Reorder commands: commit before pull --rebase

Co-authored-by: jbranchaud <694063+jbranchaud@users.noreply.github.com>

README.md

@@ -8,9 +8,9 @@ warrant a full blog post. These are things I've picked up by [Learning In
 Public™](https://dev.to/jbranchaud/how-i-built-a-learning-machine-45k9) and
 pairing with smart people at Hashrocket.
 
-For a steady stream of TILs, [sign up for my newsletter](https://crafty-builder-6996.ck.page/e169c61186).
+For a steady stream of TILs, [sign up for my newsletter](https://visualmode.kit.com/newsletter).
 
-_1695 TILs and counting..._
+_1715 TILs and counting..._
 
 See some of the other learning resources I work on:
 
@@ -157,6 +157,7 @@ If you've learned something here, support my efforts writing daily TILs by
 
 ### Claude Code
 
+- [Monitor Usage Limits From CLI](claude-code/monitor-usage-limits-from-cli.md)
 - [Open Current Prompt In Default Editor](claude-code/open-current-prompt-in-default-editor.md)
 
 ### Clojure
@@ -380,6 +381,7 @@ If you've learned something here, support my efforts writing daily TILs by
 - [Last Commit A File Appeared In](git/last-commit-a-file-appeared-in.md)
 - [List All Files Added During Span Of Time](git/list-all-files-added-during-span-of-time.md)
 - [List All Files Changed Between Two Branches](git/list-all-files-changed-between-two-branches.md)
+- [List All Git Aliases From gitconfig](git/list-all-git-aliases-from-gitconfig.md)
 - [List Branches That Contain A Commit](git/list-branches-that-contain-a-commit.md)
 - [List Commits On A Branch](git/list-commits-on-a-branch.md)
 - [List Different Commits Between Two Branches](git/list-different-commits-between-two-branches.md)
@@ -446,6 +448,7 @@ If you've learned something here, support my efforts writing daily TILs by
 
 ### GitHub
 
+- [Access Your GitHub Profile Photo](github/access-your-github-profile-photo.md)
 - [Open A PR To An Unforked Repo](github/open-a-pr-to-an-unforked-repo.md)
 - [Target Another Repo When Creating A PR](github/target-another-repo-when-creating-a-pr.md)
 - [Tell gh What The Default Repo Is](github/tell-gh-what-the-default-repo-is.md)
@@ -503,6 +506,7 @@ If you've learned something here, support my efforts writing daily TILs by
 - [Open Dashboard For Specific Add-On](heroku/open-dashboard-for-specific-add-on.md)
 - [Run SQL Against Remote Postgres Database](heroku/run-sql-against-remote-postgres-database.md)
 - [Set And Show Heroku Env Variables](heroku/set-and-show-heroku-env-variables.md)
+- [Specify Default Team And App For Project](heroku/specify-default-team-and-app-for-project.md)
 - [SSH Into Heroku Server Hosting App](heroku/ssh-into-heroku-server-hosting-app.md)
 
 ### HTML
@@ -661,6 +665,7 @@ If you've learned something here, support my efforts writing daily TILs by
 ### jj
 
 - [Colocate jj And git Directories For Project](jj/colocate-jj-and-git-directories-for-project.md)
+- [Describe Current Changes And Create New Change](jj/describe-current-changes-and-create-new-change.md)
 - [Find System-wide Config File For User](jj/find-system-wide-config-file-for-user.md)
 - [Squash Changes Into Parent Commit Interactively](jj/squash-changes-into-parent-commit-interactively.md)
 
