Merge 15337dfd71 into ab9d2b5bf6

See [here](https://github.blog/changelog/2022-10-11-github-actions-deprecating-save-state-and-set-output-commands/) for more explanations:
> We are monitoring telemetry for the usage of these commands and plan to fully disable them on 31st May 2023. Starting 1st June 2023 workflows using save-state or set-output commands via stdout will fail with an error.

README.md

@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ pairing with smart people at Hashrocket.
 
 For a steady stream of TILs, [sign up for my newsletter](https://crafty-builder-6996.ck.page/e169c61186).
 
-_1441 TILs and counting..._
+_1463 TILs and counting..._
 
 ---
 
@@ -37,6 +37,7 @@ _1441 TILs and counting..._
 * [HTTP](#http)
 * [Inngest](#inngest)
 * [Internet](#internet)
+* [Java](#java)
 * [JavaScript](#javascript)
 * [jq](#jq)
 * [Kitty](#kitty)
@@ -79,6 +80,7 @@ _1441 TILs and counting..._
 * [XState](#xstate)
 * [YAML](#yaml)
 * [Zod](#zod)
+* [Zsh](#zsh)
 
 ---
 
@@ -99,6 +101,7 @@ _1441 TILs and counting..._
 ### Brew
 
 - [Configure Brew Environment Variables](brew/configure-brew-environment-variables.md)
+- [Export List Of Everything Installed By Brew](brew/export-list-of-everything-installed-by-brew.md)
 - [List All Services Managed By Brew](brew/list-all-services-managed-by-brew.md)
 
 ### Chrome
@@ -196,6 +199,7 @@ _1441 TILs and counting..._
 ### Docker
 
 - [Configure Different Host And Container Ports](docker/configure-different-host-and-container-ports.md)
+- [List Running Docker Containers](docker/list-running-docker-containers.md)
 - [Run A Basic PostgreSQL Server In Docker](docker/run-a-basic-postgresql-server-in-docker.md)
 
 ### Elixir
@@ -376,6 +380,7 @@ _1441 TILs and counting..._
 
 - [Access Go Docs Offline](go/access-go-docs-offline.md)
 - [Build For A Specific OS And Architecture](go/build-for-a-specific-os-and-architecture.md)
+- [Find Executables Installed By Go](go/find-executables-installed-by-go.md)
 - [Not So Random](go/not-so-random.md)
 - [Replace The Current Process With An External Command](go/replace-the-current-process-with-an-external-command.md)
 - [Sleep For A Duration](go/sleep-for-a-duration.md)
@@ -390,6 +395,7 @@ _1441 TILs and counting..._
 
 ### Heroku
 
+- [Connect To A Database By Color](heroku/connect-to-a-database-by-color.md)
 - [Deploy A Review App To A Different Stack](heroku/deploy-a-review-app-to-a-different-stack.md)
 - [Diagnose Problems In A Heroku Postgres Database](heroku/diagnose-problems-in-a-heroku-postgres-database.md)
 - [Open Dashboard For Specific Add-On](heroku/open-dashboard-for-specific-add-on.md)
@@ -428,6 +434,11 @@ _1441 TILs and counting..._
 - [Search Tweets By Author](internet/search-tweets-by-author.md)
 - [Show All Pivotal Stories With Blockers](internet/show-all-pivotal-stories-with-blockers.md)
 
+### Java
+
+- [Install Java On Mac With Brew](java/install-java-on-mac-with-brew.md)
+- [Run A Hello World Program In Eclipse](java/run-a-hello-world-program-in-eclipse.md)
+
 ### JavaScript
 
