Merge 15337dfd71 into eb3369d296

See [here](https://github.blog/changelog/2022-10-11-github-actions-deprecating-save-state-and-set-output-commands/) for more explanations:
> We are monitoring telemetry for the usage of these commands and plan to fully disable them on 31st May 2023. Starting 1st June 2023 workflows using save-state or set-output commands via stdout will fail with an error.

README.md

@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ pairing with smart people at Hashrocket.
 
 For a steady stream of TILs, [sign up for my newsletter](https://crafty-builder-6996.ck.page/e169c61186).
 
-_1582 TILs and counting..._
+_1589 TILs and counting..._
 
 See some of the other learning resources I work on:
 - [Ruby Operator Lookup](https://www.visualmode.dev/ruby-operators)
@@ -356,6 +356,7 @@ See some of the other learning resources I work on:
 - [Quicker Commit Fixes With The Fixup Flag](git/quicker-commit-fixes-with-the-fixup-flag.md)
 - [Rebase Commits With An Arbitrary Command](git/rebase-commits-with-an-arbitrary-command.md)
 - [Reference A Commit Via Commit Message Pattern Matching](git/reference-a-commit-via-commit-message-pattern-matching.md)
+- [Reference Commits Earlier Than Reflog Remembers](git/reference-commits-earlier-than-reflog-remembers.md)
 - [Remove Untracked Files From A Directory](git/remove-untracked-files-from-a-directory.md)
 - [Rename A Remote](git/rename-a-remote.md)
 - [Renaming A Branch](git/renaming-a-branch.md)
@@ -670,6 +671,7 @@ See some of the other learning resources I work on:
 - [Set A Window To Its Default Zoom Level](mac/set-a-window-to-its-default-zoom-level.md)
 - [Specify App When Opening From Command Line](mac/specify-app-when-opening-from-command-line.md)
 - [Start Amphetamine Session With AppleScript](mac/start-amphetamine-session-with-applescript.md)
+- [Uninstall LogiTech G Hub From Mac](mac/uninstall-logitech-g-hub-from-mac.md)
 - [Use A Different Font With iTerm2](mac/use-a-different-font-with-iterm2.md)
 - [Use Default Screenshot Shortcuts With CleanShot X](mac/use-default-screenshot-shortcuts-with-cleanshot-x.md)
 - [View All Windows Of The Current App](mac/view-all-windows-of-the-current-app.md)
@@ -993,6 +995,7 @@ See some of the other learning resources I work on:
 - [Define The Root Path For The App](rails/define-the-root-path-for-the-app.md)
 - [Delete Paranoid Records](rails/delete-paranoid-records.md)
 - [Demodulize A Class Name](rails/demodulize-a-class-name.md)
+- [Determine The Configured Primary Key Type](rails/determine-the-configured-primary-key-type.md)
 - [Different Ways To Add A Foreign Key Reference](rails/different-ways-to-add-a-foreign-key-reference.md)
 - [Disambiguate Where In A Joined Relation](rails/disambiguate-where-in-a-joined-relation.md)
 - [Empty find_by Returns First Record](rails/empty-find-by-returns-first-record.md)
@@ -1278,6 +1281,7 @@ See some of the other learning resources I work on:
 - [Exit A Process With An Error Message](ruby/exit-a-process-with-an-error-message.md)
 - [Expect A Method To Be Called And Actually Call It](ruby/expect-a-method-to-be-called-and-actually-call-it.md)
 - [Extract A Column Of Data From A CSV File](ruby/extract-a-column-of-data-from-a-csv-file.md)
+- [Extract Capture Group Matches With String Slices](ruby/extract-capture-group-matches-with-string-slices.md)
 - [FactoryGirl Sequences](ruby/factory-girl-sequences.md)
 - [Fail](ruby/fail.md)
 - [Fetch Warns About Superseding Block Argument](ruby/fetch-warns-about-superseding-block-argument.md)
@@ -1496,6 +1500,7 @@ See some of the other learning resources I work on:
 - [Count The Lines In A CSV Where A Column Is Empty](unix/count-the-lines-in-a-csv-where-a-column-is-empty.md)
 - [Count The Number Of Matches In A Grep](unix/count-the-number-of-matches-in-a-grep.md)
 - [Count The Number Of ripgrep Pattern Matches](unix/count-the-number-of-ripgrep-pattern-matches.md)
+- [Count The Number Of Words On A Webpage](unix/count-the-number-of-words-on-a-webpage.md)
 - [Create A File Descriptor with Process Substitution](unix/create-a-file-descriptor-with-process-substitution.md)
 - [Create A Sequence Of Values With A Step](unix/create-a-sequence-of-values-with-a-step.md)
 - [Curl With Cookies](unix/curl-with-cookies.md)
@@ -1532,6 +1537,7 @@ See some of the other learning resources I work on:
 - [Get Matching Filenames As Output From Grep](unix/get-matching-filenames-as-output-from-grep.md)
 - [Get The SHA256 Hash For A File](unix/get-the-sha256-hash-for-a-file.md)
 - [Get The Unix Timestamp](unix/get-the-unix-timestamp.md)
+- [Get Word Count For All Files In Git Repo](unix/get-word-count-for-all-files-in-git-repo.md)
 - [Global Substitution On The Previous Command](unix/global-substitution-on-the-previous-command.md)
 - [Globbing For All Directories In Zsh](unix/globbing-for-all-directories-in-zsh.md)
 - [Globbing For Filenames In Zsh](unix/globbing-for-filenames-in-zsh.md)
@@ -1550,6 +1556,7 @@ See some of the other learning resources I work on:
 - [Killing A Frozen SSH Session](unix/killing-a-frozen-ssh-session.md)
 - [Last Argument Of The Last Command](unix/last-argument-of-the-last-command.md)
 - [Less With Style](unix/less-with-style.md)
+- [Limit Protocols Used In A cURL Command](unix/limit-protocols-used-in-a-curl-command.md)
 - [List All Fonts On Your Machine](unix/list-all-fonts-on-your-machine.md)
 - [List All The Enabled ZSH Options](unix/list-all-the-enabled-zsh-options.md)
 - [List All Users](unix/list-all-users.md)

