Merge cff6592c4e into 5592d4266d

2026-07-07 09:30:34 +00:00 · 2025-01-09 12:22:59 -05:00
28 changed files with 1 additions and 979 deletions
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ pairing with smart people at Hashrocket.
 For a steady stream of TILs, [sign up for my newsletter](https://crafty-builder-6996.ck.page/e169c61186).
-_1589 TILs and counting..._
+_1562 TILs and counting..._
 See some of the other learning resources I work on:
 - [Ruby Operator Lookup](https://www.visualmode.dev/ruby-operators)
@@ -199,15 +199,12 @@ See some of the other learning resources I work on:
 - [Check The Status of All Services](devops/check-the-status-of-all-services.md)
 - [Check The Syntax Of nginx Files](devops/check-the-syntax-of-nginx-files.md)
 - [Connect To An RDS PostgreSQL Database](devops/connect-to-an-rds-postgresql-database.md)
 - [Default Rails Deploy Script On Hatchbox](devops/default-rails-deploy-script-on-hatchbox.md)
 - [Determine The IP Address Of A Domain](devops/determine-the-ip-address-of-a-domain.md)
 - [Hatchbox Exports Env Vars With asdf](devops/hatchbox-exports-env-vars-with-asdf.md)
 - [Path Of The Packets](devops/path-of-the-packets.md)
 - [Push Non-master Branch To Heroku](devops/push-non-master-branch-to-heroku.md)
 - [Reload The nginx Configuration](devops/reload-the-nginx-configuration.md)
 - [Resolve The Public IP Of A URL](devops/resolve-the-public-ip-of-a-url.md)
 - [Running Out Of inode Space](devops/running-out-of-inode-space.md)
 - [Set Up Domain For Hatchbox Rails App](devops/set-up-domain-for-hatchbox-rails-app.md)
 - [SSH Into A Docker Container](devops/ssh-into-a-docker-container.md)
 - [SSL Certificates Can Cover Multiple Domains](devops/ssl-certificates-can-cover-multiple-domains.md)
 - [Wipe A Heroku Postgres Database](devops/wipe-a-heroku-postgres-database.md)
@@ -307,7 +304,6 @@ See some of the other learning resources I work on:
 - [Configuring The Pager](git/configuring-the-pager.md)
 - [Copy A File From Another Branch](git/copy-a-file-from-another-branch.md)
 - [Count All Files Of Specific Type Tracked By Git](git/count-all-files-of-specific-type-tracked-by-git.md)
 - [Count Number Of Commits On A Branch](git/count-number-of-commits-on-a-branch.md)
 - [Create A New Branch With Git Switch](git/create-a-new-branch-with-git-switch.md)
 - [Delete All Untracked Files](git/delete-all-untracked-files.md)
 - [Determine The Hash Id For A Blob](git/determine-the-hash-id-for-a-blob.md)
@@ -338,7 +334,6 @@ See some of the other learning resources I work on:
 - [Interactively Unstage Changes](git/interactively-unstage-changes.md)
 - [Keep File Locally With `git rm`](git/keep-file-locally-with-git-rm.md)
 - [Last Commit A File Appeared In](git/last-commit-a-file-appeared-in.md)
 - [List All Files Added During Span Of Time](git/list-all-files-added-during-span-of-time.md)
 - [List All Files Changed Between Two Branches](git/list-all-files-changed-between-two-branches.md)
 - [List Branches That Contain A Commit](git/list-branches-that-contain-a-commit.md)
 - [List Commits On A Branch](git/list-commits-on-a-branch.md)
@@ -356,7 +351,6 @@ See some of the other learning resources I work on:
 - [Quicker Commit Fixes With The Fixup Flag](git/quicker-commit-fixes-with-the-fixup-flag.md)
 - [Rebase Commits With An Arbitrary Command](git/rebase-commits-with-an-arbitrary-command.md)
 - [Reference A Commit Via Commit Message Pattern Matching](git/reference-a-commit-via-commit-message-pattern-matching.md)
 - [Reference Commits Earlier Than Reflog Remembers](git/reference-commits-earlier-than-reflog-remembers.md)
 - [Remove Untracked Files From A Directory](git/remove-untracked-files-from-a-directory.md)
 - [Rename A Remote](git/rename-a-remote.md)
 - [Renaming A Branch](git/renaming-a-branch.md)
@@ -408,7 +402,6 @@ See some of the other learning resources I work on:
 - [Disable A Workflow With The gh CLI](github-actions/disable-a-workflow-with-the-gh-cli.md)
 - [Reference An Encrypted Secret In An Action](github-actions/reference-an-encrypted-secret-in-an-action.md)
 - [Trigger A Workflow Via An API Call](github-actions/trigger-a-workflow-via-an-api-call.md)
 - [Use Labels To Block PR Merge](github-actions/use-labels-to-block-pr-merge.md)
 ### Go
@@ -671,7 +664,6 @@ See some of the other learning resources I work on:
 - [Set A Window To Its Default Zoom Level](mac/set-a-window-to-its-default-zoom-level.md)
 - [Specify App When Opening From Command Line](mac/specify-app-when-opening-from-command-line.md)
 - [Start Amphetamine Session With AppleScript](mac/start-amphetamine-session-with-applescript.md)
 - [Uninstall LogiTech G Hub From Mac](mac/uninstall-logitech-g-hub-from-mac.md)
 - [Use A Different Font With iTerm2](mac/use-a-different-font-with-iterm2.md)
 - [Use Default Screenshot Shortcuts With CleanShot X](mac/use-default-screenshot-shortcuts-with-cleanshot-x.md)
 - [View All Windows Of The Current App](mac/view-all-windows-of-the-current-app.md)
@@ -784,7 +776,6 @@ See some of the other learning resources I work on:
 - [Convert A String To A Timestamp](postgres/convert-a-string-to-a-timestamp.md)
 - [Count How Many Records There Are Of Each Type](postgres/count-how-many-records-there-are-of-each-type.md)
 - [Count Records By Type](postgres/count-records-by-type.md)
 - [Count The Number Of Items In An Array](postgres/count-the-number-of-items-in-an-array.md)
 - [Count The Number Of Trues In An Aggregate Query](postgres/count-the-number-of-trues-in-an-aggregate-query.md)
 - [Create A Cluster In A Specific Data Directory](postgres/create-a-cluster-in-a-specific-data-directory.md)
 - [Create A Composite Primary Key](postgres/create-a-composite-primary-key.md)
@@ -902,14 +893,12 @@ See some of the other learning resources I work on:
 - [Timestamp Functions](postgres/timestamp-functions.md)
 - [Toggling The Pager In PSQL](postgres/toggling-the-pager-in-psql.md)
 - [Track psql History Separately Per Database](postgres/track-psql-history-separately-per-database.md)