@@ -762,6 +767,7 @@ If you've learned something here, support my efforts writing daily TILs by
 - [Doing Date Math](mysql/doing-date-math.md)
 - [Dump A Database To A File](mysql/dump-a-database-to-a-file.md)
 - [Echo A Message From A SQL File](mysql/echo-a-message-from-a-sql-file.md)
+- [Get Idea Of What Is In A JSON Column](mysql/get-idea-of-what-is-in-a-json-column.md)
 - [Ignore Duplicates When Inserting Records](mysql/ignore-duplicates-when-inserting-records.md)
 - [List Databases And Tables](mysql/list-databases-and-tables.md)
 - [Run Statements In A Transaction](mysql/run-statements-in-a-transaction.md)
@@ -1161,6 +1167,8 @@ If you've learned something here, support my efforts writing daily TILs by
 - [Rounding Numbers With Precision](rails/rounding-numbers-with-precision.md)
 - [Run A Rake Task Programmatically](rails/run-a-rake-task-programmatically.md)
 - [Run Commands With Specific Rails Version](rails/run-commands-with-specific-rails-version.md)
+- [Run Dev Processes With Overmind Instead Of Foreman](rails/run-dev-processes-with-overmind-instead-of-foreman.md)
+- [Run Rails Console With Remote Dokku App](rails/run-rails-console-with-remote-dokku-app.md)
 - [Run Some Code Whenever Rails Console Starts](rails/run-some-code-whenever-rails-console-starts.md)
 - [Scaffold Auth Functionality With Rails 8 Generator](rails/scaffold-auth-functionality-with-rails-8-generator.md)
 - [Schedule Sidekiq Jobs Out Into The Future](rails/schedule-sidekiq-jobs-out-into-the-future.md)
@@ -1193,6 +1201,7 @@ If you've learned something here, support my efforts writing daily TILs by
 - [Update Column Versus Update Attribute](rails/update-column-versus-update-attribute.md)
 - [Upgrading Your Manifest For Sprocket's 4](rails/upgrading-your-manifest-for-sprockets-4.md)
 - [Use IRB And Ruby Flags With Rails Console](rails/use-irb-and-ruby-flags-with-rails-console.md)
+- [Use .ruby Extension For Template File](rails/use-ruby-extension-for-template-file.md)
 - [Useful ActiveSupport Constants For Durations](rails/useful-active-support-constants-for-durations.md)
 - [Validate Column Data With Check Constraints](rails/validate-column-data-with-check-constraints.md)
 - [Verify And Read A Signed Cookie Value](rails/verify-and-read-a-signed-cookie-value.md)
@@ -1354,6 +1363,8 @@ If you've learned something here, support my efforts writing daily TILs by
 - [Create a CSV::Table Object](ruby/create-a-csv-table-object.md)
 - [Create A Hash From An Array Of Arrays](ruby/create-a-hash-from-an-array-of-arrays.md)
 - [Create Listing Of All Middleman Pages](ruby/create-listing-of-all-middleman-pages.md)
+- [Create Mock Class That Can Be Overridden](ruby/create-mock-class-that-can-be-overridden.md)
+- [Create A Module Of Utility Functions](ruby/create-a-module-of-utility-functions.md)
 - [Create Named Structs With Struct.new](ruby/create-named-structs-with-struct-new.md)
 - [Create Thumbnail Image For A PDF](ruby/create-thumbnail-image-for-a-pdf.md)
 - [Decompose Unicode Character With Diacritic Mark](ruby/decompose-unicode-character-with-diacritic-mark.md)
@@ -1397,15 +1408,18 @@ If you've learned something here, support my efforts writing daily TILs by
 - [Iterate With An Offset Index](ruby/iterate-with-an-offset-index.md)
 - [Include Extra Context In A Honeybadger Notify](ruby/include-extra-context-in-a-honeybadger-notify.md)
 - [Ins And Outs Of Pry](ruby/ins-and-outs-of-pry.md)
+- [Install And Require Gems Inline Without Gemfile](ruby/install-and-require-gems-inline-without-gemfile.md)
 - [Install Latest Version Of Ruby With asdf](ruby/install-latest-version-of-ruby-with-asdf.md)
 - [Invoking Rake Tasks Multiple Times](ruby/invoking-rake-tasks-multiple-times.md)
 - [IRB Has Built-In Benchmarking With Ruby 3](ruby/irb-has-built-in-benchmarking-with-ruby-3.md)
+- [Join URI Path Parts](ruby/join-uri-path-parts.md)
 - [Jump Out Of A Nested Context With Throw/Catch](ruby/jump-out-of-a-nested-context-with-throw-catch.md)
 - [Last Raised Exception In The Call Stack](ruby/last-raised-exception-in-the-call-stack.md)
 - [Limit Split](ruby/limit-split.md)
 - [List The Running Ruby Version](ruby/list-the-running-ruby-version.md)
 - [Listing Local Variables](ruby/listing-local-variables.md)
 - [Make An Executable Ruby Script](ruby/make-an-executable-ruby-script.md)
+- [Make Structs Easier To Use With Keyword Initialization](ruby/make-structs-easier-to-use-with-keyword-initialization.md)
 - [Map With Index Over An Array](ruby/map-with-index-over-an-array.md)
 - [Mock Method Chain Calls With RSpec](ruby/mock-method-chain-calls-with-rspec.md)
 - [Mocking Requests With Partial URIs Using Regex](ruby/mocking-requests-with-partial-uris-using-regex.md)
@@ -1433,6 +1447,7 @@ If you've learned something here, support my efforts writing daily TILs by
 - [Read The First Line From A File](ruby/read-the-first-line-from-a-file.md)
 - [Refer To Implicit Block Argument With It](ruby/refer-to-implicit-block-argument-with-it.md)
 - [Reference Hash Key With Safe Navigation](ruby/reference-hash-key-with-safe-navigation.md)
+- [Regenerate Lock File With Newer Bundler](ruby/regenerate-lock-file-with-newer-bundler.md)
 - [Rendering ERB](ruby/rendering-erb.md)
 - [Replace The Current Process With An External Command](ruby/replace-the-current-process-with-an-external-command.md)
 - [Require Entire Gemfile In Pry Session](ruby/require-entire-gemfile-in-pry-session.md)
@@ -1492,6 +1507,7 @@ If you've learned something here, support my efforts writing daily TILs by
 - [OSX sed Does Regex A Bit Different](sed/osx-sed-does-regex-a-bit-different.md)
 - [Output Only Lines Involved In A Substitution](sed/output-only-lines-involved-in-a-substitution.md)
 - [Reference A Capture In The Regex](sed/reference-a-capture-in-the-regex.md)
+- [Reference The Full Match In The Replacement](sed/reference-the-full-match-in-the-replacement.md)
 - [Use An Alternative Delimiter In A Substitution](sed/use-an-alternative-delimiter-in-a-substitution.md)
 
 ### Shell
@@ -1518,6 +1534,7 @@ If you've learned something here, support my efforts writing daily TILs by
 
 ### Taskfile
 
+- [Create Interactive Picker For Set Of Subtasks](taskfile/create-interactive-picker-for-set-of-subtasks.md)
 - [Run A Task If It Meets Criteria](taskfile/run-a-task-if-it-meets-criteria.md)
 
