Merge 5365e75267 into 84e2c9c6f4

README.md

@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ pairing with smart people at Hashrocket.
 
 For a steady stream of TILs, [sign up for my newsletter](https://crafty-builder-6996.ck.page/e169c61186).
 
-_1424 TILs and counting..._
+_1433 TILs and counting..._
 
 ---
 
@@ -321,6 +321,7 @@ _1424 TILs and counting..._
 - [Quicker Commit Fixes With The Fixup Flag](git/quicker-commit-fixes-with-the-fixup-flag.md)
 - [Rebase Commits With An Arbitrary Command](git/rebase-commits-with-an-arbitrary-command.md)
 - [Reference A Commit Via Commit Message Pattern Matching](git/reference-a-commit-via-commit-message-pattern-matching.md)
+- [Remove Untracked Files From A Directory](git/remove-untracked-files-from-a-directory.md)
 - [Rename A Remote](git/rename-a-remote.md)
 - [Renaming A Branch](git/renaming-a-branch.md)
 - [Resetting A Reset](git/resetting-a-reset.md)
@@ -461,6 +462,7 @@ _1424 TILs and counting..._
 - [Find Where Yarn Is Installing Binaries](javascript/find-where-yarn-is-installing-binaries.md)
 - [for...in Iterates Over Object Properties](javascript/for-in-iterates-over-object-properties.md)
 - [Format A Decimal To A Fixed Number Of Digits](javascript/format-a-decimal-to-a-fixed-number-of-digits.md)
+- [Format Time Zone Identifier](javascript/format-time-zone-identifier.md)
 - [Formatting Values With Units For Display](javascript/formatting-values-with-units-for-display.md)
 - [Freeze An Object, Sorta](javascript/freeze-an-object-sorta.md)
 - [Generate A V4 UUID In The Browser](javascript/generate-a-v4-uuid-in-the-browser.md)
@@ -609,6 +611,7 @@ _1424 TILs and counting..._
 - [List Databases And Tables](mysql/list-databases-and-tables.md)
 - [Run Statements In A Transaction](mysql/run-statements-in-a-transaction.md)
 - [Select Rows After An Offset](mysql/select-rows-after-an-offset.md)
+- [Set Value On Null JSON Column](mysql/set-value-on-null-json-column.md)
 - [Show Create Statement For A Table](mysql/show-create-statement-for-a-table.md)
 - [Show Tables That Match A Pattern](mysql/show-tables-that-match-a-pattern.md)
 - [Show Indexes For A Table](mysql/show-indexes-for-a-table.md)
@@ -731,6 +734,7 @@ _1424 TILs and counting..._
 - [Generate Series Of Numbers](postgres/generate-series-of-numbers.md)
 - [Generating UUIDs With pgcrypto](postgres/generating-uuids-with-pgcrypto.md)
 - [Get A Quick Approximate Count Of A Table](postgres/get-a-quick-approximate-count-of-a-table.md)
+- [Get Row Count For Most Recent Query](postgres/get-row-count-for-most-recent-query.md)
 - [Get The Size On Disk of An Index](postgres/get-the-size-on-disk-of-an-index.md)
 - [Get The Size Of A Database](postgres/get-the-size-of-a-database.md)
 - [Get The Size Of A Table](postgres/get-the-size-of-a-table.md)
@@ -821,10 +825,12 @@ _1424 TILs and counting..._
 
 - [Apply Separate Formatting With A Blank Line](prisma/apply-separate-formatting-with-a-blank-line.md)
 - [Batch Insert Records With createMany](prisma/batch-insert-records-with-create-many.md)
+- [Check If Database And Schema Are Not In Sync](prisma/check-if-database-and-schema-are-not-in-sync.md)
 - [Configure Client To Log SQL Queries](prisma/configure-client-to-log-sql-queries.md)
 - [Execute A Raw SQL Query](prisma/execute-a-raw-sql-query.md)
 - [Grab A Limited Set Of Records](prisma/grab-a-limited-set-of-records.md)
 - [Open Connections To Multiple Databases](prisma/open-connections-to-multiple-databases.md)
+- [Override Table Name For Prisma Model](prisma/override-table-name-for-prisma-model.md)
 - [Specify Alternate Location For Prisma Schema](prisma/specify-alternate-location-for-prisma-schema.md)
 