 - [Trim Leading And Trailing Space From String](postgres/trim-leading-and-trailing-space-from-string.md)
 - [Truncate All Rows](postgres/truncate-all-rows.md)
 - [Truncate Tables With Dependents](postgres/truncate-tables-with-dependents.md)
 - [Turning Timing On](postgres/turn-timing-on.md)
 - [Two Ways To Compute Factorial](postgres/two-ways-to-compute-factorial.md)
 - [Two Ways To Escape A Quote In A String](postgres/two-ways-to-escape-a-quote-in-a-string.md)
 - [Types By Category](postgres/types-by-category.md)
 - [Unable To Infer Data Type In Production](postgres/unable-to-infer-data-type-in-production.md)
 - [Union All Rows Including Duplicates](postgres/union-all-rows-including-duplicates.md)
 - [Use A psqlrc File For Common Settings](postgres/use-a-psqlrc-file-for-common-settings.md)
 - [Use A Trigger To Mirror Inserts To Another Table](postgres/use-a-trigger-to-mirror-inserts-to-another-table.md)
@@ -950,7 +939,6 @@ See some of the other learning resources I work on:
 - [Add A Check Constraint To A Table](rails/add-a-check-constraint-to-a-table.md)
 - [Add A Database Index If It Does Not Already Exist](rails/add-a-database-index-if-it-does-not-already-exist.md)
 - [Add A Foreign Key Reference To A Table](rails/add-a-foreign-key-reference-to-a-table.md)
 - [Add A Generated Column To A PostgreSQL Table](rails/add-a-generated-column-to-a-postgresql-table.md)
 - [Add A Reference Column With An Index](rails/add-a-reference-column-with-an-index.md)
 - [Add ActiveRecord Error Not Tied To Any Attribute](rails/add-activerecord-error-not-tied-to-any-attribute.md)
 - [Add React With Webpacker To A New Rails App](rails/add-react-with-webpacker-to-a-new-rails-app.md)
@@ -963,7 +951,6 @@ See some of the other learning resources I work on:
 - [All or Nothing Database Transactions](rails/all-or-nothing-database-transactions.md)
 - [Alphabetize Schema Columns To Keep Them Consistent](rails/alphabetize-schema-columns-to-keep-them-consistent.md)
 - [Alter The Rails Setup Script](rails/alter-the-rails-setup-script.md)
 - [Apply Basic HTML Formatting To Block Of Text](rails/apply-basic-html-formatting-to-block-of-text.md)
 - [Assert Two Arrays Have The Same Items With RSpec](rails/assert-two-arrays-have-the-same-items-with-rspec.md)
 - [Attach A File With Capybara](rails/attach-a-file-with-capybara.md)
 - [Attribute Getter without the Recursion](rails/attribute-getter-without-the-recursion.md)
@@ -995,7 +982,6 @@ See some of the other learning resources I work on:
 - [Define The Root Path For The App](rails/define-the-root-path-for-the-app.md)
 - [Delete Paranoid Records](rails/delete-paranoid-records.md)
 - [Demodulize A Class Name](rails/demodulize-a-class-name.md)
 - [Determine The Configured Primary Key Type](rails/determine-the-configured-primary-key-type.md)
 - [Different Ways To Add A Foreign Key Reference](rails/different-ways-to-add-a-foreign-key-reference.md)
 - [Disambiguate Where In A Joined Relation](rails/disambiguate-where-in-a-joined-relation.md)
 - [Empty find_by Returns First Record](rails/empty-find-by-returns-first-record.md)
@@ -1021,7 +1007,6 @@ See some of the other learning resources I work on:
 - [Hash Slicing](rails/hash-slicing.md)
 - [Ignore Poltergeist JavaScript Errors](rails/ignore-poltergeist-javascript-errors.md)
 - [Include Devise Helpers In Your Controller Tests](rails/include-devise-helpers-in-your-controller-tests.md)
 - [Inspect Configuration Of Database Connection](rails/inspect-configuration-of-database-connection.md)
 - [Inspect Previous Changes To ActiveRecord Object](rails/inspect-previous-changes-to-activerecord-object.md)
 - [Link To The Current Page With Query Params](rails/link-to-the-current-page-with-query-params.md)
 - [List All Installable Rails Versions](rails/list-all-installable-rails-versions.md)
@@ -1041,7 +1026,6 @@ See some of the other learning resources I work on:
 - [Migrating Up Down Up](rails/migrating-up-down-up.md)
 - [Mock Rails Environment With An Inquiry Instance](rails/mock-rails-environment-with-an-inquiry-instance.md)
 - [Order Matters For `rescue_from` Blocks](rails/order-matters-for-rescue-from-blocks.md)
 - [Override Text Displayed By Form Label](rails/override-text-displayed-by-form-label.md)
 - [Params Includes Submission Button Info](rails/params-includes-submission-button-info.md)
 - [Params Is A Hash With Indifferent Access](rails/params-is-a-hash-with-indifferent-access.md)
 - [Parse Query Params From A URL](rails/parse-query-params-from-a-url.md)
@@ -1070,7 +1054,6 @@ See some of the other learning resources I work on:
 - [Run A Rake Task Programmatically](rails/run-a-rake-task-programmatically.md)
 - [Run Commands With Specific Rails Version](rails/run-commands-with-specific-rails-version.md)
 - [Run Some Code Whenever Rails Console Starts](rails/run-some-code-whenever-rails-console-starts.md)
 - [Scaffold Auth Functionality With Rails 8 Generator](rails/scaffold-auth-functionality-with-rails-8-generator.md)
 - [Schedule Sidekiq Jobs Out Into The Future](rails/schedule-sidekiq-jobs-out-into-the-future.md)
 - [Secure Passwords With Rails And Bcrypt](rails/secure-passwords-with-rails-and-bcrypt.md)
 - [Select A Select By Selector](rails/select-a-select-by-selector.md)
@@ -1081,7 +1064,6 @@ See some of the other learning resources I work on:
 - [Set DateTime To Include Time Zone In Migrations](rails/set-datetime-to-include-time-zone-in-migrations.md)
 - [Set Default As SQL Function In Migration](rails/set-default-as-sql-function-in-migration.md)
 - [Set default_url_options For Entire Application](rails/set-default-url-options-for-entire-application.md)
 - [Set Meta Tags In ERB Views](rails/set-meta-tags-in-erb-views.md)
 - [Set Schema Search Path](rails/set-schema-search-path.md)
 - [Set Statement Timeout For All Postgres Connections](rails/set-statement-timeout-for-all-postgres-connections.md)
 - [Set The Default Development Port](rails/set-the-default-development-port.md)
@@ -1281,7 +1263,6 @@ See some of the other learning resources I work on:
