: It sends requests to the web server at a specified rate and gathers stats. Increase till one finds the saturation point.</li>
<li><a href="https://github.com/apache/jmeter">Apache JMeter</a>: It is a popular open-source tool to measure web application performance. JMeter is a java based application and not only a web server, but you can use it against PHP, Java, REST, etc.</li>
<li><a href="https://github.com/wg/wrk">Wrk</a>: It is another modern performance measurement tool to put a load on your web server and give you latency, request per second, transfer per second, etc. details.</li>
<li><a href="https://github.com/locustio/locust">Locust</a>: Easy to use, scriptable and scalable performance testing tool.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Limitation -:</strong></p>
<p>Above tools help in synthetic load or stress testing, but such does not measure actual end user experience, It can’t see how end user resources will affect application performance, it is due to lack of memory, CPU, or poor connectivity to the internet.</p>
<p>To know how LinkedIn performs load testing across its fleet. Read : <a href="https://engineering.linkedin.com/blog/2019/eliminating-toil-with-fully-automated-load-testing">Eliminating toil with fully automated load testing</a></p>
<p>And to know how LinkedIn makes use of Real Time Monitoring (RUM) data to overcome the limitations of load testing, and help improve overall experience for end users. Read : <a href="https://engineering.linkedin.com/performance/monitor-and-improve-web-performance-using-rum-data-visualization">Monitor and Improve Web Performance Using RUM Data Visualization</a></p>
<h3 id="scaling">Scaling</h3>
<p>System designed optimally can perform up to a certain limit only, based on availability of resources. Continuous optimization is always needed to ensure optimum use of resources at its peak. With increasing QPS, Systems need to scale up. We can either scale vertically or horizontally. Vertical scalability has its limits as one can increase cpu, memory, disk, GPU and other specifications to certain limit only, whereas horizontal scalability can grow easily and infinitely given limitations imposed by application design and environment attributes.</p>
<p>Scaling a web application will require some or all of the following -:</p>
<ul>
<li>Ease the server load by adding more hosts.</li>
<li>Distributing the traffic across servers by using Load Balancers.</li>
<li>Scale up DB by sharding the data and increasing read replicas.</li>
</ul>
<p>Here’s a good read how LinkedIn scaled its application stack <a href="https://engineering.linkedin.com/architecture/brief-history-scaling-linkedin">A Brief History of Scaling LinkedIn</a></p>
</article>
</div>
</div>
</main>
<footer class="md-footer">
<div class="md-footer-nav">
<nav class="md-footer-nav__inner md-grid" aria-label="Footer">
<a href="../important-tools/" class="md-footer-nav__link md-footer-nav__link--prev" rel="prev">
<div class="md-footer-nav__button md-icon">
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M20 11v2H8l5.5 5.5-1.42 1.42L4.16 12l7.92-7.92L13.5 5.5 8 11h12z"/></svg>
</div>
<div class="md-footer-nav__title">
<div class="md-ellipsis">
<span class="md-footer-nav__direction">
Previous
</span>
Important Tools
</div>
</div>
</a>
<a href="../troubleshooting-example/" class="md-footer-nav__link md-footer-nav__link--next" rel="next">
<div class="md-footer-nav__title">