 ### Python
@@ -1372,10 +1378,13 @@ _1424 TILs and counting..._
 - [Find Files With fd](unix/find-files-with-fd.md)
 - [Find Newer Files](unix/find-newer-files.md)
 - [Find Occurrences Of Multiple Values With Ripgrep](unix/find-occurrences-of-multiple-values-with-ripgrep.md)
+- [Find Top-Level Directories Matching A Pattern](unix/find-top-level-directories-matching-a-pattern.md)
 - [Fix Unlinked Node Binaries With asdf](unix/fix-unlinked-node-binaries-with-asdf.md)
 - [Forward Multiple Ports Over SSH](unix/forward-multiple-ports-over-ssh.md)
 - [Generate A SAML Key And Certificate Pair](unix/generate-a-saml-key-and-certificate-pair.md)
+- [Generate Base64 Encoding Without Newlines](unix/generate-base64-encoding-without-newlines.md)
 - [Generate Random 20-Character Hex String](unix/generate-random-20-character-hex-string.md)
+- [Get A List Of Locales On Your System](unix/get-a-list-of-locales-on-your-system.md)
 - [Get Matching Filenames As Output From Grep](unix/get-matching-filenames-as-output-from-grep.md)
 - [Get The Unix Timestamp](unix/get-the-unix-timestamp.md)
 - [Global Substitution On The Previous Command](unix/global-substitution-on-the-previous-command.md)

git/remove-untracked-files-from-a-directory.md

@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+# Remove Untracked Files From A Directory
+
+Let's say I have a directory (`spec/cassettes`) full of a ton of generated YAML
+files. Most of these files are tracked by git. However, I just generated a
+bunch of new ones that are untracked. For whatever reason, I don't want these
+files. I need to delete them.
+
+Running `rm` on each of them is going to be too tedious. And it is tricky to
+target them for a bulk delete since there are a ton of other files in that
+directory that I want to keep.
+
+One way to approach this is have `git ls-files` help out with listing all files in the
+directory that are untracked. The `--others` flag filters to untracked files.
+
+```bash
+git ls-files --others --exclude-standard spec/cassettes
+```
+
+From there, I can pipe it to `rm` (with `xargs` collapsing all the files into a
+single line):
+
+```bash
+git ls-files --others --exclude-standard spec/cassettes | xargs rm
+```
+
+See `man git-ls-files` for more details.

git/viewing-a-file-on-another-branch.md

@@ -2,16 +2,16 @@
 
 Sometimes you want to view a file on another branch (without switching
 branches). That is, you want to view the version of that file as it exists
-on that branch. `git show` can help. If your branch is named `my_feature` and
+on that branch. `git show` can help. If the other branch is named `some_branch` and
 the file you want to see is `app/models/users.rb`, then your command should
 look like this:
 
 ```
-$ git show my_feature:app/models/users.rb
+$ git show some_branch:app/models/users.rb
 ```
 
 You can even tab-complete the filename as you type it out.
 
 See `man git-show` for more details.
 
-[source](http://stackoverflow.com/questions/7856416/view-a-file-in-a-different-git-branch-without-changing-branches)
+[source](https://stackoverflow.com/questions/7856416/view-a-file-in-a-different-git-branch-without-changing-branches)

javascript/format-time-zone-identifier.md

@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+# Format Time Zone Identifier
+
+Though there are surely libraries that can help with this task, we now have
+full support in the [`Intl.DateTimeFormat`
+API](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Intl/DateTimeFormat/DateTimeFormat)
+for formatting a date's time zone identifier in various ways.
+
+To do this, we have to create a formatter specifying the locale, the `timeZone`
+option, and any formatting options. For the formatting, I'll try the
+`timeZoneName` with both `short` and `longGeneric`.
+
+Then we `formatToParts` on any date object and extract the `timeZoneName`
+value:
+
+```javascript
+const options = { timeZone: 'America/Chicago', timeZoneName: "short" }
+const formatter = new Intl.DateTimeFormat("en-US", options)
+
+formatter.formatToParts(new Date()).find((part) => part.type === "timeZoneName").value
+//=> 'CDT'
+```
+
+Now, let's try this for `longGeneric`:
+
+```javascript
+const options = { timeZone: 'America/Chicago', timeZoneName: "longGeneric" }
+const formatter = new Intl.DateTimeFormat("en-US", options)
+
+formatter.formatToParts(new Date()).find((part) => part.type === "timeZoneName").value
+//=> 'Central Time'
+```
+
+There are several more options for the `timeZoneName` as well as a bunch more
+you can do with the `Intl.DateTimeFormat` API.