 - [Exit A Process With An Error Message](ruby/exit-a-process-with-an-error-message.md)
 - [Expect A Method To Be Called And Actually Call It](ruby/expect-a-method-to-be-called-and-actually-call-it.md)
 - [Extract A Column Of Data From A CSV File](ruby/extract-a-column-of-data-from-a-csv-file.md)
 - [Extract Capture Group Matches With String Slices](ruby/extract-capture-group-matches-with-string-slices.md)
 - [FactoryGirl Sequences](ruby/factory-girl-sequences.md)
 - [Fail](ruby/fail.md)
 - [Fetch Warns About Superseding Block Argument](ruby/fetch-warns-about-superseding-block-argument.md)
@@ -1500,7 +1481,6 @@ See some of the other learning resources I work on:
 - [Count The Lines In A CSV Where A Column Is Empty](unix/count-the-lines-in-a-csv-where-a-column-is-empty.md)
 - [Count The Number Of Matches In A Grep](unix/count-the-number-of-matches-in-a-grep.md)
 - [Count The Number Of ripgrep Pattern Matches](unix/count-the-number-of-ripgrep-pattern-matches.md)
 - [Count The Number Of Words On A Webpage](unix/count-the-number-of-words-on-a-webpage.md)
 - [Create A File Descriptor with Process Substitution](unix/create-a-file-descriptor-with-process-substitution.md)
 - [Create A Sequence Of Values With A Step](unix/create-a-sequence-of-values-with-a-step.md)
 - [Curl With Cookies](unix/curl-with-cookies.md)
@@ -1537,7 +1517,6 @@ See some of the other learning resources I work on:
 - [Get Matching Filenames As Output From Grep](unix/get-matching-filenames-as-output-from-grep.md)
 - [Get The SHA256 Hash For A File](unix/get-the-sha256-hash-for-a-file.md)
 - [Get The Unix Timestamp](unix/get-the-unix-timestamp.md)
 - [Get Word Count For All Files In Git Repo](unix/get-word-count-for-all-files-in-git-repo.md)
 - [Global Substitution On The Previous Command](unix/global-substitution-on-the-previous-command.md)
 - [Globbing For All Directories In Zsh](unix/globbing-for-all-directories-in-zsh.md)
 - [Globbing For Filenames In Zsh](unix/globbing-for-filenames-in-zsh.md)
@@ -1556,8 +1535,6 @@ See some of the other learning resources I work on:
 - [Killing A Frozen SSH Session](unix/killing-a-frozen-ssh-session.md)
 - [Last Argument Of The Last Command](unix/last-argument-of-the-last-command.md)
 - [Less With Style](unix/less-with-style.md)
 - [Limit Protocols Used In A cURL Command](unix/limit-protocols-used-in-a-curl-command.md)
 - [List All Fonts On Your Machine](unix/list-all-fonts-on-your-machine.md)
 - [List All The Enabled ZSH Options](unix/list-all-the-enabled-zsh-options.md)
 - [List All Users](unix/list-all-users.md)
 - [List Files In A Single Column](unix/list-files-in-a-single-column.md)
@@ -1827,7 +1804,6 @@ See some of the other learning resources I work on:
 - [Break Justfile Into Separate Hidden Steps](workflow/break-justfile-into-separate-hidden-steps.md)
 - [Change Window Name In iTerm](workflow/change-window-name-in-iterm.md)
 - [Configure Email Redirect With Cloudflare](workflow/configure-email-redirect-with-cloudflare.md)
 - [Control Media With Drop Keyboard](workflow/control-media-with-drop-keyboard.md)
 - [Convert An ePub Document To PDF On Mac](workflow/convert-an-epub-document-to-pdf-on-mac.md)
 - [Create A Local Sanity Dataset Backup](workflow/create-a-local-sanity-dataset-backup.md)
 - [Create A Public URL For A Local Server](workflow/create-a-public-url-for-a-local-server.md)
@@ -1838,15 +1814,12 @@ See some of the other learning resources I work on:
 - [Import A Github Project Into CodeSandbox](workflow/import-a-github-project-into-codesandbox.md)
 - [Interactively Kill A Process With fkill](workflow/interactively-kill-a-process-with-fkill.md)
 - [Open Slack's Keyboard Shortcuts Reference Panel](workflow/open-slacks-keyboard-shortcuts-reference-panel.md)
 - [Pop Videos Out As Picture-in-Picture](workflow/pop-videos-out-as-picture-in-picture.md)
 - [Prune The Excess From node_modules](workflow/prune-the-excess-from-node-modules.md)
 - [Rotate An Image To Be Oriented Upright](workflow/rotate-an-image-to-be-oriented-upright.md)
 - [See Overlaps For A Set Of Time Zones](workflow/see-overlaps-for-a-set-of-time-zones.md)
 - [Send A Message To A Discord Channel](workflow/send-a-message-to-a-discord-channel.md)
 - [Send A PDF To Your Kindle](workflow/send-a-pdf-to-your-kindle.md)
 - [Set Recurring Reminders In Slack](workflow/set-recurring-reminders-in-slack.md)
 - [Show Linting Errors In Zed](workflow/show-linting-errors-in-zed.md)
 - [Temporarily Hide CleanShot X Capture Previews](workflow/temporarily-hide-cleanshot-x-capture-previews.md)
 - [Toggle Between Stories In Storybook](workflow/toggle-between-stories-in-storybook.md)
 - [Update asdf Plugins With Latest Package Versions](workflow/update-asdf-plugins-with-latest-package-versions.md)
 - [View The PR For The Current GitHub Branch](workflow/view-the-pr-for-the-current-github-branch.md)
@@ -1,28 +0,0 @@
 # Default Rails Deploy Script On Hatchbox
 I deployed a Rails app to [Hatchbox](https://hatchbox.io) recently. When
 following along in the log during a deploy, I can see most of what is happening
 as part of the deploy. Though it is too verbose to look through every line. I'd
 rather see the contents of the deploy script.
 I did quite a bit of digging around while SSH'd into my hatchbox server, but I
 couldn't find if or where that file might be stored.
 Instead, there is a [_Help Center_
 article](https://hatchbox.relationkit.io/articles/55-what-is-the-default-rails-deploy-script)
 where Chris Oliver shares what is in the script.
 ```bash
 bundle install -j $(nproc)
 yarn install
 bundle exec rails assets:precompile
 [[ -n "${CRON}" ]] && bundle exec rails db:migrate
 ```
 It does a parallelized `bundle install`, then a `yarn install` (make sure your
 project is using `yarn.lock`), Rails asset precompilation, and then if `CRON`
 is set (Cron role is available by checking _Cron_ under _Server
 Responsibilities_ for your Hatchbox server), it will run Rails migrations.
 From app settings, the deploy script can be overridden, or pre- and post-deploy
 steps can be added.