<div class="md-ellipsis">
<span class="md-footer-nav__direction">
Next
</span>
Troubleshooting Example
</div>
</div>
<div class="md-footer-nav__button md-icon">
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M4 11v2h12l-5.5 5.5 1.42 1.42L19.84 12l-7.92-7.92L10.5 5.5 16 11H4z"/></svg>
</div>
</a>
</nav>
</div>
<div class="md-footer-meta md-typeset">
<div class="md-footer-meta__inner md-grid">
<div class="md-footer-copyright">
<div class="md-footer-copyright__highlight">
Copyright 2020 LinkedIn Corporation. All Rights Reserved. Licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License
</div>
Made with
<a href="https://squidfunk.github.io/mkdocs-material/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">
Material for MkDocs
</a>
</div>
<div class="md-footer-social">
<a href="https://github.com/linkedin/school-of-sre" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="github.com" class="md-footer-social__link">
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 496 512"><path d="M165.9 397.4c0 2-2.3 3.6-5.2 3.6-3.3.3-5.6-1.3-5.6-3.6 0-2 2.3-3.6 5.2-3.6 3-.3 5.6 1.3 5.6 3.6zm-31.1-4.5c-.7 2 1.3 4.3 4.3 4.9 2.6 1 5.6 0 6.2-2s-1.3-4.3-4.3-5.2c-2.6-.7-5.5.3-6.2 2.3zm44.2-1.7c-2.9.7-4.9 2.6-4.6 4.9.3 2 2.9 3.3 5.9 2.6 2.9-.7 4.9-2.6 4.6-4.6-.3-1.9-3-3.2-5.9-2.9zM244.8 8C106.1 8 0 113.3 0 252c0 110.9 69.8 205.8 169.5 239.2 12.8 2.3 17.3-5.6 17.3-12.1 0-6.2-.3-40.4-.3-61.4 0 0-70 15-84.7-29.8 0 0-11.4-29.1-27.8-36.6 0 0-22.9-15.7 1.6-15.4 0 0 24.9 2 38.6 25.8 21.9 38.6 58.6 27.5 72.9 20.9 2.3-16 8.8-27.1 16-33.7-55.9-6.2-112.3-14.3-112.3-110.5 0-27.5 7.6-41.3 23.6-58.9-2.6-6.5-11.1-33.3 2.6-67.9 20.9-6.5 69 27 69 27 20-5.6 41.5-8.5 62.8-8.5s42.8 2.9 62.8 8.5c0 0 48.1-33.6 69-27 13.7 34.7 5.2 61.4 2.6 67.9 16 17.7 25.8 31.5 25.8 58.9 0 96.5-58.9 104.2-114.8 110.5 9.2 7.9 17 22.9 17 46.4 0 33.7-.3 75.4-.3 83.6 0 6.5 4.6 14.4 17.3 12.1C428.2 457.8 496 362.9 496 252 496 113.3 383.5 8 244.8 8zM97.2 352.9c-1.3 1-1 3.3.7 5.2 1.6 1.6 3.9 2.3 5.2 1 1.3-1 1-3.3-.7-5.2-1.6-1.6-3.9-2.3-5.2-1zm-10.8-8.1c-.7 1.3.3 2.9 2.3 3.9 1.6 1 3.6.7 4.3-.7.7-1.3-.3-2.9-2.3-3.9-2-.6-3.6-.3-4.3.7zm32.4 35.6c-1.6 1.3-1 4.3 1.3 6.2 2.3 2.3 5.2 2.6 6.5 1 1.3-1.3.7-4.3-1.3-6.2-2.2-2.3-5.2-2.6-6.5-1zm-11.4-14.7c-1.6 1-1.6 3.6 0 5.9 1.6 2.3 4.3 3.3 5.6 2.3 1.6-1.3 1.6-3.9 0-6.2-1.4-2.3-4-3.3-5.6-2z"/></svg>
</a>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</footer>
</div>
<script src="../../../assets/javascripts/vendor.18f0862e.min.js"></script>
<script src="../../../assets/javascripts/bundle.994580cf.min.js"></script><script id="__lang" type="application/json">{"clipboard.copy": "Copy to clipboard", "clipboard.copied": "Copied to clipboard", "search.config.lang": "en", "search.config.pipeline": "trimmer, stopWordFilter", "search.config.separator": "[\\s\\-]+", "search.placeholder": "Search", "search.result.placeholder": "Type to start searching", "search.result.none": "No matching documents", "search.result.one": "1 matching document", "search.result.other": "# matching documents", "search.result.more.one": "1 more on this page", "search.result.more.other": "# more on this page", "search.result.term.missing": "Missing"}</script>
<script>
app = initialize({
base: "../../..",
features: [],
search: Object.assign({
worker: "../../../assets/javascripts/worker/search.9c0e82ba.min.js"
}, typeof search !== "undefined" && search)
})
</script>
</body>
</html>
Reference in New Issue View Git Blame Copy Permalink