Merge bc767a0ad3 into 1f039a8958

README.md

@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ pairing with smart people at Hashrocket.
 
 For a steady stream of TILs, [sign up for my newsletter](https://crafty-builder-6996.ck.page/e169c61186).
 
-_1569 TILs and counting..._
+_1576 TILs and counting..._
 
 See some of the other learning resources I work on:
 - [Ruby Operator Lookup](https://www.visualmode.dev/ruby-operators)
@@ -199,12 +199,15 @@ See some of the other learning resources I work on:
 - [Check The Status of All Services](devops/check-the-status-of-all-services.md)
 - [Check The Syntax Of nginx Files](devops/check-the-syntax-of-nginx-files.md)
 - [Connect To An RDS PostgreSQL Database](devops/connect-to-an-rds-postgresql-database.md)
+- [Default Rails Deploy Script On Hatchbox](devops/default-rails-deploy-script-on-hatchbox.md)
 - [Determine The IP Address Of A Domain](devops/determine-the-ip-address-of-a-domain.md)
+- [Hatchbox Exports Env Vars With asdf](devops/hatchbox-exports-env-vars-with-asdf.md)
 - [Path Of The Packets](devops/path-of-the-packets.md)
 - [Push Non-master Branch To Heroku](devops/push-non-master-branch-to-heroku.md)
 - [Reload The nginx Configuration](devops/reload-the-nginx-configuration.md)
 - [Resolve The Public IP Of A URL](devops/resolve-the-public-ip-of-a-url.md)
 - [Running Out Of inode Space](devops/running-out-of-inode-space.md)
+- [Set Up Domain For Hatchbox Rails App](devops/set-up-domain-for-hatchbox-rails-app.md)
 - [SSH Into A Docker Container](devops/ssh-into-a-docker-container.md)
 - [SSL Certificates Can Cover Multiple Domains](devops/ssl-certificates-can-cover-multiple-domains.md)
 - [Wipe A Heroku Postgres Database](devops/wipe-a-heroku-postgres-database.md)
@@ -778,6 +781,7 @@ See some of the other learning resources I work on:
 - [Convert A String To A Timestamp](postgres/convert-a-string-to-a-timestamp.md)
 - [Count How Many Records There Are Of Each Type](postgres/count-how-many-records-there-are-of-each-type.md)
 - [Count Records By Type](postgres/count-records-by-type.md)
+- [Count The Number Of Items In An Array](postgres/count-the-number-of-items-in-an-array.md)
 - [Count The Number Of Trues In An Aggregate Query](postgres/count-the-number-of-trues-in-an-aggregate-query.md)
 - [Create A Cluster In A Specific Data Directory](postgres/create-a-cluster-in-a-specific-data-directory.md)
 - [Create A Composite Primary Key](postgres/create-a-composite-primary-key.md)
@@ -953,6 +957,7 @@ See some of the other learning resources I work on:
 - [All or Nothing Database Transactions](rails/all-or-nothing-database-transactions.md)
 - [Alphabetize Schema Columns To Keep Them Consistent](rails/alphabetize-schema-columns-to-keep-them-consistent.md)
 - [Alter The Rails Setup Script](rails/alter-the-rails-setup-script.md)
+- [Apply Basic HTML Formatting To Block Of Text](rails/apply-basic-html-formatting-to-block-of-text.md)
 - [Assert Two Arrays Have The Same Items With RSpec](rails/assert-two-arrays-have-the-same-items-with-rspec.md)
 - [Attach A File With Capybara](rails/attach-a-file-with-capybara.md)
 - [Attribute Getter without the Recursion](rails/attribute-getter-without-the-recursion.md)
@@ -1029,6 +1034,7 @@ See some of the other learning resources I work on:
 - [Migrating Up Down Up](rails/migrating-up-down-up.md)
 - [Mock Rails Environment With An Inquiry Instance](rails/mock-rails-environment-with-an-inquiry-instance.md)
 - [Order Matters For `rescue_from` Blocks](rails/order-matters-for-rescue-from-blocks.md)
+- [Override Text Displayed By Form Label](rails/override-text-displayed-by-form-label.md)
 - [Params Includes Submission Button Info](rails/params-includes-submission-button-info.md)
 - [Params Is A Hash With Indifferent Access](rails/params-is-a-hash-with-indifferent-access.md)
 - [Parse Query Params From A URL](rails/parse-query-params-from-a-url.md)
@@ -1824,6 +1830,7 @@ See some of the other learning resources I work on:
 - [Rotate An Image To Be Oriented Upright](workflow/rotate-an-image-to-be-oriented-upright.md)
 - [See Overlaps For A Set Of Time Zones](workflow/see-overlaps-for-a-set-of-time-zones.md)
 - [Send A Message To A Discord Channel](workflow/send-a-message-to-a-discord-channel.md)
+- [Send A PDF To Your Kindle](workflow/send-a-pdf-to-your-kindle.md)
 - [Set Recurring Reminders In Slack](workflow/set-recurring-reminders-in-slack.md)
 - [Show Linting Errors In Zed](workflow/show-linting-errors-in-zed.md)
 - [Temporarily Hide CleanShot X Capture Previews](workflow/temporarily-hide-cleanshot-x-capture-previews.md)