 ### tmux
@@ -1553,6 +1570,7 @@ If you've learned something here, support my efforts writing daily TILs by
 - [Reset An Option Back To Its Default Value](tmux/reset-an-option-back-to-its-default-value.md)
 - [Set Environment Variables When Creating Session](tmux/set-environment-variables-when-creating-session.md)
 - [Set Session Specific Environment Variables](tmux/set-session-specific-environment-variables.md)
+- [Set Up Forwarding Prefix For Nested Session](tmux/set-up-forwarding-prefix-for-nested-session.md)
 - [Show The Current Value For An Option](tmux/show-the-current-value-for-an-option.md)
 - [Swap Split Panes](tmux/swap-split-panes.md)
 - [Switch To A Specific Session And Window](tmux/switch-to-a-specific-session-and-window.md)
@@ -1615,6 +1633,7 @@ If you've learned something here, support my efforts writing daily TILs by
 - [Curl With Cookies](unix/curl-with-cookies.md)
 - [Curling For Headers](unix/curling-for-headers.md)
 - [Curling With Basic Auth Credentials](unix/curling-with-basic-auth-credentials.md)
+- [Determine ipv4 And ipv6 Public IP Addresses](unix/determine-ipv4-and-ipv6-public-ip-addresses.md)
 - [Different Ways To Generate A v4 UUID](unix/different-ways-to-generate-a-v4-uuid.md)
 - [Display All The Terminal Colors](unix/display-all-the-terminal-colors.md)
 - [Display Free Disk Space](unix/display-free-disk-space.md)
@@ -1708,6 +1727,7 @@ If you've learned something here, support my efforts writing daily TILs by
 - [Produce A Lowercase V4 UUID](unix/produce-a-lowercase-v4-uuid.md)
 - [Provide A Fallback Value For Unset Parameter](unix/provide-a-fallback-value-for-unset-parameter.md)
 - [Remove A Directory Called `-p`](unix/remove-a-directory-called-dash-p.md)
+- [Rename A Bunch Of Files By Constructing mv Commands](unix/rename-a-bunch-of-files-by-constructing-mv-commands.md)
 - [Repeat Yourself](unix/repeat-yourself.md)
 - [Replace Pattern Across Many Files In A Project](unix/replace-pattern-across-many-files-in-a-project.md)
 - [Run A Command Repeatedly Several Times](unix/run-a-command-repeatedly-several-times.md)

Taskfile.yml

@@ -49,6 +49,7 @@ tasks:
     cmds:
       - git add NOTES.md
       - git commit -m "Update notes - $(date '+%Y-%m-%d %H:%M')"
+      - git pull --rebase
       - git push
     status:
       - git diff --exit-code NOTES.md

claude-code/monitor-usage-limits-from-cli.md

@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+# Monitor Usage Limits From CLI
+
+When I first started using Claude Code enough to push the usage limits, I would
+periodically switch over to the browser to check
+`https://claude.ai/settings/usage` to see how close I was getting. That page
+would tell me what percentage of my allotted usage I had consumed so far for the
+current 5-hour session and then how long until that 5-hour usage window resets.
+
+This can also be viewed directly in Claude Code for the CLI.
+
+First, run the `/status` slash command and then _tab_ over to the _Usage_
+section. There you will see the same details as in the web view.
+
+I'm also learned, as I write this, that you can go directly to the _Usage_
+section by typing the `/usage` slash command.
+
+See [the docs](https://code.claude.com/docs/en/slash-commands) for a listing of
+all slash commands.

git/list-all-git-aliases-from-gitconfig.md

@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+# List All Git Aliases From gitconfig
+
+Running the `git config --list` command will show all of the configuration
+settings you have for `git` relative to your current location. Though most of
+these setting probably live in `~/.gitconfig`, you may also have some locally
+specified ones in `.git/config`. This will grab them all including any `alias`
+entries.
+
+We can narrow things down to just `alias` entries using the `--get-regexp` flag.
+
+```bash
+$ git config --get-regexp '^alias\.'
+
+alias.ap add --patch
+alias.authors shortlog -s -n -e
+alias.co checkout
+alias.st status
+alias.put push origin HEAD
+alias.fixup commit --fixup
+alias.squash commit --squash
+alias.doff reset HEAD^
+alias.add-untracked !git status --porcelain | awk '/\?\?/{ print $2 }' | xargs git add
+alias.reset-authors commit --amend --reset-author -CHEAD
+```
+
+I use `git doff` all the time on feature branches to "pop" the latest commmit
+onto the working copy. I was trying to remember exactly what the `git doff`
+command is and this was an easy way to check.

github/access-your-github-profile-photo.md

@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+# Access Your GitHub Profile Photo
+
+Let's say I have my [GitHub profile](https://github.com/jbranchaud) pulled up in
+the browser.
+
+```
+https://github.com/jbranchaud
+```
+
+If I then add `.png` to the end of that in the URL bar:
+
+```
+https://github.com/jbranchaud.png
+```
+
+I'll be redirected to the URL where the full image file lives. In my case:
+
+```
+https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/694063?v=4
+```
+
+You can pull up yours `https://github.com/<username>.png` to access your profile
+image.
+
+[source](https://dev.to/10xlearner/how-to-get-the-profile-picture-of-a-github-account-1d82)

heroku/specify-default-team-and-app-for-project.md

@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+# Specify Default Team And App For Project
+
+Typically when you run commands with the Heroku CLI you'll need to specify the
+name of the app on Heroku you're targeting with the `--app` flag. However, to
+first see the names of the apps you may want to run `heroku apps` (or `heroku
+list`). That will list the apps for your default team.
+
+If you need to see apps for a different team (i.e. organization), you'll need to
+specify that team either with the `--team` flag or by setting that as an
+environment variable.
+
+Here I do the latter in an `.envrc` file:
+
+```
+# Heroku
+export HEROKU_ORGANIZATION=visualmode
+```
+
+Once that is set and the environment reloaded, running `heroku apps` will show
+the apps specific to that team on Heroku.
+
+Similarly, if you want to set a default app for your project so that you don't
+have to always specify the `--app` flag, you can update your `.envrc`
+accordingly.
+
+```
+# Heroku
+export HEROKU_ORGANIZATION=visualmode
+export HEROKU_APP=my-app
+```
+
+I had a hard time finding official documentation for this which is why I'm
+writing this up here. I've manually verified this works with my own team and
+app.