mysql/set-value-on-null-json-column.md

@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+# Set Value On Null JSON Column
+
+To set a key-value pair on a JSON field, you can reach for
+[MySQL's `json_set`](https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/8.0/en/json-modification-functions.html#function_json-set)
+or one of [the other JSON setter
+functions](https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/8.0/en/json-modification-functions.html).
+
+However, if the JSON field you are updating is `null`, you might get an
+unexpected result.
+
+```sql
+> update User
+    set metadata = json_set(metadata, '$.discord_id', 'discord_123')
+    where id = 123;
+
+Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
+Rows matched: 1  Changed: 0  Warnings: 0
+```
+
+We can see that the `where` clause matched on a single row as expected, but
+right above that it says _0 rows affected_.
+
+What happened?
+
+The `json_set` function is not able to set a key-value pair on `null`. It needs
+a JSON object to work on.
+
+There are a number of ways to get around this. I find that
+[`coalesce`](https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/8.0/en/comparison-operators.html#function_coalesce)
+is a natural way to handle this. If `metadata` happens to be `null`, then we
+_coalesce_ it to `'{}'` (an empty object).
+
+```sql
+> update User
+    set metadata = json_set(coalesce(metadata, '{}'), '$.discord_id', 'discord_123')
+    where id = 123;
+
+Query OK, 1 row affected (0.02 sec)
+Rows matched: 1  Changed: 1  Warnings: 0
+```
+
+It updates as expected. That same statement will work on a row where `metadata`
+already contains a JSON object since the `coalesce` will resolve to that
+instead of the empty object.

postgres/get-row-count-for-most-recent-query.md

@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+# Get Row Count For Most Recent Query
+
+Anytime you execute a query in `psql`, there is a _row count_ associated with
+that query. This is most naturally understood with a `select` query where a
+discreet number of rows are returned. We typically see the row count (e.g. `(19
+rows)`) right below the result set.
+
+You can always reference the row count of the most recent query with [the
+`:ROW_COUNT`
+variable](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/app-psql.html#APP-PSQL-VARIABLES-ROW-COUNT).
+Here we use `\echo` to print it out.
+
+```sql
+> select generate_series(2,20);
+ generate_series
+-----------------
+               2
+               3
+               4
+               5
+               6
+               7
+               8
+               9
+              10
+              11
+              12
+              13
+              14
+              15
+              16
+              17
+              18
+              19
+              20
+(19 rows)
+
+Time: 12.338 ms
+> \echo :ROW_COUNT
+19
+```
+
+For some queries, like one that induces a pager (e.g. `less`) to be used,
+you'll lose track of the row count once the pager closes. This is where being
+able to reference the row count without rerunning the query is most useful.
+
+```sql
+> select generate_series(2,2000);
+Time: 9.815 ms
+> \echo :ROW_COUNT
+1999
+```
+
+Notice, we can also get a row count from other kinds of queries like this
+`insert` statement.
+
+```sql
+> insert into users (id) values (50001), (50002), (50003);
+INSERT 0 3
+Time: 2.804 ms
+> \echo :ROW_COUNT
+3
+```
+
+[source](https://postgresql.verite.pro/blog/2024/05/13/advanced-psql-coproc.html)

prisma/check-if-database-and-schema-are-not-in-sync.md

@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+# Check If Database And Schema Are Not In Sync
+
+The [`prisma migrate
+diff`](https://www.prisma.io/docs/orm/reference/prisma-cli-reference#migrate-diff)
+command is a versatile tool that can be used to check if there is a difference
+between two sources. In this case, we want to check if our database is in sync
+with the `schema.prisma` file for our project.
+
+If we have made changes to the schema file, but haven't yet migrated or pushed
+those changes to our local database, then we want to be notified of that
+mismatch.
+
+We'll point at the schema file with `--to-schema-datamodel` and at our local
+database with `--from-url`.
+
+```bash
+❯ npx prisma migrate diff \
+    --to-schema-datamodel ./prisma/schema.prisma \
+    --from-url mysql://root@localhost:3309/kcd-products
+
+[*] Changed the `User` table
+  [+] Added column `metadata`
+```
+
+In the case where there is a different, we see an output summary of the diff.
+
+Let's say we've applied our changes (`prisma db push`) to our local database.
+If we now run that same command again, we can see that no difference is
+detected and our database is in sync with our schema.
+
+```bash
+❯ npx prisma migrate diff \
+    --to-schema-datamodel ./prisma/schema.prisma \
+    --from-url mysql://root@localhost:3309/kcd-products
+
+No difference detected.
+```