git/reference-commits-earlier-than-reflog-remembers.md

@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+# Reference Commits Earlier Than Reflog Remembers
+
+While preparing some stats for a recent blog post on [A Decade of
+TILs](https://www.visualmode.dev/a-decade-of-tils), I ran into an issue
+referencing chuncks of time further back than 2020.
+
+```bash
+❯ git diff --diff-filter=A --name-only HEAD@{2016-02-06}..HEAD@{2017-02-06} -- "*.md"
+warning: log for 'HEAD' only goes back to Sun, 20 Dec 2020 00:26:27 -0600
+warning: log for 'HEAD' only goes back to Sun, 20 Dec 2020 00:26:27 -0600
+```
+
+This is because `HEAD@...` is a reference to the `reflog`. The `reflog` is a
+local-only log of objects and activity in the repository. That date looks
+suspiciously like the time that I got this specific machine and cloned the
+repo.
+
+In order to access this information, I need a different approach of finding
+references that bound these points in time.
+
+How about asking `rev-list` for the first commit it can find before the given
+dates in 2017 and 2016 and then using those.
+
+```bash
+❯ git rev-list -1 --before="2017-02-07 00:00" HEAD
+17db6bc4468616786a8f597a10d252c24183d82e
+
+❯ git rev-list -1 --before="2016-02-07 00:00" HEAD
+f1d3d1f796007662ff448d6ba0e3bbf38a2b858d
+
+❯ git diff --diff-filter=A --name-only f1d3d1f796007662ff448d6ba0e3bbf38a2b858d..17db6bc4468616786a8f597a10d252c24183d82e -- "*.md"
+
+# git outputs a bunch of files ...
+```