jj/describe-current-changes-and-create-new-change.md

@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+# Describe Current Changes And Create New Change
+
+One of the first patterns I learned with `jj` was a pair of commands to
+essentially "commit" the working copy and start a fresh, new change. So if I am
+done making some changes, I can add a description to the `(no description)`
+working copy and then start a new working copy _change_.
+
+```bash
+$ jj describe -m "Add status subcommand to show current status"
+$ jj new
+```
+
+I learned from [Steve](https://steveklabnik.com/) in the [jj
+discord](https://discord.gg/dkmfj3aGQN) that a shorthand for this pattern is to
+use the `jj commit` command directly.
+
+> When called without path arguments or `--interactive`, `jj commit` is
+> equivalent to `jj describe` followed by `jj new`.
+
+That means, instead of the above pair of commands, I could have done:
+
+```bash
+$ jj commit -m "Add status subcommand to show current status"
+```
+
+That would have had the same result in my case. However, notice the caveats
+mentioned in the quote above and check out `man jj-commit` for more details on
+that.

mysql/get-idea-of-what-is-in-a-json-column.md

@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+# Get Idea Of What Is In A JSON Column
+
+While digging through some data trying to reacquaint myself with the overall
+schema and data model, I ran into an issue selecting rows from this
+`content_resource` table. There was so much text packed in to the `"body"`,
+`"summary"`, and `"description"` key-value pairs of `fields` JSON column that a
+simple `select * ... limit 3;` was overwhelming the screen with text and table
+formatting characters (i.e. `+------+-------`).
+
+I figured the `fields` JSON followed a reliable structure, at least for records
+of the same `type`. So, let's start by only grabbing the
+[`json_keys`](https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/8.4/en/json-search-functions.html#function_json-keys)
+so that I can get a sense of the shape of the JSON.
+
+```sql
+select id, json_keys(fields)
+from content_resource
+where type = 'post'
+limit 3;
+
++-----+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+| id  | json_keys(`fields`)                                                                                       |
++-----+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+|  1  | ["body", "slug", "state", "title", "summary", "postType", "visibility", "description", "originalLessonId"] |
+|  2  | ["body", "slug", "state", "title", "summary", "postType", "visibility", "description", "originalLessonId"] |
+|  3  | ["body", "slug", "state", "title", "summary", "postType", "visibility", "description", "originalLessonId"] |
++-----+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+```
+
+For the `post` type, I see the same keys for this sampling of rows. Now I have
+an idea what keys are present and can start digging in further.
+
+My next query might look something like this:
+
+```sql
+select id, fields->'$.slug', fields->'$.title', fields->'$.state'
+from content_resource
+where type = 'post'
+limit 3;
+```

rails/run-dev-processes-with-overmind-instead-of-foreman.md

@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+# Run Dev Processes With Overmind Instead Of Foreman
+
+Most Rails projects that I have worked on have used
+[`foreman`](https://github.com/ddollar/foreman) as a development dependency for
+running all the processes declared in your Procfile (`Procfile.dev`). As far as
+having a single command to run everything (Rails server, asset building,
+worker(s), etc.), it does the job.
+
+`foreman` has some serious points of friction though. The one that really stands
+out to me is that when I try to debug the development Rails server with
+`binding.irb` or `binding.pry`, the other processes tend to interfere.
+
+The alternative to `foreman` that I've been trying out recently is
+[`overmind`](https://github.com/DarthSim/overmind). A specific selling point of
+`overmind` is that it runs all the development processes in a `tmux` session.
+That means you can individually connect to, inspect, and restart each process.
+
+Once you've installed `overmind` (`brew install overmind`), then you can easily
+swap it in for `foreman` like so:
+
+```bash
+$ overmind start -f Procfile.dev
+```
+
+You can connect to any of those processes directly:
+
+```bash
+$ overmind connect sidekiq
+```
+
+When you want to `binding.irb` the Rails server, you can specifically connect to
+the `web` process to do that.
+
+```bash
+$ overmind connect web
+```
+
+If you need to stop all the process, you can run the `kill` subcommand.
+
+```bash
+$ overmind kill
+```
+
+Lastly, if you have a `bin/dev` script in your project, it is probably using
+`foreman`. If you and your team prefer `overmind`, then update that script
+accordingly and you can simply run `bin/dev` going forward.