 - [Accessing Arguments To A Function](javascript/accessing-arguments-to-a-function.md)
@@ -438,6 +449,7 @@ _1441 TILs and counting..._
 - [Check If A Number Is Positive Or Negative](javascript/check-if-a-number-is-positive-or-negative.md)
 - [Check If File Exists Before Reading It](javascript/check-if-file-exists-before-reading-it.md)
 - [Check If Something Is An Array](javascript/check-if-something-is-an-array.md)
+- [Check Media Queries From JavaScript](javascript/check-media-queries-from-javascript.md)
 - [Check The Password Confirmation With Yup](javascript/check-the-password-confirmation-with-yup.md)
 - [Compare The Equality Of Two Date Objects](javascript/compare-the-equality-of-two-date-objects.md)
 - [Computed Property Names In ES6](javascript/computed-property-names-in-es6.md)
@@ -571,6 +583,7 @@ _1441 TILs and counting..._
 - [Access All Screen And Video Capture Options](mac/access-all-screen-and-video-capture-options.md)
 - [Access System Information On OS X](mac/access-system-information-on-osx.md)
 - [Access Unsupported Screen Resolutions With RDM](mac/access-unsupported-screen-resolutions-with-rdm.md)
+- [Check Network Quality Stats From The Command Line](mac/check-network-quality-stats-from-the-command-line.md)
 - [Clean Up Old Homebrew Files](mac/clean-up-old-homebrew-files.md)
 - [Convert An HEIC Image File To JPG](mac/convert-an-heic-image-file-to-jpg.md)
 - [Default Screenshot Location](mac/default-screenshot-location.md)
@@ -579,6 +592,7 @@ _1441 TILs and counting..._
 - [Find The Process Using A Specific Port](mac/find-the-process-using-a-specific-port.md)
 - [Gesture For Viewing All Windows Of Current App](mac/gesture-for-viewing-all-windows-of-current-app.md)
 - [Insert A Non-Breaking Space Character](mac/insert-a-non-breaking-space-character.md)
+- [Keyboard Shortcuts For Interesting With Text Areas](mac/keyboard-shortcuts-for-interacting-with-text-areas.md)
 - [List All The Say Voices](mac/list-all-the-say-voices.md)
 - [Open Finder.app To Specific Directory](mac/open-finder-app-to-specific-directory.md)
 - [Quickly Type En Dashes And Em Dashes](mac/quickly-type-en-dashes-and-em-dashes.md)
@@ -733,6 +747,7 @@ _1441 TILs and counting..._
 - [Fizzbuzz With Common Table Expressions](postgres/fizzbuzz-with-common-table-expressions.md)
 - [Force SSL When Making A psql Connection](postgres/force-ssl-when-making-a-psql-connection.md)
 - [Generate A UUID](postgres/generate-a-uuid.md)
+- [Generate Modern Primary Key Columns](postgres/generate-modern-primary-key-columns.md)
 - [Generate Random UUIDs Without An Extension](postgres/generate-random-uuids-without-an-extension.md)
 - [Generate Series Of Numbers](postgres/generate-series-of-numbers.md)
 - [Generating UUIDs With pgcrypto](postgres/generating-uuids-with-pgcrypto.md)
@@ -887,6 +902,7 @@ _1441 TILs and counting..._
 - [Custom Validation Message](rails/custom-validation-message.md)
 - [Customize Paths And Helpers For Devise Routes](rails/customize-paths-and-helpers-for-devise-routes.md)
 - [Customize The Path Of A Resource Route](rails/customize-the-path-of-a-resource-route.md)
+- [Define The Root Path For The App](rails/define-the-root-path-for-the-app.md)
 - [Delete Paranoid Records](rails/delete-paranoid-records.md)
 - [Demodulize A Class Name](rails/demodulize-a-class-name.md)
 - [Different Ways To Add A Foreign Key Reference](rails/different-ways-to-add-a-foreign-key-reference.md)
@@ -897,6 +913,7 @@ _1441 TILs and counting..._
 - [Find Or Create A Record With FactoryBot](rails/find-or-create-a-record-with-factory-bot.md)
 - [Find Records With Multiple Associated Records](rails/find-records-with-multiple-associated-records.md)
 - [Force All Users To Sign Out](rails/force-all-users-to-sign-out.md)
+- [Generate A Model](rails/generate-a-model.md)
 - [Generate A Rails App From The Main Branch](rails/generate-a-rails-app-from-the-main-branch.md)
 - [Generating And Executing SQL](rails/generating-and-executing-sql.md)
 - [Get A Quick Approximate Count Of A Large Table](rails/get-a-quick-approximate-count-of-a-large-table.md)
@@ -951,6 +968,7 @@ _1441 TILs and counting..._
 - [Rescue From With A Separate Method](rails/rescue-from-with-a-separate-method.md)
 - [Respond With JSON Regardless of Content Type](rails/respond-with-json-regardless-of-content-type.md)
 - [Retrieve An Object If It Exists](rails/retrieve-an-object-if-it-exists.md)
+- [Rollback A Couple Migrations](rails/rollback-a-couple-migrations.md)
 - [Rollback A Specific Migration Out Of Order](rails/rollback-a-specific-migration-out-of-order.md)
 - [Rounding Numbers With Precision](rails/rounding-numbers-with-precision.md)
 - [Run A Rake Task Programmatically](rails/run-a-rake-task-programmatically.md)
@@ -973,6 +991,7 @@ _1441 TILs and counting..._
 - [Skip Validations When Creating A Record](rails/skip-validations-when-creating-a-record.md)