github-actions/capture-an-output-value-for-use-in-a-later-step.md

@@ -23,11 +23,11 @@ version from my `.tool-versions` file with a step that uses `set-output`.
   - name: Read Node.js version to install from `.tool-versions`
     id: nodejs
     run: >-
-      echo "::set-output name=NODE_VERSION::$(
+      echo "NODE_VERSION=$(
         cat .tool-versions |
         grep nodejs |
         sed 's/nodejs \(.*\)$/\1/'
-      )"
+      )" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
 ```
 
 `echo` runs the command in the string which sets `NODE_VERSION` as an output
@@ -45,4 +45,4 @@ This output value can be referenced in a later step.
 `steps` has a reference to the `nodejs` step (note the `id` above) which then
 has `outputs` like the `NODE_VERSION`.
 
-[source](https://docs.github.com/en/actions/reference/workflow-commands-for-github-actions#using-workflow-commands-to-access-toolkit-functions)
+[source](https://docs.github.com/en/actions/using-workflows/workflow-commands-for-github-actions#setting-an-output-parameter)

mac/uninstall-logitech-g-hub-from-mac.md

@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+# Uninstall LogiTech G Hub From Mac
+
+I rarely uninstall software from my Mac. And unless the software is nice enough
+to provide a clear 'Uninstall' flow, it is not straightforward how to do it. In
+fact, it probably varies quite a bit from app to app.
+
+In the case of LogiTech's G Hub, I was able to find the following instructions
+for uninstalling it. The thing of note is that the updater app can take an
+`--uninstall` flag.
+
+```bash
+sudo /Applications/lghub.app/Contents/MacOS/lghub_updater.app/Contents/MacOS/lghub_updater --uninstall
+```
+
+I still had to remove the app launcher from my `Applications` directory.
+
+[source](https://www.reddit.com/r/LogitechG/comments/bluth5/comment/lbhctx1/)

rails/determine-the-configured-primary-key-type.md

@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+# Determine The Configured Primary Key Type
+
+I noticed an interesting helper function in the database migration generated by
+`bin/rails active_storage:install`.
+
+```ruby
+class CreateActiveStorageTables < ActiveRecord::Migration[8.0]
+  def change
+    # Use Active Record's configured type for primary and foreign keys
+    primary_key_type, foreign_key_type = primary_and_foreign_key_types
+
+    # ...
+  end
+
+  private
+
+    def primary_and_foreign_key_types
+      config = Rails.configuration.generators
+      setting = config.options[config.orm][:primary_key_type]
+      primary_key_type = setting || :primary_key
+      foreign_key_type = setting || :bigint
+      [ primary_key_type, foreign_key_type ]
+    end
+end
+```
+
+The `primary_and_foreign_key_types` method looks in the generators config for
+the ORM (`:active_record`) to determine the configured `:primary_key_type`. By
+default this will return `nil`. This method then uses `:primary_key` as a
+fallback value which will be `bigint`. That's why the `foreign_key_type` falls
+back to `:bigint`.
+
+If desired, this can be manually configured in `config/application.rb` like
+shown in the [ActiveRecord Migrations
+docs](https://guides.rubyonrails.org/active_record_migrations.html#enabling-uuids-in-rails).

ruby/extract-capture-group-matches-with-string-slices.md

@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+# Extract Capture Group Matches With String Slices
+
+Ruby's _string slice_ syntax allows us to use the square brackets to access
+portions of a string. It's most common to pass positional integer index
+arguments or a range. However, in true Ruby fashion, another way of thinking
+about defining the slice of a string is based on a regex match.
+
+We can pass a regex and an int (specifying which match we want) to extract some
+portion of a string based on the regex match. That includes capture groups.
+
+Here are a couple examples of extracting matching capture groups as well as
+getting the entire regex match:
+
+```ruby
+> "me+abc123@email.com"[/.+\+(.+)@(.+)/, 1]