devops/default-rails-deploy-script-on-hatchbox.md

@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+# Default Rails Deploy Script On Hatchbox
+
+I deployed a Rails app to [Hatchbox](https://hatchbox.io) recently. When
+following along in the log during a deploy, I can see most of what is happening
+as part of the deploy. Though it is too verbose to look through every line. I'd
+rather see the contents of the deploy script.
+
+I did quite a bit of digging around while SSH'd into my hatchbox server, but I
+couldn't find if or where that file might be stored.
+
+Instead, there is a [_Help Center_
+article](https://hatchbox.relationkit.io/articles/55-what-is-the-default-rails-deploy-script)
+where Chris Oliver shares what is in the script.
+
+```bash
+bundle install -j $(nproc)
+yarn install
+bundle exec rails assets:precompile
+[[ -n "${CRON}" ]] && bundle exec rails db:migrate
+```
+
+It does a parallelized `bundle install`, then a `yarn install` (make sure your
+project is using `yarn.lock`), Rails asset precompilation, and then if `CRON`
+is set (Cron role is available by checking _Cron_ under _Server
+Responsibilities_ for your Hatchbox server), it will run Rails migrations.
+
+From app settings, the deploy script can be overridden, or pre- and post-deploy
+steps can be added.

devops/hatchbox-exports-env-vars-with-asdf.md

@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+# Hatchbox Exports Env Vars With asdf
+
+When you add env vars through the [Hatchbox](https://hatchbox.io/) UI, they get
+exported to the environment of the asdf-shimmed processes. This is handled by
+the [`asdf-vars` plugin](https://github.com/excid3/asdf-vars). That plugin
+looks for `.asdf-vars` in the current chain of directories.
+
+I can see there are many `.asdf-vars` files:
+
+```bash
+$ find . -name ".asdf-vars" -type f
+./.asdf-vars
+./my-app/.asdf-vars
+./my-app/releases/20250120195106/.asdf-vars
+./my-app/releases/20250121041054/.asdf-vars
+```
+
+And it is the one in my app's directory that contains the env vars that I set
+in the UI.
+
+```bash
+$ cat my-app/.asdf-vars
+BUNDLE_WITHOUT=development:test
+DATABASE_URL=postgresql://user_123:123456789012345@10.0.1.1/my_app_db
+PORT=9000
+RACK_ENV=production
+RAILS_ENV=production
+RAILS_LOG_TO_STDOUT=true
+RAILS_MASTER_KEY=abc123
+SECRET_KEY_BASE=abc123efg456
+```
+
+When I run a shimmed process like `ruby`, those env vars are loaded into the
+process's environment.
+
+```bash
+$ cd my-app/current
+$ which ruby
+/home/deploy/.asdf/shims/ruby
+$ ruby -e "puts ENV['DATABASE_URL']"
+postgresql://user_123:123456789012345@10.0.1.1/my_app_db
+```
+
+[source](https://www.visualmode.dev/hatchbox-manages-env-vars-with-asdf)