 - [Specify New Attributes For #find_or_create_by](rails/specify-new-attributes-for-find-or-create-by.md)
 - [Temporarily Disable strong_params](rails/temporarily-disable-strong-params.md)
+- [Temporarily Turn Off Pending Migrations Error](rails/temporarily-turn-off-pending-migrations-error.md)
 - [Test For A Subset Of Attributes On A Model](rails/test-for-a-subset-of-attributes-on-a-model.md)
 - [Test If An Instance Variable Was Assigned](rails/test-if-an-instance-variable-was-assigned.md)
 - [Test If deliver_later Is Called For A Mailer](rails/test-if-deliver-later-is-called-for-a-mailer.md)
@@ -981,6 +1000,7 @@ _1441 TILs and counting..._
 - [Update Column Versus Update Attribute](rails/update-column-versus-update-attribute.md)
 - [Upgrading Your Manifest For Sprocket's 4](rails/upgrading-your-manifest-for-sprockets-4.md)
 - [Use IRB And Ruby Flags With Rails Console](rails/use-irb-and-ruby-flags-with-rails-console.md)
+- [Validate Column Data With Check Constraints](rails/validate-column-data-with-check-constraints.md)
 - [Verify And Read A Signed Cookie Value](rails/verify-and-read-a-signed-cookie-value.md)
 - [Where Am I In The Partial Iteration?](rails/where-am-i-in-the-partial-iteration.md)
 - [Why Redirect And Return In Controllers](rails/why-redirect-and-return-in-controllers.md)
@@ -1198,6 +1218,7 @@ _1441 TILs and counting..._
 - [Pattern Match Values From A Hash](ruby/pattern-match-values-from-a-hash.md)
 - [Percent Notation](ruby/percent-notation.md)
 - [Precedence Of Logical Operators](ruby/precedence-of-logical-operators.md)
+- [Prevent erb_lint From Removing Opening Tags](ruby/prevent-erb-lint-from-removing-opening-tags.md)
 - [Print Data To Formatted Table](ruby/print-data-to-formatted-table.md)
 - [Question Mark Operator](ruby/question-mark-operator.md)
 - [Rake Only Lists Tasks With Descriptions](ruby/rake-only-lists-tasks-with-descriptions.md)
@@ -1222,6 +1243,7 @@ _1441 TILs and counting..._
 - [Silence The Output Of A Ruby Statement In Pry](ruby/silence-the-output-of-a-ruby-statement-in-pry.md)
 - [Single And Double Quoted String Notation](ruby/single-and-double-quoted-string-notation.md)
 - [Skip Specific CVEs When Auditing Your Bundle](ruby/skip-specific-cves-when-auditing-your-bundle.md)
+- [Skip The Front Of An Array With Drop](ruby/skip-the-front-of-an-array-with-drop.md)
 - [Specify Dependencies For A Rake Task](ruby/specify-dependencies-for-a-rake-task.md)
 - [Specify How Random Array#sample Is](ruby/specify-how-random-array-sample-is.md)
 - [Split A Float Into Its Integer And Decimal](ruby/split-a-float-into-its-integer-and-decimal.md)
@@ -1373,6 +1395,7 @@ _1441 TILs and counting..._
 - [Display The Contents Of A Directory As A Tree](unix/display-the-contents-of-a-directory-as-a-tree.md)
 - [Do A Dry Run Of An rsync](unix/do-a-dry-run-of-an-rsync.md)
 - [Do Not Overwrite Existing Files](unix/do-not-overwrite-existing-files.md)
+- [Download A File With Curl](unix/download-a-file-with-curl.md)
 - [Enable Multi-Select Of Results With fzf](unix/enable-multi-select-of-results-with-fzf.md)
 - [Exclude A Command From The ZSH History File](unix/exclude-a-command-from-the-zsh-history-file.md)
 - [Exclude A Directory With Find](unix/exclude-a-directory-with-find.md)
@@ -1381,6 +1404,7 @@ _1441 TILs and counting..._
 - [File Type Info With File](unix/file-type-info-with-file.md)
 - [Find All Files Matching A Name With fd](unix/find-all-files-matching-a-name-with-fd.md)
 - [Find All Files With A Specific Extension With fd](unix/find-all-files-with-a-specific-extension-with-fd.md)
+- [Find Any Dotfiles That Modify Path Env Var](unix/find-any-dotfiles-that-modify-path-env-var.md)
 - [Find A File Installed By Brew](unix/find-a-file-installed-by-brew.md)
 - [Find Duplicate Lines In A File](unix/find-duplicate-lines-in-a-file.md)
 - [Find Files With fd](unix/find-files-with-fd.md)
@@ -1648,6 +1672,7 @@ _1441 TILs and counting..._
 - [Advance Through Search Results](vscode/advance-through-search-results.md)
 - [Enable Breadcrumbs For Version 1.26 Release](vscode/enable-breadcrumbs-for-version-126-release.md)
 - [Find The Location Of User Settings JSON File](vscode/find-the-location-of-user-settings-json-file.md)
+- [Jump To Problems In The Current File](vscode/jump-to-problems-in-the-current-file.md)
 - [Open An Integrated Terminal Window](vscode/open-an-integrated-terminal-window.md)
 - [Pop Open The Quick Fix Window](vscode/pop-open-the-quick-fix-window.md)
 - [Step Through Project-Wide Search Results](vscode/step-through-project-wide-search-results.md)
@@ -1710,6 +1735,11 @@ _1441 TILs and counting..._
 - [Incorporate Existing Type Into Zod Schema](zod/incorporate-existing-type-into-zod-schema.md)
 - [Set Custom Error Message For Nonempty Array](zod/set-custom-error-message-for-nonempty-array.md)
 