rails/run-rails-console-with-remote-dokku-app.md

@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+# Run Rails Console With Remote Dokku App
+
+Whenever I want to `rails console` into the _staging_ server of an app I'm
+working on, I first have to `ssh` into server and then I have to come up with
+the [`dokku`](https://dokku.com/) command to run `rails console` against the app
+on that server.
+
+```bash
+local> ssh app-staging # app-staging is an SSH alias
+staging> dokku run my-app rails console
+```
+
+I figured out how to reduce the friction of this by collapsing it into a single
+command that I can run locally. I can remotely run the `dokku` command with
+`ssh` using an interactive session (`-t`).
+
+```bash
+local> ssh -t app-staging dokku run my-app rails console
+```
+
+That will open up a `rails console` session directly in the current shell
+session via a remote SSH connection. The `-t` flag is important because that
+makes the session interactive so that I can interact with the REPL.
+
+I've even packaged this up into a bin script (`bin/staging-console`) with a
+couple checks to enhance the DX. I won't put the whole thing here, but the gist
+of it is:
+
+```bash
+#!/usr/bin/env bash
+
+set -e
+
+if [ -z "$DOKKU_STAGING_SSH_ALIAS" ]; then
+  echo "Error: DOKKU_STAGING_SSH_ALIAS environment variable is not set."
+  echo ""
+  # echo more help details here ...
+  exit 1
+fi
+
+# Check if SSH alias exists
+# ...
+
+# Check if we can reach the server
+# ...
+
+# Run the console
+ssh -t "$DOKKU_STAGING_SSH_ALIAS" dokku run my-app rails console "$@"
+```

rails/use-ruby-extension-for-template-file.md

@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+# Use .ruby Extension For Template File
+
+An interesting feature of Rails that I can't seem to find documented anywhere is
+that you can write a template file with plain Ruby by using the `.ruby`
+extension. For instance, you might want to render some JSON from a template.
+Instead of using `jbuilder` or `erb`, you can have a `show.json.ruby` file. This
+is also popular with Turbo Stream files -- e.g. `update.turbo_stream.ruby`.
+
+How this works is that the entire file is evaluated as if it were a `.rb` file.
+Then the return value of the final statement is what is returned and rendered by
+Rails.
+
+```ruby
+author_byline = @book.authors.map(&:name).to_sentence
+
+data = {
+  id: @book.id,
+  title: @book.title,
+  author: author_byline,
+  status: @book.published_at > Time.current ? 'Coming Soon' : 'Published',
+  publication_year: @book.published_at.year
+}
+
+data.to_json
+```
+
+That final line converts the hash of data that we've built up into a JSON string
+that can then be rendered by the controller action that corresponds to this view
+template.
+
+Similarly, you can have a Turbo Stream template `show.turbo_stream.ruby` that
+looks something like this:
+
+```ruby
+[
+  turbo_stream.prepend("posts", @post),
+  turbo_stream.update("form", partial: "form", locals: { post: Post.new })
+].join
+```
+
+This template file is made up of a single statement which is an array of turbo
+stream results that get joined together.

ruby/create-a-module-of-utility-functions.md

@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+# Create A Module Of Utility Functions
+
+In my [latest blog post](https://www.visualmode.dev/create-a-module-of-utility-functions-in-ruby),
+I went into full detail about how the [`Module#module_function` method](https://ruby-doc.org/3.4.1/Module.html#method-i-module_function) works.
+It creates both a module of utility functions that we can access directly on
+that module like we would with `self` methods. It can also be included in a
+class as a way of sharing copies of those utility functions with the class. A
+key point to them being copies is that they can then be overridden by the
+including class.
+
+Here is the example I used in the blog post:
+
+```ruby
+module MarkdownHelpers
+  module_function
+
+  def heading(text, level = 1)
+    ("#" * level) + " #{text}"
+  end
+
+  def link(text, href)
+    "[#{text}](#{href})"
+  end
+
+  def image(alt_text, href)
+    "!#{link(alt_text, href)}"
+  end
+end
+```
+
+I won't cover everything that the blog post covers, but what I found really nice
+about this pattern is that I can call those utility functions directly with the
+module as the receiver:
+
+```bash
+$ ruby -r ./markdown_helpers.rb -e 'puts MarkdownHelpers.link("Click here", "https://example.com")'
+[Click here](https://example.com)
+```
+
+The alternative to this generally looks like:
+
+```ruby
+module MarkdownHelpers
+  def self.heading(text, level = 1)
+    ("#" * level) + " #{text}"
+  end
+
+  def self.link(text, href)
+    "[#{text}](#{href})"
+  end
+
+  def self.image(alt_text, href)
+    "!#{link(alt_text, href)}"
+  end
+end
+```
+
+That would be fine, but we completely lose out on the ability to include it as a
+mix-in with other classes.