prisma/override-table-name-for-prisma-model.md

@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+# Override Table Name For Prisma Model
+
+When defining your Prisma schema, you'll add models to your
+`prisma/schema.prisma` file that look something like this:
+
+```
+model Book {
+  id               BigInt   @id @default(autoincrement()) @db.BigInt
+  title            String
+  author           String
+  publication_year Int
+  created_at       DateTime @default(now())
+  updated_at       DateTime @updatedAt
+}
+```
+
+The prisma client (ORM-layer) that gets generated will have a `Book` type and
+you'll be able to reference the model to, for instance, create a record with
+`prisma.book.create(...)`. Both of these things are derived from the model
+name: `Book`.
+
+The other thing that is derived from the model name is the name given to the
+underlying database table. So you end up with a table called `Book`. You may,
+however, prefer a table naming convention where this one would be named `books`
+(snake_case and pluralized).
+
+To achieve that, you have to manually override the table name with [the `@@map`
+directive](https://www.prisma.io/docs/orm/reference/prisma-schema-reference#map-1).
+Add it toward the bottom of the model like so:
+
+```
+model Book {
+  id               BigInt   @id @default(autoincrement()) @db.BigInt
+  title            String
+  author           String
+  publication_year Int
+  created_at       DateTime @default(now())
+  updated_at       DateTime @updatedAt
+
+  @@map("books")
+}
+```

unix/find-top-level-directories-matching-a-pattern.md

@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+# Find Top-Level Directories Matching A Pattern
+
+I like using [`fd`](https://github.com/sharkdp/fd) as an alternative to `find`.
+In my experience it is more intuitive to use. For instance, I wanted to find
+all the top-level directories in my current directory that contained the word
+`next`. I was able to get the command mostly right by guessing the flags, only
+checking the man page once.
+
+On my first attempt, it prompted me with a suggestion for a flag that wasn't
+quite right. I tried `--depth`, but it should have been `--maxdepth`.
+
+```bash
+$ fd --depth 0 next ./
+error: Found argument '--depth' which wasn't expected, or isn't valid in this context
+        Did you mean --maxdepth?
+```
+
+Then I checked the man page for how to specify the file type as _directory_ --
+using `-t` or `--type` with `d`.
+
+And here is the command that gets me all top-level directories matching `next`
+in my current directory:
+
+```bash
+$ fd --maxdepth 1 --type d next ./
+
+bookshelf-nextjs-prisma-postgres
+bookshelf-prisma-nextjs-planetscale
+my-next-app
+next-bookshelf
+next-personal-site
+next-sanity-v3-example
+try-trpc-next
+```
+
+See `man fd` for more details.

unix/generate-base64-encoding-without-newlines.md

@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+# Generate Base64 Encoding Without Newlines
+
+There are a variety of tools that can generate a Base64 encoding of given text.
+Most of them that I've encountered have a number of characters at which they
+introduce a newline character. Here is `openssl` as an example:
+
+```bash
+❯ echo "here is a long bit of text to base64 encode with openssl" | openssl base64
+aGVyZSBpcyBhIGxvbmcgYml0IG9mIHRleHQgdG8gYmFzZTY0IGVuY29kZSB3aXRo
+IG9wZW5zc2wK
+```
+
+[The theory I've seen](https://superuser.com/a/1225139) is that this is to
+accommodate 80-character terminal screens when chunks of encoding were included
+in emails.
+
+With the `openssl base64` command, there is not an option to exclude the
+newlines, but we can pipe it through `tr` to remove them.
+
+```bash
+❯ echo "here is a long bit of text to base64 encode with openssl" | \
+  openssl base64 | \
+  tr -d '\n'
+aGVyZSBpcyBhIGxvbmcgYml0IG9mIHRleHQgdG8gYmFzZTY0IGVuY29kZSB3aXRoIG9wZW5zc2wK
+```

unix/get-a-list-of-locales-on-your-system.md

@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+# Get A List Of Locales On Your System
+
+The `locale -a` command will list all the available locales on your system.
+
+You'll see a giant list that probably includes these and many more values.
+
+```bash
+$ locale -a
+
+en_NZ
+nl_NL.UTF-8
+pt_BR.UTF-8
+fr_CH.ISO8859-15
+eu_ES.ISO8859-15
+en_US.US-ASCII
+af_ZA
+bg_BG
+cs_CZ.UTF-8
+fi_FI
+zh_CN.UTF-8
+eu_ES
+sk_SK.ISO8859-2
+nl_BE
+fr_BE
+sk_SK
+en_US.UTF-8
+...
+```
+
+Each of these locales identifies itself by the language and the manner in which
+the language is used in a particular place. For example, `en_NZ` is _English as
+it is spoken in New Zealand_. `fr_BE` is _French as it is spoken in Belgium_.
+`en_US.UTF-8` is _English as it is spoken in the US, with a UTF-8 character set
+encoding_.
+
+[source](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/locale.html#LOCALE-OVERVIEW)