+### Zsh
+
+- [Add To The Path Via Path Array](zsh/add-to-the-path-via-path-array.md)
+- [Link A Scalar To An Array](zsh/link-a-scalar-to-an-array.md)
+
 ## Usage
 
 The `.vimrc` file for this project contains a function `CountTILs` that can

brew/export-list-of-everything-installed-by-brew.md

@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+# Export List Of Everything Installed By Brew
+
+If you're on a Mac using Homebrew to install various tools and utilities, there
+may come a time when you want a listing of what is installed.
+
+Run this command:
+
+```bash
+$ brew bundle dump
+```
+
+It may take 10 or so seconds. When it is done, you'll have a `Brewfile` in your
+current directory.
+
+Open it up and you'll see a bunch of lines like the following:
+
+```
+tap "heroku/brew"
+tap "homebrew/bundle"
+tap "homebrew/services"
+tap "mongodb/brew"
+tap "planetscale/tap"
+tap "stripe/stripe-cli"
+brew "asdf"
+brew "bat"
+brew "direnv"
+brew "entr"
+brew "exa"
+brew "fd"
+brew "ffmpeg"
+brew "fx"
+brew "fzf"
+brew "gcc"
+brew "gh"
+brew "planetscale/tap/pscale"
+brew "stripe/stripe-cli/stripe"
+cask "1password-cli"
+vscode "ms-playwright.playwright"
+vscode "ms-vsliveshare.vsliveshare"
+vscode "prisma.prisma"
+```
+
+Notice there are `tap`, `brew`, `cask`, and even `vscode` directives.
+
+This is a file you could export and then run on a 'new' machine to install all
+the programs you're used to having available on your current machine.
+
+[source](https://danmunoz.com/setting-up-a-new-computer-with-homebrew/)