@@ -1,44 +0,0 @@
 # Hatchbox Exports Env Vars With asdf
 When you add env vars through the [Hatchbox](https://hatchbox.io/) UI, they get
 exported to the environment of the asdf-shimmed processes. This is handled by
 the [`asdf-vars` plugin](https://github.com/excid3/asdf-vars). That plugin
 looks for `.asdf-vars` in the current chain of directories.
 I can see there are many `.asdf-vars` files:
 ```bash
 $ find . -name ".asdf-vars" -type f
 ./.asdf-vars
 ./my-app/.asdf-vars
 ./my-app/releases/20250120195106/.asdf-vars
 ./my-app/releases/20250121041054/.asdf-vars
 ```
 And it is the one in my app's directory that contains the env vars that I set
 in the UI.
 ```bash
 $ cat my-app/.asdf-vars
 BUNDLE_WITHOUT=development:test
 DATABASE_URL=postgresql://user_123:123456789012345@10.0.1.1/my_app_db
 PORT=9000
 RACK_ENV=production
 RAILS_ENV=production
 RAILS_LOG_TO_STDOUT=true
 RAILS_MASTER_KEY=abc123
 SECRET_KEY_BASE=abc123efg456
 ```
 When I run a shimmed process like `ruby`, those env vars are loaded into the
 process's environment.
 ```bash
 $ cd my-app/current
 $ which ruby
 /home/deploy/.asdf/shims/ruby
 $ ruby -e "puts ENV['DATABASE_URL']"
 postgresql://user_123:123456789012345@10.0.1.1/my_app_db
 ```
 [source](https://www.visualmode.dev/hatchbox-manages-env-vars-with-asdf)
@@ -1,24 +0,0 @@
 # Set Up Domain For Hatchbox Rails App
 When we deploy a Rails app with [Hatchbox](https://hatchbox.io), we are given
 an internal URL for publicly accessing our app. It is something like
 `https://123abc.hatchboxapp.com`. That's useful as we are getting things up and
 running, but eventually we want to point our own domain at the app.
 The first step is to tell Hatchbox what domain we are going to use.
 From our app's _Domain & SSL_ page we can enter a domain into the _Add A
 Domain_ input. For instance, I have the
 [visualmode.dev](https://visualmode.dev) domain and I want the
 [still.visualmode.dev](https://still.visualmode.dev) subdomain pointing at my
 Rails app. I submit the full name `still.visualmode.dev` and I get an _A
 Record_ ipv4 address (e.g. `23.12.234.82`).
 The second step is to configure a DNS record with our domain registrar.
 From the DNS settings of our registrar (e.g. Cloudflare) we can add an _A
 Record_ where we specify the name (e.g. `still`) and then include the ipv4
 address provided by Hatchbox. We can save this and wait a minute for it to
 propagate.
 And soon enough we can visit our Rails app at the custom domain.
@@ -1,48 +0,0 @@
 # Count Number Of Commits On A Branch
 The `git rev-list` command will show all commits that fit the given revision
 criteria. By adding in the `--count` flag, we get a count of the number of
 commits that would have been displayed. Knowing this, we can get the count of
 commits for the current branch like so:
 ```bash
 $ git rev-list --count HEAD
 4
 ```
 This finds and counts commits from `HEAD` (usually the top of the current
 branch) all the back in reverse chronological order to the beginning of the
 branch (typically the beginning of the repository). This works exactly as
 expected for a the `main` branch.
 What about when we are on a feature branch though?
 Let's say we've branched off `main` and made a few commits. And now we want the
 count.
 ```bash
 $ git rev-list --count HEAD
 7
 ```
 Unfortunately, that is counting up the commits on the feature branch but it
 keeps counting all the way back to the beginning of the repo.
 If we want a count of just the commits on the current branch, then we can
 specify a range: from whatever `main` was when we branched to the `HEAD` of
 this branch.
 ```bash
 $ git rev-list --count HEAD
 3
 ```
 This is the same as saying, I want all commits on `HEAD`, but exclude (`^`) the
 commits on `main`:
 ```bash
 git rev-list --count HEAD ^main
 3
 ```
 See `man git-rev-list` for more details.
@@ -1,49 +0,0 @@
 # List All Files Added During Span Of Time
 I wanted to get an idea of all the TIL posts I wrote during 2024. Every TIL I
 write is under version control in a [git repo on
 github](https://github.com/jbranchaud/til). That means git has all the info I
 need to figure that out.
 The `git diff` command is a good way at this problem. With the
 `--diff-filter=A` flag I can restrict the results to just files that were
 _Added_. And with `--name-only` I can cut all the other diff details out and
 get just filenames.
 But filenames added to which commits? We need to specify a ref range. There is
 a ton of flexibility in how you define a ref, including [a date specification
 suffix](https://git-scm.com/docs/gitrevisions#Documentation/gitrevisions.txt-emltrefnamegtltdategtemegemmasteryesterdayememHEAD5minutesagoem)
 that points to the value of the ref at an earlier point in time.
 So, how about from the beginning of 2024 to the beginning of 2025:
 ```
 HEAD@{2024-01-01}..HEAD@{2025-01-01}
 ```
 Putting that all together, we this command and potentially a big list of files.
 ```bash
 $ git diff --diff-filter=A --name-only HEAD@{2024-01-01}..HEAD@{2025-01-01}
 ```
 I wanted to restrict the results to just markdown files, so I added a filename
 pattern.
 ```bash
 $ git diff --diff-filter=A --name-only HEAD@{2024-01-01}..HEAD@{2025-01-01} -- "*.md"
 ```
 I could even go a step further to see only the files added to a specific
 directory.
 ```bash
 $ git diff --diff-filter=A --name-only HEAD@{2024-01-01}..HEAD@{2025-01-01} -- "postgres/*.md"
 ```
 As a final bonus, I can spit out the github URLs for all those files with a bit of `awk`.
 ```bash
 $ git diff --diff-filter=A --name-only HEAD@{2024-01-01}..HEAD@{2025-01-01} -- "postgres/*.md" |
 awk '{print "https://github.com/jbranchaud/til/blob/master/" $0}'
 ```
@@ -1,34 +0,0 @@
 # Reference Commits Earlier Than Reflog Remembers
 While preparing some stats for a recent blog post on [A Decade of
 TILs](https://www.visualmode.dev/a-decade-of-tils), I ran into an issue
 referencing chuncks of time further back than 2020.
 ```bash
 ❯ git diff --diff-filter=A --name-only HEAD@{2016-02-06}..HEAD@{2017-02-06} -- "*.md"
 warning: log for 'HEAD' only goes back to Sun, 20 Dec 2020 00:26:27 -0600
 warning: log for 'HEAD' only goes back to Sun, 20 Dec 2020 00:26:27 -0600
 ```
 This is because `HEAD@...` is a reference to the `reflog`. The `reflog` is a
 local-only log of objects and activity in the repository. That date looks
 suspiciously like the time that I got this specific machine and cloned the
 repo.