ruby/create-mock-class-that-can-be-overridden.md

@@ -0,0 +1,85 @@
+# Create Mock Class That Can Be Overridden
+
+Let's say I've defined a `MockTwilioClient` class for my system tests so that
+they don't have to actually make calls out to the Twilio API.
+
+```ruby
+class MockTwilioClient
+  def send_sms_message
+    "MSG_SID_123"
+  end
+end
+```
+
+Now, any test that is exercising behavior that uses those parts of the
+`TwilioClient` can mock those calls in a predictable way.
+
+The above class always is successful when `send_sms_message` is called. What if
+we want to simulate an error response? We need a way to override the client for
+specific testing scenarios.
+
+Let's create a helper that can create `MockTwilioClient` instances, either as is
+or with overrides.
+
+```ruby
+def create_mock_twilio_client(&block)
+  if block_given?
+    Class.new(MockTwilioClient, &block).new
+  else
+    MockTwilioClient.new
+  end
+end
+```
+
+If we pass it a block with specific method overrides, it will create a one-off
+anonymous subclass of `MockTwilioClient` with that block which effectively
+overrides the parent class's methods.
+
+We can put this to use like so:
+
+```ruby
+require 'test_helper'
+
+class SomeSystemTest < SystemTestCase
+  class MockTwilioClient
+    def send_sms_message
+      "MSG_SID_123"
+    end
+  end
+
+  def create_mock_twilio_client(&block)
+    if block_given?
+      Class.new(MockTwilioClient, &block).new
+    else
+      MockTwilioClient.new
+    end
+  end
+
+  test "send message to customer" do
+    mock_client = create_mock_twilio_client
+
+    TwilioClient.stub(:new, mock_client) do
+      # some action that uses `send_sms_message`
+      
+      # some assertions ...
+    end
+  end
+
+  test "fail to send message to customer" do
+    mock_client = create_mock_twilio_client do
+      def send_sms_message
+        raise "Failed to send message"
+      end
+    end
+
+    TwilioClient.stub(:new, mock_client) do
+      # some action that uses `send_sms_message`
+      
+      # some assertions ...
+    end
+  end
+end
+```
+
+In the second test case, I override the _success path_ with a version of
+`send_sms_message` that raises an error.

ruby/install-and-require-gems-inline-without-gemfile.md

@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+# Install And Require Gems Inline Without Gemfile
+
+[Bundler](https://bundler.io/) has an _inline_ feature where you can declare
+gems that should be installed and required for the current file without the use
+of a `Gemfile`. This is useful for creating a single-file Ruby script that can
+define its own dependencies.
+
+Require `"bundler/inline"` and then add a `gemfile` block toward the top of the
+script to specify the source and any gems.
+
+```ruby
+require "bundler/inline"
+
+gemfile do
+  source "https://rubygems.org"
+  gem "httparty"
+end
+```
+
+When the script gets run (e.g. `ruby script.rb`), it will install the gems (if
+they haven't already been installed) and then run the script. You can specify
+version constraints just like you'd do in a `Gemfile`.
+
+Here is a single-file script using this approach that I wrote to interact with
+the Kit API.
+
+```ruby
+#!/usr/bin/env ruby
+require "bundler/inline"
+
+gemfile do
+  source "https://rubygems.org"
+  gem "httparty"
+end
+
+require "json"
+require_relative "kit_client"
+
+API_SECRET = ENV["KIT_API_SECRET"]
+
+def fetch_all_tags(api_secret)
+  client = KitClient.new("https://api.kit.com/v4", api_secret)
+
+  tags = []
+  after_cursor = nil
+
+  loop do
+    params = {per_page: 1000}
+    params[:after] = after_cursor if after_cursor
+
+    response = client.get("/tags", params)
+
+    data = JSON.parse(response.body)
+    tags.concat(data["tags"])
+
+    break unless data["pagination"]["has_next_page"]
+    after_cursor = data["pagination"]["end_cursor"]
+  end
+
+  tags
+end
+
+tags = fetch_all_tags(API_SECRET)
+
+tags.each do |tag|
+  puts tag
+end
+```
+
+Because I've specified the shebang at the top of the file (and assuming I've
+`chmod +x fetch_tags.rb`), I can run this directly as a script with
+`./fetch_tags.rb`.
+
+[source](https://bundler.io/guides/bundler_in_a_single_file_ruby_script.html)

ruby/join-uri-path-parts.md

@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+# Join URI Path Parts
+
+The
+[`URI.join`](https://ruby-doc.org/stdlib-2.5.1/libdoc/uri/rdoc/URI.html#method-c-join)
+method seems like a handy way to combine a base URL with some subpath. However,
+there are some subtle gotchas depending on where forward slashes appear in the
+two arguments.
+
+Let's first look at the, in my opinion, desired behavior:
+
+```ruby
+> URI.join("https://example.com/api/v1/", "users")
+=> #<URI::HTTPS https://example.com/api/v1/users>
+```
+
+The base URL has a trailing slash and the path that I want to join to it has no
+leading slash. The result is a path where `users` is joined to the end of the
+base URL. That's what I'm looking for.
+
+Now, let's see some variations on the above approach that give results that I
+wasn't expecting and don't want.
+
+```ruby
+> URI.join("https://example.com/api/v1", "/users") # 1
+=> #<URI::HTTPS https://example.com/users>
+> URI.join("https://example.com/api/v1", "users") # 2
+=> #<URI::HTTPS https://example.com/api/users>
+> URI.join("https://example.com/api/v1/", "/users") # 3
+=> #<URI::HTTPS https://example.com/users>
+```
+
+1. No trailing slash on the base URL. Leading slash on the path to join. The
+   path portion of the base URL is wiped out and `/users` is joined in.
+2. No trailing slash on the base URL. No leading slash on the path to join. The
+   `users` path replaces the last part of the path in the base URL.
+3. Both a trailing slash in the base URL and a leading slash in the path to
+   join. Same behavior as 1.
+
+I have two takeaways from this:
+- Use with caution. If I'm going to use `URI.join` for this purpose, I need to
+  be careful to only use the form in the first code block.
+- The `URI.join` method is probably meant to be primarily used to join a domain
+  (e.g. `http://example.com`) that has no path with some path segment.