docker/list-running-docker-containers.md

@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+# List Running Docker Containers
+
+The `docker` CLI has a `ps` command that will list all running container by
+default.
+
+When I run it, I can see that I have a container running a Postgres database
+and another running a MySQL database.
+
+```bash
+$ docker ps
+CONTAINER ID   IMAGE             COMMAND                  CREATED         STATUS         PORTS                               NAMES
+ba792e185734   postgres:latest   "docker-entrypoint.s…"   12 days ago     Up 12 days     0.0.0.0:9876->5432/tcp              better_reads-postgres-1
+7ca7c1e882e0   mysql:8.0         "docker-entrypoint.s…"   19 months ago   Up 8 seconds   33060/tcp, 0.0.0.0:3309->3306/tcp   some-app-db-1
+```
+
+It lists several pieces of info about the containers: the container id, the
+image it is based off, when it was created, the running status, the port
+configuration, and the name of the container
+
+If I run `docker ps --help` I can see some additional options. One option is
+the `--all` flag which will display all known docker container instead of just
+the running ones.

github-actions/capture-an-output-value-for-use-in-a-later-step.md

@@ -23,11 +23,11 @@ version from my `.tool-versions` file with a step that uses `set-output`.
   - name: Read Node.js version to install from `.tool-versions`
     id: nodejs
     run: >-
-      echo "::set-output name=NODE_VERSION::$(
+      echo "NODE_VERSION=$(
         cat .tool-versions |
         grep nodejs |
         sed 's/nodejs \(.*\)$/\1/'
-      )"
+      )" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
 ```
 
 `echo` runs the command in the string which sets `NODE_VERSION` as an output
@@ -45,4 +45,4 @@ This output value can be referenced in a later step.
 `steps` has a reference to the `nodejs` step (note the `id` above) which then
 has `outputs` like the `NODE_VERSION`.
 
-[source](https://docs.github.com/en/actions/reference/workflow-commands-for-github-actions#using-workflow-commands-to-access-toolkit-functions)
+[source](https://docs.github.com/en/actions/using-workflows/workflow-commands-for-github-actions#setting-an-output-parameter)

go/access-go-docs-offline.md

@@ -15,4 +15,10 @@ $ godoc -http=:6060
 
 and then visit `localhost:6060`.
 
+Note: if you do not already have `godoc` installed, you can install it with:
+
+```bash
+$ go install golang.org/x/tools/cmd/godoc@latest
+```
+
 [source](http://www.andybritcliffe.com/post/44610795381/offline-go-lang-documentation)

go/find-executables-installed-by-go.md

@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+# Find Executables Installed By Go
+
+When you install an executable using `go install`, it puts that executable in
+the `bin` directory designated by the `GOBIN` environment variable. If that env
+var isn't set, then it falls back to one of `$GOPATH/bin` or `$HOME/go/bin`.
+
+When I run `go help install`, it tells me as much:
+
+```
+Executables are installed in the directory named by the GOBIN environment
+variable, which defaults to $GOPATH/bin or $HOME/go/bin if the GOPATH
+environment variable is not set.
+```
+
+So, if I am to install something like [`tern`](https://github.com/jackc/tern),
+
+```bash
+$ go install github.com/jackc/tern/v2@latest
+```
+
+it is going to place that binary in `~/go/bin` for me.
+
+```bash
+$ which tern
+/Users/jbranchaud/go/bin/tern
+```

heroku/connect-to-a-database-by-color.md

@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+# Connect To A Database By Color
+
+All of your PostgreSQL databases in Heroku are given attachment names that use
+a random color. This might be _pink_, _brown_, _cobalt_, etc. And the
+attachment names then look like `HEROKU_POSTGRESQL_PINK`,
+`HEROKU_POSTGRESQL_BROWN`, `HEROKU_POSTGRESQL_COBALT`, etc.
+
+We can connect to a Heroku-managed PostgreSQL instance from the command-line
+like so:
+
+```bash
+$ heroku pg:psql --app my-app
+```
+
+This is going to connect to the _default_ database which is the one with the
+`DATABASE_URL` attachment.
+
+There are lots of instances where we may have other databases besides the
+primary (e.g. let's say we have a read replica follower). If we want to connect
+to that one, we can do so by _color_.
+
+If that database's attachment is `HEROKU_POSTGRESQL_IVORY`, then we'd connect
+to it like so:
+
+```bash
+$ heroku pg:psql ivory --app my-app
+```
+
+[source](https://devcenter.heroku.com/articles/managing-heroku-postgres-using-cli#pg-psql)