devops/set-up-domain-for-hatchbox-rails-app.md

@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+# Set Up Domain For Hatchbox Rails App
+
+When we deploy a Rails app with [Hatchbox](https://hatchbox.io), we are given
+an internal URL for publicly accessing our app. It is something like
+`https://123abc.hatchboxapp.com`. That's useful as we are getting things up and
+running, but eventually we want to point our own domain at the app.
+
+The first step is to tell Hatchbox what domain we are going to use.
+
+From our app's _Domain & SSL_ page we can enter a domain into the _Add A
+Domain_ input. For instance, I have the
+[visualmode.dev](https://visualmode.dev) domain and I want the
+[still.visualmode.dev](https://still.visualmode.dev) subdomain pointing at my
+Rails app. I submit the full name `still.visualmode.dev` and I get an _A
+Record_ ipv4 address (e.g. `23.12.234.82`).
+
+The second step is to configure a DNS record with our domain registrar.
+
+From the DNS settings of our registrar (e.g. Cloudflare) we can add an _A
+Record_ where we specify the name (e.g. `still`) and then include the ipv4
+address provided by Hatchbox. We can save this and wait a minute for it to
+propagate.
+
+And soon enough we can visit our Rails app at the custom domain.

postgres/count-the-number-of-items-in-an-array.md

@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+# Count The Number Of Items In An Array
+
+There are two ways to count the number of items in an array with PostgreSQL.
+The one that might jump out at you or show up at the top of search results is
+[`array_length`](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/functions-array.html).
+
+```sql
+> select array_length(array[1,2,3], 1);
++--------------+
+| array_length |
+|--------------|
+| 3            |
++--------------+
+
+> select array_length(array[[1,2], [3,4]], 2);
++--------------+
+| array_length |
+|--------------|
+| 2            |
++--------------+
+```
+
+This requires specifying the dimension at which you want to check the length.
+The first example, checking the 1st dimension of a one-dimensional array, seems
+like the more common and useful scenario. In the second example, we are
+checking the 2nd dimension.
+
+The other way we can determine the number of items in an array is with the
+[`cardinality`](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/functions-array.html)
+function.
+
+> Returns the total number of elements in the array, or 0 if the array is
+> empty.
+
+```sql
+> select cardinality(array[1,2,3]);
++-------------+
+| cardinality |
+|-------------|
+| 3           |
++-------------+
+
+> select cardinality(array[[1,2], [3,4]]);
++-------------+
+| cardinality |
+|-------------|
+| 4           |
++-------------+
+```
+
+This behaves the same as `array_length` for a one-dimensional array and doesn't
+require a second argument. Where it gets more interesting is with
+multi-dimensional arrays. It returns the total number of elements in the
+arrayregardless of the nesting.
+
+[source](https://mattrighetti.com/2025/01/20/you-dont-need-sql-builders)