ruby/make-structs-easier-to-use-with-keyword-initialization.md

@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+# Make Structs Easier To Use With Keyword Initialization
+
+Typically a [`Struct`](https://ruby-doc.org/3.4.1/Struct.html#method-c-new) in
+Ruby is defined and initialized like so:
+
+```ruby
+> Subscriber = Struct.new(:email, :first_name, :status, :tags)
+=> Subscriber
+> s1 = Subscriber.new('bob.burgers@example.com', 'Bob', :active, [:food, :family])
+=> #<struct Subscriber email="bob.burgers@example.com", first_name="Bob", status=:active, tags=[:food, :family]>
+> s1.email
+=> "bob.burgers@example.com"
+```
+
+That's a nice way to structure light-weight objects.
+
+A potential challenge with multi-argument `Struct` definitions like this,
+especially when they aren't colocated with initialization, is that it can be
+hard to remember or distinguish the argument order when initializing an instance
+of one.
+
+Ruby 2.5 added the `keyword_init` option to help with this exact issue. When
+that option is set to `true` for a `Struct` definition, then we get to
+initialize it with keyword arguments rather than positional arguments.
+
+```ruby
+> Subscriber = Struct.new(:email, :first_name, :status, :tags, keyword_init: true)
+=> Subscriber(keyword_init: true)
+* s1 = Subscriber.new(
+*   first_name: 'Bob',
+*   email: 'bob.burgers@example.com',
+*   tags: [:food, :family],
+*   status: :active
+> )
+=> #<struct Subscriber email="bob.burgers@example.com", first_name="Bob", status=:active, tags=[:food, :family]>
+> s1.email
+=> "bob.burgers@example.com"
+```
+
+Notice I have to use keyword arguments now and that because of that I can
+organize them in whatever order makes sense. Coming back to view this line of
+code later, it is easy to see attribute each value corresponds to.
+
+[source](https://www.bigbinary.com/blog/ruby-2-5-allows-creating-structs-with-keyword-arguments)

ruby/regenerate-lock-file-with-newer-bundler.md

@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+# Regenerate Lock File With Newer Bundler
+
+While upgrading to the latest Ruby version (4.0.0), I also wanted to upgrade the
+version of `bundler` that my project uses. This shows up at the bottom of the
+`Gemfile.lock` file as the `BUNDLED WITH` line. Despite installing the latest
+version of `bundler`, I get the following message when I try to install
+dependencies.
+
+```bash
+$ bundle install
+
+Bundler 4.0.3 is running, but your lockfile was generated with 2.6.2.
+Installing Bundler 2.6.2 and restarting using that version.
+...
+```
+
+Instead, what we need to tell `bundle` to update the locked version of `bundler`
+in the `Gemfile.lock`.
+
+```bash
+$ bundle update --bundler
+
+Fetching gem metadata from https://rubygems.org/.........
+Resolving dependencies...
+Bundle updated!
+```
+
+The `--bundler` flag for `bundle-update` says the following:
+
+> Update the locked version of bundler to the invoked bundler version.
+
+So we could pass a specific `bundler` version to that flag, but in this case I
+want to use the version I'm invoking it with which is the latest that I just
+installed.

sed/reference-the-full-match-in-the-replacement.md

@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+# Reference The Full Match In The Replacement
+
+The `&` can be used in the replacement part of a `sed` expression as reference
+to the string match for this iteration of the expression. The occurrence of `&`
+will be replaced with that entire match.
+
+As the `sed` man page puts it:
+
+> An ampersand (“&”) appearing in the replacement is replaced by the string
+> matching the RE.
+
+I made use of this recently with [a `sed` expression that was evaluating a list
+of filenames that I wanted to construct into a sequence of `mv`
+commands](unix/rename-a-bunch-of-files-by-constructing-mv-commands.md). I needed
+the filename that I was matching on to appear as the first argument of the `mv`
+command I was constructing.
+
+Here is what that looks like:
+
+```bash
+$ ls *.pdf |
+  sed 's/\(..\)\(..\)\(..\) Statement\.pdf/mv "&" "20\3-\1-\2-statement.pdf"/'
+```
+
+Notice right after `mv` in literal quotes is the `&`. That will be replaced in
+the resulting replacement with the full matching string of the regular
+expression in the first part of the sed statement (`s/<RE>/`).

taskfile/create-interactive-picker-for-set-of-subtasks.md

@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+# Create Interactive Picker For Set Of Subtasks
+
+For [my TIL repo](https://github.com/jbranchaud/til), I have a `Taskfile.yml`
+that defines a set of `notes:*` tasks for interacting with a `NOTES.md` file
+that lives in a private Git submodule.
+
+I wanted to make it easier on myself to not have to remember all the different
+`notes` subtasks, so I created a helper task to make it easy to see the options
+and run one.
+
+A summary of the Taskfile is shown below including the entirety of the `notes`
+task. That task will parse a listing of the available tasks (via `task --list`
+and some `sed` commands) and pass those to `fzf` to provide an interactive
+picker of the available subtasks.
+
+```yaml
+tasks:
+  notes:
+    desc: Interactive picker for notes tasks
+    cmds:
+      - |
+        TASK=$(task --list | grep "^\* notes:" | sed 's/^\* notes://' | sed 's/\s\+/ - /' | fzf --prompt="Select notes task: " --height=40% --reverse) || true
+        if [ -n "$TASK" ]; then
+          TASK_NAME=$(echo "$TASK" | awk '{print $1}' | sed 's/:$//')
+          task notes:$TASK_NAME
+        fi
+    interactive: true
+    silent: true
+
+  notes:edit:
+    ...
+
+  notes:sync:
+    ...
+
+  notes:open:
+    ...
+
+  notes:push:
+    ...
+
+  notes:status:
+    ...
+
+  notes:pull:
+    ...
+
+  notes:diff:
+    ...
+
+  notes:log:
+    ...
+```
+
+Now I can run the `notes` task to get a summary and interactive picker that
+looks like the following:
+
+```sh
+❯ task notes
+Select notes task: 
+  9/9
+> │                    Interactive picker for notes tasks
+  diff:                Show uncommitted changes in notes
+  edit:                All-in-one edit, commit, and push notes
+  log:                 Show recent commit history for notes
+  open:                Opens NOTES.md (syncs latest changes first) in default editor
+  pull:                Pull latest changes (alias for sync)
+  push:                Commit and push changes to notes submodule
+  status:              Check status of notes submodule
+  sync:                Sync latest changes from the notes submodule
+```
+
+It pulls in the subtask name and description. I can then use `fzf`'s navigation
+and filtering to narrow down and select the task I want to run.