 In order to access this information, I need a different approach of finding
 references that bound these points in time.
 How about asking `rev-list` for the first commit it can find before the given
 dates in 2017 and 2016 and then using those.
 ```bash
 ❯ git rev-list -1 --before="2017-02-07 00:00" HEAD
 17db6bc4468616786a8f597a10d252c24183d82e
 ❯ git rev-list -1 --before="2016-02-07 00:00" HEAD
 f1d3d1f796007662ff448d6ba0e3bbf38a2b858d
 ❯ git diff --diff-filter=A --name-only f1d3d1f796007662ff448d6ba0e3bbf38a2b858d..17db6bc4468616786a8f597a10d252c24183d82e -- "*.md"
 # git outputs a bunch of files ...
 ```
@@ -1,41 +0,0 @@
 # Use Labels To Block PR Merge
 Let's say our GitHub project has custom tags for both `no merge` and `wip`
 (_work in progress_). Whenever either of those labels has been applied to a PR,
 we want there to be a failed check so as to block the merge. This is useful to
 ensure automated tools (as well as someone not looking closely enough) don't
 merge a PR that isn't _ready to go_.
 This can be achieved with a basic GitHub Actions workflow that requires no
 3rd-party actions. We can add the following as
 `.github/workflows/block-labeled-prs.yml` in our project.
 ```yaml
 name: Block Labeled PR Merges
 on:
  pull_request:
    types: [labeled, unlabeled, opened, edited, synchronize]
 jobs:
  prevent-merge:
    if: ${{ contains(github.event.*.labels.*.name, 'no merge') || contains(github.event.*.labels.*.name, 'wip') }}
    name: Prevent Merging
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
      - name: Check for label
        run: |
          echo "Pull request label prevents merging."
          echo "Labels: ${{ join(github.event.*.labels.*.name, ', ') }}"
          echo "Remove the blocking label(s) to skip this check."
          exit 1
 ```
 This workflow is run when a pull request is opened, when it is edited or
 synchronized, and when a label change is made. The job `prevent-merge` sees if
 any of the label names match `no merge` or `wip`. If so, we echo out some
 details in the ubuntu container and then `exit 1` to fail the check.
 Shoutout to [Jesse Squire's
 implementation](https://www.jessesquires.com/blog/2021/08/24/useful-label-based-github-actions-workflows/#updated-21-march-2022)
 which I've heavily borrowed from here.
@@ -1,17 +0,0 @@
 # Uninstall LogiTech G Hub From Mac
 I rarely uninstall software from my Mac. And unless the software is nice enough
 to provide a clear 'Uninstall' flow, it is not straightforward how to do it. In
 fact, it probably varies quite a bit from app to app.
 In the case of LogiTech's G Hub, I was able to find the following instructions
 for uninstalling it. The thing of note is that the updater app can take an
 `--uninstall` flag.
 ```bash
 sudo /Applications/lghub.app/Contents/MacOS/lghub_updater.app/Contents/MacOS/lghub_updater --uninstall
 ```
 I still had to remove the app launcher from my `Applications` directory.
 [source](https://www.reddit.com/r/LogitechG/comments/bluth5/comment/lbhctx1/)
@@ -1,56 +0,0 @@
 # Count The Number Of Items In An Array
 There are two ways to count the number of items in an array with PostgreSQL.
 The one that might jump out at you or show up at the top of search results is
 [`array_length`](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/functions-array.html).
 ```sql
 > select array_length(array[1,2,3], 1);
 +--------------+
 | array_length |
 |--------------|
 | 3            |
 +--------------+
 > select array_length(array[[1,2], [3,4]], 2);
 +--------------+
 | array_length |
 |--------------|
 | 2            |
 +--------------+
 ```
 This requires specifying the dimension at which you want to check the length.
 The first example, checking the 1st dimension of a one-dimensional array, seems
 like the more common and useful scenario. In the second example, we are
 checking the 2nd dimension.
 The other way we can determine the number of items in an array is with the
 [`cardinality`](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/functions-array.html)
 function.
 > Returns the total number of elements in the array, or 0 if the array is
 > empty.
 ```sql
 > select cardinality(array[1,2,3]);
 +-------------+
 | cardinality |
 |-------------|
 | 3           |
 +-------------+
 > select cardinality(array[[1,2], [3,4]]);
 +-------------+
 | cardinality |
 |-------------|
 | 4           |
 +-------------+
 ```
 This behaves the same as `array_length` for a one-dimensional array and doesn't
 require a second argument. Where it gets more interesting is with
 multi-dimensional arrays. It returns the total number of elements in the
 arrayregardless of the nesting.
 [source](https://mattrighetti.com/2025/01/20/you-dont-need-sql-builders)
@@ -1,58 +0,0 @@
 # Trim Leading And Trailing Space From String
 PostgreSQL has a bunch of [string
 functions](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/functions-string.html),
 including several for doing various string trimming.
 We can use the simplest form of `trim` to remove leading and trailing space
 characters from a string.
 ```sql
 > select trim('  Taco Cat ');
 +----------+
 | btrim    |
 |----------|
 | Taco Cat |
 +----------+
 ```
 The syntax for calling `trim` is a bit odd relative to other PostgreSQL
 functions and functions in other languages. Here is the "grammar" as described
 in the docs:
 ```
 trim ( [ LEADING | TRAILING | BOTH ] [ characters text ] FROM string text ) → text
 ```
 We pick `leading`, `trailing`, or `both`, with `both` being the default. Then
 we specify the character(s) we want to remove. This is also optional, the
 default being the space character. Then we say `from` what string we want to
 trim those characters.
 Here we remove all sequential spaces from `both` ends of the given string:
 ```sql
 > select trim(both from '  Taco Cat ');
 +----------+
 | btrim    |
 |----------|
 | Taco Cat |
 +----------+
 ```
 To further demonstrate how `trim` works, here we remove all sequences made up
 of any of spaces, uppercase `T`, and lowercase `t` from `both` ends of the
 string:
 ```sql
 > select trim(both ' Tt' from '  Taco Cat ');
 +--------+
 | btrim  |
 |--------|
 | aco Ca |
 +--------+
 ```
 Notice that in all the above examples the column name of the result is `btrim`.
 That's probably because `btrim` (_trim both ends_) is being called under the
 hood for the `both` option.
@@ -1,45 +0,0 @@
 # Unable To Infer Data Type In Production
 Inspired by [You Probably Don't Need Query
 Builders](https://mattrighetti.com/2025/01/20/you-dont-need-sql-builders), I
 wrote a query in one of my applications that has filter clauses that get
 short-circuited if the filter value hasn't been included.