rails/apply-basic-html-formatting-to-block-of-text.md

@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+# Apply Basic HTML Formatting To Block Of Text
+
+My Rails app has a form that allows a user to enter in free-form text. I enter
+in a couple paragraphs and save the record. It is rendered on a show page with
+a couple lines of ERB like so:
+
+```ruby
+<div class="max-w-3xl mx-auto">
+  <div class="space-y-4">
+    <div class="prose mt-8 text-gray-700">
+      <%= @record.notes %>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+```
+
+When I view the erb-displayed version of that record's text, all those
+carefully spaced paragraphs are clumped together. That is because those newline
+(`\n` and `\n\n`) characters while understood to be whitespace do not have
+formatting implications in the browser like a combination of HTML tags and CSS
+do.
+
+I can apply some basic formatting with [the aptly named `simple_format` method
+available as an `ActionView`
+helper](https://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionView/Helpers/TextHelper.html#method-i-simple_format).
+
+```ruby
+<div class="max-w-3xl mx-auto">
+  <div class="space-y-4">
+    <div class="prose mt-8 text-gray-700">
+      <%= simple_format(@record.notes) %>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+```
+
+This turns single `\n` characters into a `<br />` tag and double `\n\n` cause
+the surrounding paragraphs to be wrapped in `<p>` tags. That simple formatting
+combined with my existing TailwindCSS styles makes the formatting of my text
+immediately look much better.

rails/override-text-displayed-by-form-label.md

@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+# Override Text Displayed By Form Label
+
+Rails does a good job with the default text displayed by a form label. It takes
+the primary symbol value you give it and capitalizes that. And that is often
+good enough.
+
+```ruby
+<%= form_with(model: post) do |form| %>
+  <%= form.label :title, class: "text-sm font-medium text-gray-700" %>
+  <%= form.text_field :title, required: true, class: "..." %>
+<% end  %>
+```
+
+This will yield a label value of _Title_.
+
+Sometimes, however, the casing needs to be different or you need entirely
+different text. Take this URL field for example. Rails will convert `:url` into
+_Url_ for the label text. Not ideal. I can override the default with a second
+positional argument, in this case, `"URL"`.
+
+```ruby
+<%= form_with(model: post) do |form| %>
+  <%= form.label :url, "URL", class: "text-sm font-medium text-gray-700" %>
+  <%= form.url_field :url, required: true, class: "..." %>
+<% end  %>
+```
+
+The [Rails docs have another good
+example](https://guides.rubyonrails.org/form_helpers.html#a-generic-search-form).
+A label with a value of `query` that is overridden to display "Search for:".
+
+```ruby
+<%= form_with url: "/search", method: :get do |form| %>
+  <%= form.label :query, "Search for:" %>
+  <%= form.search_field :query %>
+  <%= form.submit "Search" %>
+<% end %>
+```

workflow/convert-an-epub-document-to-pdf-on-mac.md

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ convert it using the `ebook-convert` binary from `Calibre`.
 First, install `Calibre`:
 
 ```bash
-$ brew cask install calibre
+$ brew install --cask calibre
 ```
 
 Then convert your ePub using `ebook-convert`:

workflow/send-a-pdf-to-your-kindle.md

@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+# Send A PDF To Your Kindle
+
+I recently got a Kindle. I already have a bunch of PDF and ePub books on my
+computer that I've bought over the years. I wanted to be able to read some of
+those books on the Kindle. I found that there is a way to send these formats to
+your Kindle via email.
+
+There are a couple steps to get this working.
+
+First, from the Amazon account that is tied to the Kindle device, open the
+_Account_ dropdown and click _Devices. Any devices tied to your account will be
+listed there. Navigate to the one you want to send to. Under the _Device
+Summary_ with be a custom email address for that device. Something like
+`youremail_abc123@kindle.com`.
+
+That's the email you'll send the PDF or ePub attachment to.
+
+Second, that Kindle email address will only receive and process documents from
+a known, verified email address. Back on the _Devices_page, click on the
+_Preferences_ tab. Under _Personal Document Preferences_ make sure that the
+_Approved Personal Document Email List_ includes the email address you'll be
+sending from. Add it if not.
+
+Everything is set up. Now compose an email to that Kindle address, add the
+attachment, and send. Give it 5 or so minutes to process and it should show up
+on your device.
+
+Additionally, you can go to the _Content_ tab and then to _Digital Content_ to
+see what documents you have set and which devices have received them.
+
+[source](https://goodereader.com/blog/kindle/here-is-how-you-can-read-pdf-files-on-the-amazon-kindle)