+=> "abc123"
+
+> "me+abc123@email.com"[/.+\+(.+)@(.+)/, 2]
+=> "email.com"
+
+> "me+abc123@email.com"[/.+\+(.+)@(.+)/, 0]
+=> "me+abc123@email.com"
+
+> "me+abc123@email.com"[/.+\+(.+)@(.+)/]
+=> "me+abc123@email.com"
+```
+
+The `0`th match (which is the default) corresponds to the full match. Each
+integer position after that corresponds to any capture groups. This maps
+directly to the underlying `MatchData` object:
+
+```ruby
+> /.+\+(.+)@(.+)/.match("me+abc123@email.com")
+=> #<MatchData "me+abc123@email.com" 1:"abc123" 2:"email.com">
+```
+
+[source](https://ruby-doc.org/3.3.6/String.html#class-String-label-String+Slices)

unix/count-the-number-of-words-on-a-webpage.md

@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+# Count The Number Of Words On A Webpage
+
+I was reading through a couple sections of the `postfix` documentation and I
+was astounded at how large the webpage is, and that is just for the `main.cf`
+file format.
+
+Curiosity got the best of me and I wanted to get a sense of the magnitude of
+the page. A word count seemed like a good measure.
+
+Using `pandoc` and a couple other unix utilities, I was able to quickly get
+that number.
+
+```bash
+curl -s http://www.postfix.org/postconf.5.html\#virtual_mailbox_maps | pandoc -f html -t plain | wc -w
+   88383
+```
+
+Generically, that is:
+
+```bash
+curl -s url | pandoc -f html -t plain | wc -w
+```
+
+Pandoc produces a plain-text version of the HTML page that was pulled in by
+`curl` and then we use `wc` to get a word (`-w`) count.

unix/get-word-count-for-all-files-in-git-repo.md

@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+# Get Word Count For All Files In Git Repo
+
+As part of gathering numbers for [A Decade of TILs](), I wanted to get an word
+count of all the TIL markdown files I've committed to this project over its 10
+year history. By using `git ls-files` with a pattern, I can get a list of all
+file names. Then with `xargs` I can pass that entire list to `wc -w` which
+gives a word count of each. The final line that `wc -w` outputs is a sum total
+of all the file word counts. Lastly, piping that through `tail -n1` gives me
+just that last total count line.
+
+```bash
+$ git ls-files "*/**.md" | xargs wc -w | tail -n1
+  206816 total
+```
+
+Since the `tail -n1` obfuscates what the `wc -w` is doing, here is what that
+looks like before that final pipe.
+
+```bash
+$ git ls-files "*/**.md" | tail -n3 | xargs wc -w
+     115 zsh/add-to-the-path-via-path-array.md
+     190 zsh/link-a-scalar-to-an-array.md
+     214 zsh/use-a-space-to-exclude-command-from-history.md
+     519 total
+```
+
+I can even clean up the final output a bit more with `awk`:
+
+```bash
+$ git ls-files "*/**.md" | xargs wc -w | tail -n1 | awk '{print $1}'
+206816
+```

unix/limit-protocols-used-in-a-curl-command.md

@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+# Limit Protocols Used In A cURL Command
+
+I was about to install [`atuin`](https://github.com/atuinsh/atuin). I went to
+their _Quick Start_ section to grab whatever command I would need to install
+it. It was a `curl` statement piped to `sh`. The thing that caught my attention
+though was I `curl` flag that I didn't recognize — `--proto`.
+
+> Tells curl to limit what protocols it may use for transfers.
+
+Using `curl --proto '=https' ...` we can enforce that only an `https` URL can
+be used in this command.
+
+Here is what happens if I try to run the `atuin`-provided `curl` command after
+I have downgraded their URL to be `http`:
+
+```bash
+curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -LsSf http://setup.atuin.sh | sh
+curl: (1) Protocol "http" not supported or disabled in libcurl
+```
+
+It doesn't even attempt the request. The protocol is considered unsupported and
+the command immediately fails.
+
+In addition to only installing software we trust, we should make sure we are
+only doing so over a protocol we trust (namely, `https`).
+
+See `man curl` for more details, including about the modifiers (`=`, `+`, `-`).