 That query looked something like this:
 ```ruby
@tags =
  Tag.where("? is null or normalized_value ilike ?", normalized_query, "%#{normalized_query}%")
     .order(:normalized_value)
     .limit(10)
 ```
 The `normalized_value ilike ?` filtering won't be applied if the
 `normalized_query` value isn't present (`nil`). This helps me avoid writing
 messy ternaries or if-else conditional query building madness.
 Unfortunately, when I shipped this query to production, the page started
 failing and Postgres was reporting this error in the logs.
 ```
 Caused by: PG::IndeterminateDatatype (ERROR:  could not determine data type of parameter $1)
 ```
 The query is prepared as a parameterized statement and Postgres appears to be
 unable to determine the datatype of the first parameter (`$1`) —
 `normalized_query`.
 I was unable to reproduce the issue in development. It was only occuring in
 production. Until I can come up with a root cause analysis, I have the
 following fix that does a casting to `text`. This helps out with the type
 inference and makes the issue go away.
 ```ruby
@tags =
  Tag.where("cast(? as text) is null or normalized_value ilike ?", normalized_query, "%#{normalized_query}%")
     .order(:normalized_value)
     .limit(10)
 ```
 Interestingly, this person using `pgtyped` [ran into the exact same issue with
 the same type of query](https://github.com/adelsz/pgtyped/issues/354).
@@ -1,22 +0,0 @@
 # Add A Generated Column To A PostgreSQL Table
 As of Rails 7, ActiveRecord supports generated columns for app's backed by a
 PostgreSQL database. This is achieved with a `virtual` column.
 ```ruby
 class CreateTags < ActiveRecord::Migration[8.0]
  def change
    create_table :tags, id: :bigint do |t|
      t.string :value
      t.virtual :normalized_value, type: :text, as: "lower(value)", stored: true
      t.timestamps
    end
  end
 end
 ```
 With a table like this, any time we add a record with a `value`, PostgreSQL
 computes and stores the `normalized_value` column based on that.
 [source](https://blog.saeloun.com/2022/01/25/rails-7-postgres-support-for-generated-columns/)
@@ -1,40 +0,0 @@
 # Apply Basic HTML Formatting To Block Of Text
 My Rails app has a form that allows a user to enter in free-form text. I enter
 in a couple paragraphs and save the record. It is rendered on a show page with
 a couple lines of ERB like so:
 ```ruby
 <div class="max-w-3xl mx-auto">
  <div class="space-y-4">
    <div class="prose mt-8 text-gray-700">
      <%= @record.notes %>
    </div>
  </div>
 </div>
 ```
 When I view the erb-displayed version of that record's text, all those
 carefully spaced paragraphs are clumped together. That is because those newline
 (`\n` and `\n\n`) characters while understood to be whitespace do not have
 formatting implications in the browser like a combination of HTML tags and CSS
 do.
 I can apply some basic formatting with [the aptly named `simple_format` method
 available as an `ActionView`
 helper](https://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionView/Helpers/TextHelper.html#method-i-simple_format).
 ```ruby
 <div class="max-w-3xl mx-auto">
  <div class="space-y-4">
    <div class="prose mt-8 text-gray-700">
      <%= simple_format(@record.notes) %>
    </div>
  </div>
 </div>
 ```
 This turns single `\n` characters into a `<br />` tag and double `\n\n` cause
 the surrounding paragraphs to be wrapped in `<p>` tags. That simple formatting
 combined with my existing TailwindCSS styles makes the formatting of my text
 immediately look much better.
@@ -1,35 +0,0 @@
 # Determine The Configured Primary Key Type
 I noticed an interesting helper function in the database migration generated by
 `bin/rails active_storage:install`.
 ```ruby
 class CreateActiveStorageTables < ActiveRecord::Migration[8.0]
  def change
    # Use Active Record's configured type for primary and foreign keys
    primary_key_type, foreign_key_type = primary_and_foreign_key_types
    # ...
  end
  private
    def primary_and_foreign_key_types
      config = Rails.configuration.generators
      setting = config.options[config.orm][:primary_key_type]
      primary_key_type = setting || :primary_key
      foreign_key_type = setting || :bigint
      [ primary_key_type, foreign_key_type ]
    end
 end
 ```
 The `primary_and_foreign_key_types` method looks in the generators config for
 the ORM (`:active_record`) to determine the configured `:primary_key_type`. By
 default this will return `nil`. This method then uses `:primary_key` as a
 fallback value which will be `bigint`. That's why the `foreign_key_type` falls
 back to `:bigint`.
 If desired, this can be manually configured in `config/application.rb` like
 shown in the [ActiveRecord Migrations
 docs](https://guides.rubyonrails.org/active_record_migrations.html#enabling-uuids-in-rails).
@@ -1,45 +0,0 @@
 # Inspect Configuration Of Database Connection
 There are a lot of factors that can effect the database configuration values.
 - What are the settings in each environment in `config/database.yml`?
 - Is there any dynamic ERB code in `config/database.yml`?
 - Is `DATABASE_URL` set in the current environment?
 - Is any other code overriding these settings?
 To check the current _configuration hash_ for the database connection at
 runtime, we can run the following statement:
 ```ruby
 > ActiveRecord::Base.connection.pool.db_config.configuration_hash
 =>
 {:adapter=>"postgresql",
 :encoding=>"unicode",
 :host=>"::1",
 :user=>"postgres",
 :password=>"postgres",
 :pool=>5,
 :database=>"still_development",
 :port=>9875}
 ```
 In this case, I'm running the statement from the Rails console of my app's
 development environment.
 I could even access and print these values as part of debugging in a production
 environment with a rake task:
 ```ruby
 # In lib/tasks/debug.rake
 namespace :debug do
  task :db_config => :environment do
    puts "==== Database Configuration Debug ===="
    puts "DATABASE_URL: #{ENV['DATABASE_URL']}"
    puts "Active Record Config: #{ActiveRecord::Base.connection.pool.db_config.configuration_hash}"
    puts "Raw ENV dump:"
    ENV.sort.each { |k,v| puts "#{k}: #{v}" if k.include?('DB') || k.include?('DATABASE') }
  end
 end
 ```
 [source](https://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActiveRecord/DatabaseConfigurations/HashConfig.html)
@@ -1,38 +0,0 @@
 # Override Text Displayed By Form Label
 Rails does a good job with the default text displayed by a form label. It takes
 the primary symbol value you give it and capitalizes that. And that is often
 good enough.
 ```ruby
 <%= form_with(model: post) do |form| %>
  <%= form.label :title, class: "text-sm font-medium text-gray-700" %>
  <%= form.text_field :title, required: true, class: "..." %>
 <% end  %>
 ```
 This will yield a label value of _Title_.
 Sometimes, however, the casing needs to be different or you need entirely
 different text. Take this URL field for example. Rails will convert `:url` into
 _Url_ for the label text. Not ideal. I can override the default with a second
 positional argument, in this case, `"URL"`.