tmux/set-up-forwarding-prefix-for-nested-session.md

@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+# Set Up Forwarding Prefix For Nested Session
+
+I use
+[`ctrl-z`](https://github.com/jbranchaud/dotfiles/blob/main/config/tmux/tmux.conf#L57)
+(instead of `ctrl-b`) for my tmux prefix key. I also have [`ctrl-z
+ctrl-z`](https://github.com/jbranchaud/dotfiles/blob/main/config/tmux/tmux.conf#L138-L139)
+configured to toggle back and forth between the previously visited window.
+
+With that in mind, I needed to set up a specific keybinding to send the prefix
+key to an inner (nested) tmux session. That's because sometimes, like with a
+tool such as `overmind`, you can end up connected to a tmux session while
+already within a tmux session.
+
+So, I have `Ctrl-z a` send the prefix key to the inner tmux session. This is
+what I added to my
+[`tmux.conf`](https://github.com/jbranchaud/dotfiles/blob/main/config/tmux/tmux.conf#L167-L168):
+
+```
+# send prefix to inner tmux session (C-z a)
+bind-key a send-prefix
+```
+
+Simply doing `Ctrl-z d` will detach me from the outer tmux session. If I want to
+detach from an inner tmux session, I can use my new keybinding -- `Ctrl-z a d`.

unix/determine-ipv4-and-ipv6-public-ip-addresses.md

@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+# Determine ipv4 And ipv6 Public IP Addresses
+
+There are a number of ways to do this. The one that I've settled on is sending a
+`curl` request to a public URL that was specifically set up to echo back the
+public IP of the device making the request. There are many such URLs, but the
+one that I tend to use is `ifconfig.io`.
+
+When I run this as is, I get something like the following which you may
+recognize as an _ipv6_ IP address.
+
+```bash
+$ curl ifconfig.io
+2001:db8:3333:4444:5555:6666:7777:8888
+```
+
+This is because if ipv6 is available, like it is for me, `curl` is going to
+prefer that.
+
+Now, if I'm trying to track down specifically my ipv4 address, I can use the
+`-4` flag (or `--ipv4`).
+
+```bash
+$ curl -4 ifconfig.io
+73.23.45.157
+```
+
+Similarly, I could explicitly specify ipv6 with `-6` or `--ipv6`.
+
+See `man curl` for more details.

unix/rename-a-bunch-of-files-by-constructing-mv-commands.md

@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+# Rename A Bunch Of Files By Constructing mv Commands
+
+I downloaded a bunch of bank statements as PDFs. On the upside they all were
+consistently named. On the downside they used an unhelpful date format. With a
+date format that puts year before month before day, the files easily sort
+alphanumerically. However, these filenames used a date format that put month
+before day before year.
+
+Here is a subset of the files
+
+```bash
+$ ls *.pdf
+'012524 Statement.pdf'
+'012725 Statement.pdf'
+'022624 Statement.pdf'
+'022625 Statement.pdf'
+'032524 Statement.pdf'
+'032525 Statement.pdf'
+```
+
+Notice they are named with `MMDDYY Statement.pdf`. I would instead like for them
+to be named as `YYYY-MM-DD-statement.pdf`.
+
+I can generate a series of `mv` statements that then get piped to `sh` which
+_evaluates_ them. But first, let's do a dry run of a `sed` statement that
+rearranges the date parts.
+
+```bash
+$ ls *.pdf | sed 's/\(..\)\(..\)\(..\) Statement\.pdf/mv "&" "20\3-\1-\2-statement.pdf"/'
+mv "012524 Statement.pdf" "2024-01-25-statement.pdf"
+mv "012725 Statement.pdf" "2025-01-27-statement.pdf"
+mv "022624 Statement.pdf" "2024-02-26-statement.pdf"
+mv "022625 Statement.pdf" "2025-02-26-statement.pdf"
+mv "032524 Statement.pdf" "2024-03-25-statement.pdf"
+mv "032525 Statement.pdf" "2025-03-25-statement.pdf"
+```
+
+The way this works is that all the `pdf` files in the current directly get
+listed out. That gets piped to a `sed` statement that matches on capture groups
+against the first three pairs of characters (the date parts) in the filenames.
+It matches on the rest of the filename (` Statement.pdf`). This is then replaced
+by a `mv `, the full match of the original filename (`&`), and then the new
+filename made up of the rearranged date parts.
+
+I can then pipe it to `sh` to run those `mv` commands.
+
+```bash
+$ ls *.pdf |
+  sed 's/\(..\)\(..\)\(..\) Statement\.pdf/mv "&" "20\3-\1-\2-statement.pdf"/' |
+  sh
+```