 ```ruby
 <%= form_with(model: post) do |form| %>
  <%= form.label :url, "URL", class: "text-sm font-medium text-gray-700" %>
  <%= form.url_field :url, required: true, class: "..." %>
 <% end  %>
 ```
 The [Rails docs have another good
 example](https://guides.rubyonrails.org/form_helpers.html#a-generic-search-form).
 A label with a value of `query` that is overridden to display "Search for:".
 ```ruby
 <%= form_with url: "/search", method: :get do |form| %>
  <%= form.label :query, "Search for:" %>
  <%= form.search_field :query %>
  <%= form.submit "Search" %>
 <% end %>
 ```
@@ -1,44 +0,0 @@
 # Scaffold Auth Functionality With Rails 8 Generator
 Rails 8 added a built-in generator for authentication that scaffolds the core
 models, controllers, views, routes, etc. needed for a basic email/password
 authentication flow. It creates a `User` model, if one doesn't already exist,
 as the authenticated object. It uses the `bcrypt` gem for password hashing,
 etc.
 Here is an example of what you get when running the generator on a relatively
 new Rails 8 project:
 ```bash
 $ bin/rails generate authentication
      invoke  tailwindcss
      create    app/views/passwords/new.html.erb
      create    app/views/passwords/edit.html.erb
      create    app/views/sessions/new.html.erb
      create  app/models/session.rb
      create  app/models/user.rb
      create  app/models/current.rb
      create  app/controllers/sessions_controller.rb
      create  app/controllers/concerns/authentication.rb
      create  app/controllers/passwords_controller.rb
      create  app/channels/application_cable/connection.rb
      create  app/mailers/passwords_mailer.rb
      create  app/views/passwords_mailer/reset.html.erb
      create  app/views/passwords_mailer/reset.text.erb
      create  test/mailers/previews/passwords_mailer_preview.rb
      insert  app/controllers/application_controller.rb
       route  resources :passwords, param: :token
       route  resource :session
        gsub  Gemfile
      bundle  install --quiet
    generate  migration CreateUsers email_address:string!:uniq password_digest:string! --force
       rails  generate migration CreateUsers email_address:string!:uniq password_digest:string! --force
      invoke  active_record
      create    db/migrate/20250115224625_create_users.rb
    generate  migration CreateSessions user:references ip_address:string user_agent:string --force
       rails  generate migration CreateSessions user:references ip_address:string user_agent:string --force
      invoke  active_record
      create    db/migrate/20250115224626_create_sessions.rb
 ```
 [source](https://www.bigbinary.com/blog/rails-8-introduces-a-basic-authentication-generator)
@@ -1,52 +0,0 @@
 # Set Meta Tags In ERB Views
 There are all kinds of meta tags that we may want to set for the pages that our
 Rails app serves. A lot of these are for SEO and social sharing. Let's look at
 how to add `og:description` meta tags to our views.
 I'll start with a helper method in `app/helpers/application_helper.rb`:
 ```ruby
 module ApplicationHelper
  def meta_description(desc)
    content_for(:description) { desc }
  end
 end
 ```
 Then, I'll update my `app/views/layouts/application.html.erb` to consume the
 description when provided.
 ```ruby
 <!DOCTYPE html>
 <html>
  <head>
    <!-- ... -->
    <meta
      property="og:description"
      content="<%= content_for?(:description) ? yield(:description) : 'Default description' %>"
    >
    <!-- ... -->
  </head>
  <!-- ... -->
 </html>
 ```
 Now I have a default description for all my views that I can override as needed
 with the `meta_description` helper.
 ```ruby
 # app/views/posts/show.html.erb
 <%= meta_description @post.body.split("\n").first %>
 <!-- ... -->
 ```
 If I reload the page and inspect the meta tags in `<head>`, I should find the
 `og:description` tag with the corresponding value.
 This can be extended to apply all the different meta tags (e.g. Open Graph and
 Twitter) to make links to these pages render well across the internet.
@@ -1,37 +0,0 @@
 # Extract Capture Group Matches With String Slices
 Ruby's _string slice_ syntax allows us to use the square brackets to access
 portions of a string. It's most common to pass positional integer index
 arguments or a range. However, in true Ruby fashion, another way of thinking
 about defining the slice of a string is based on a regex match.
 We can pass a regex and an int (specifying which match we want) to extract some
 portion of a string based on the regex match. That includes capture groups.
 Here are a couple examples of extracting matching capture groups as well as
 getting the entire regex match:
 ```ruby
 > "me+abc123@email.com"[/.+\+(.+)@(.+)/, 1]
 => "abc123"
 > "me+abc123@email.com"[/.+\+(.+)@(.+)/, 2]
 => "email.com"
 > "me+abc123@email.com"[/.+\+(.+)@(.+)/, 0]
 => "me+abc123@email.com"
 > "me+abc123@email.com"[/.+\+(.+)@(.+)/]
 => "me+abc123@email.com"
 ```
 The `0`th match (which is the default) corresponds to the full match. Each
 integer position after that corresponds to any capture groups. This maps
 directly to the underlying `MatchData` object:
 ```ruby
 > /.+\+(.+)@(.+)/.match("me+abc123@email.com")
 => #<MatchData "me+abc123@email.com" 1:"abc123" 2:"email.com">
 ```
 [source](https://ruby-doc.org/3.3.6/String.html#class-String-label-String+Slices)
@@ -1,25 +0,0 @@
 # Count The Number Of Words On A Webpage
 I was reading through a couple sections of the `postfix` documentation and I
 was astounded at how large the webpage is, and that is just for the `main.cf`
 file format.
 Curiosity got the best of me and I wanted to get a sense of the magnitude of
 the page. A word count seemed like a good measure.
 Using `pandoc` and a couple other unix utilities, I was able to quickly get
 that number.
 ```bash
 curl -s http://www.postfix.org/postconf.5.html\#virtual_mailbox_maps | pandoc -f html -t plain | wc -w
   88383
 ```
 Generically, that is:
 ```bash
 curl -s url | pandoc -f html -t plain | wc -w
 ```
 Pandoc produces a plain-text version of the HTML page that was pulled in by
 `curl` and then we use `wc` to get a word (`-w`) count.
@@ -1,32 +0,0 @@
 # Get Word Count For All Files In Git Repo
 As part of gathering numbers for [A Decade of TILs](), I wanted to get an word
 count of all the TIL markdown files I've committed to this project over its 10
 year history. By using `git ls-files` with a pattern, I can get a list of all
 file names. Then with `xargs` I can pass that entire list to `wc -w` which
 gives a word count of each. The final line that `wc -w` outputs is a sum total
 of all the file word counts. Lastly, piping that through `tail -n1` gives me
 just that last total count line.
 ```bash
 $ git ls-files "*/**.md" | xargs wc -w | tail -n1
  206816 total
 ```
 Since the `tail -n1` obfuscates what the `wc -w` is doing, here is what that
 looks like before that final pipe.
 ```bash
 $ git ls-files "*/**.md" | tail -n3 | xargs wc -w
     115 zsh/add-to-the-path-via-path-array.md
     190 zsh/link-a-scalar-to-an-array.md
     214 zsh/use-a-space-to-exclude-command-from-history.md
     519 total
 ```
 I can even clean up the final output a bit more with `awk`:
 ```bash
 $ git ls-files "*/**.md" | xargs wc -w | tail -n1 | awk '{print $1}'
 206816
 ```
@@ -1,27 +0,0 @@
 # Limit Protocols Used In A cURL Command
 I was about to install [`atuin`](https://github.com/atuinsh/atuin). I went to
 their _Quick Start_ section to grab whatever command I would need to install
 it. It was a `curl` statement piped to `sh`. The thing that caught my attention
 though was I `curl` flag that I didn't recognize — `--proto`.
 > Tells curl to limit what protocols it may use for transfers.
 Using `curl --proto '=https' ...` we can enforce that only an `https` URL can
 be used in this command.
 Here is what happens if I try to run the `atuin`-provided `curl` command after
 I have downgraded their URL to be `http`:
 ```bash
 curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -LsSf http://setup.atuin.sh | sh
 curl: (1) Protocol "http" not supported or disabled in libcurl
 ```
 It doesn't even attempt the request. The protocol is considered unsupported and
 the command immediately fails.
 In addition to only installing software we trust, we should make sure we are
 only doing so over a protocol we trust (namely, `https`).
 See `man curl` for more details, including about the modifiers (`=`, `+`, `-`).
@@ -1,24 +0,0 @@
 # List All Fonts On Your Machine
 In trying to figure out what _FiraCode_ font I have installed on my machine
 and what it is called, I came across [this StackOverflow
 answer](https://stackoverflow.com/a/52789662/535590) which shares the
 following one-liner:
 ```bash
 $ fc-list | awk '{$1=""}1' | cut -d: -f1 | sort | uniq
 ```
 This uses `fc-list` to get the names of all the fonts available on your
 machine. This seems to work on both Linux and Mac. Through a series of `awk`,
 `cut`, and `sort | uniq`, this command produces a clean, easily-browsed list
 of fonts.
 I like to take this a step further by piping it all to `fzf` where I can then
 narrow down the output to just lines that match _FiraCode_.
 ```bash
 $ fc-list | awk '{$1=""}1' | cut -d: -f1 | sort | uniq | fzf
 ```
 See also [`system_profiler SPFontsDataType`](https://apple.stackexchange.com/questions/35852/list-of-activated-fonts-with-shell-command-in-os-x/243746#243746).
@@ -1,20 +0,0 @@
 # Control Media With Drop Keyboard
 I have a [Drop CTRL](https://drop.com/buy/drop-ctrl-v2-mechanical-keyboard)
 mechanical keyboard which mostly works like any other keyboard. It also has a
 set of functionality that can be accessed via the `fn` (function) key. The
 function key can be used to configure the keyboard's LEDs, but I tend to set
 and forget that.
 Instead, I like to use the function key to control media. That is, adjust the
 volume, play and pause, and skip to the next song.
 Here is a listing of the ones I use:
 - `Fn + Insert` to Pause / Play
 - `Fn + PgUp/PgDown` to Increase / Decrease the volume
 - `Fn + Del/End` to go to the Previous / Next song
 Here is a [full listing of the function
 keys](https://drop.com/talk/9382/how-to-configure-your-drop-keyboard) for Drop
 keyboards.
@@ -1,21 +0,0 @@
 # Pop Videos Out As Picture-in-Picture
 I recently learned that just about any video playing in Chrome and Firefox can
 be popped out to a picture-in-picture (PIP) player. A PIP player gives you a sidecar
 video player window that you can arrange and resize anywhere on your screen. It
 sits on top of other windows so that you can view it while working from other
 apps. This is useful if, for instance, you are working through a coding
 tutorial on youtube.
 For most video players, you can right click on the video and the menu that
 appears will include a "Picture in Picture" option. Select that and the arrange
 the player to your liking.
 Youtube overrides right-click. If you right-click, you'll see one menu of
 Youtube-specific options. Right-click a second time to open the standard
 browser menu which will include the PIP option.
 I noticed while also testing this on Firefox, that they have a PIP icon that
 appears as a small overlay on the right side of the video player that you can
 click as well. This is useful because I found some site's video players were
 (inadvertently) preventing right-click.
@@ -1,31 +0,0 @@
 # Send A PDF To Your Kindle
 I recently got a Kindle. I already have a bunch of PDF and ePub books on my
 computer that I've bought over the years. I wanted to be able to read some of
 those books on the Kindle. I found that there is a way to send these formats to
 your Kindle via email.
 There are a couple steps to get this working.
 First, from the Amazon account that is tied to the Kindle device, open the
 _Account_ dropdown and click _Devices. Any devices tied to your account will be
 listed there. Navigate to the one you want to send to. Under the _Device
 Summary_ with be a custom email address for that device. Something like
 `youremail_abc123@kindle.com`.
 That's the email you'll send the PDF or ePub attachment to.
 Second, that Kindle email address will only receive and process documents from
 a known, verified email address. Back on the _Devices_page, click on the
 _Preferences_ tab. Under _Personal Document Preferences_ make sure that the
 _Approved Personal Document Email List_ includes the email address you'll be
 sending from. Add it if not.
 Everything is set up. Now compose an email to that Kindle address, add the
 attachment, and send. Give it 5 or so minutes to process and it should show up
 on your device.
 Additionally, you can go to the _Content_ tab and then to _Digital Content_ to
 see what documents you have set and which devices have received them.
 [source](https://goodereader.com/blog/kindle/here-is-how-you-can-read-pdf-files-on-the-amazon-kindle)
@@ -1,14 +0,0 @@
 # Temporarily Hide CleanShot X Capture Previews
 The _capture previews_ that CleanShot X provides are a useful part of my
 workflow. I often capture a screenshot or recording a bit in advance of needing
 to add it as, say, an attachment. The preview icons float off to the right of
 my screen, generally out of the way. As soon as I need them, I can annotate,
 drag-n-drop, etc.
 Sometimes, however, they do get in the way. But I'm not ready to dismiss them
 and I don't want to save them off to some folder buried in my file system.
 To temporarily slide the capture previews down off the screen, I can hit the
 shortcut `Ctrl+Opt+Cmd+H`. The arrow at the butto of the screen can be clicked
 to unhide them, or I can hit the same shortcut sequence to reveal them.