java/install-java-on-mac-with-brew.md

@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+# Install Java On Mac With Brew
+
+If you don't already have Java installed on your Mac, you can install it with
+homebrew.
+
+```bash
+$ brew install java
+```
+
+This will take a bit to run and when all is complete, you'll go to run
+something like a version check and see this:
+
+```bash
+$ java -version
+The operation couldn’t be completed. Unable to locate a Java Runtime.
+Please visit http://www.java.com for information on installing Java.
+```
+
+This is because [OpenJDK](https://openjdk.org/) the open-source implementation
+of the Java Development Kit (Java platform) does not get fully set up by
+homebrew.
+
+You'll need to symlink `openjdk` and the exact command with correct paths can
+be found from running the following:
+
+```bash
+$ brew info openjdk
+
+...
+
+For the system Java wrappers to find this JDK, symlink it with
+  sudo ln -sfn /usr/local/opt/openjdk/libexec/openjdk.jdk /Library/Java/JavaVirtualMachines/openjdk.jdk
+
+...
+```
+
+The paths may look different for you, so copy the exact command and run that.
+Once the symlink is set, check the version again.
+
+```bash
+$ java -version
+openjdk version "23" 2024-09-17
+OpenJDK Runtime Environment Homebrew (build 23)
+OpenJDK 64-Bit Server VM Homebrew (build 23, mixed mode, sharing)
+```
+
+[source](https://stackoverflow.com/a/65601197/535590)

java/run-a-hello-world-program-in-eclipse.md

@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+# Run A Hello World Program In Eclipse
+
+First, you'll need to create a new Java Project if you don't already have one
+to work in.
+
+From there, you can add a new _Class_ to the `src` folder of that project. I'll
+call mine `Greeting.java` and the only thing it will contain is a `main`
+method.
+
+```java
+public class Greeting {
+    public static void main(String[] args) {
+    	String name = args.length > 0 ? args[0] : "World";
+
+        System.out.println("Hello, " + name + "!");
+    }
+}
+```
+
+This method tries to read a name from the arguments given to the program at
+time of execution. If one wasn't provided the ternary falls back to `"World"`
+as the default name. It then prints the greeting to stdout.
+
+To run this program, we can either select _Run_ from the _Run_ menu (which will
+result in `Hello, World!`) or we can select _Run Configurations..._ from the
+same menu and add a custom name to _Program Arguments_ under the _Arguments_
+tab.

javascript/check-media-queries-from-javascript.md

@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+# Check Media Queries From JavaScript
+
+I'm usually thinking about and [using media
+queries](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/CSS_media_queries/Using_media_queries)
+from a CSS context. I use them to control what styles are displayed for a
+variety of scenarios, such as at different screen widths, when a user prefers
+reduced motion, or when the user prefers a dark color scheme.
+
+The current value of various media queries can be checked from a JavaScript
+context as well.
+
+For instance, if we want to see if the user prefers a _dark_ color schema, we
+can look for a _match_ on that media query with
+[`matchMedia`](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Window/matchMedia).
+
+```javascript
+> window.matchMedia('(prefers-color-scheme: dark)')
+MediaQueryList {media: '(prefers-color-scheme: dark)', matches: true, onchange: null}
+> window.matchMedia('(prefers-color-scheme: dark)')['matches']
+true
+```
+
+This queries for the [`prefers-color-scheme` media
+feature](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/@media/prefers-color-scheme).
+
+The [Astro.build Blog
+Tutorial](https://docs.astro.build/en/tutorial/6-islands/2/#add-client-side-interactivity)
+shows an example of using this to wire up a Light/Dark mode toggle.

mac/check-network-quality-stats-from-the-command-line.md

@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+# Check Network Quality Stats From The Command Line
+
+MacOS comes with a little known CLI utility for checking your current network
+quality statistics. It is aptly named `networkQuality`.
+
+Here is what a basic run of the tool might output:
+
+```bash
+$ networkQuality
+
+...
+Downlink: capacity 281.430 Mbps, responsiveness 101 RPM - Uplink: capacity 16.629 Mbps, responsiveness 101 R
+Downlink: capacity 285.534 Mbps, responsiveness 101 RPM - Uplink: capacity 16.028 Mbps, responsiveness 101 R
+==== SUMMARY ====
+Uplink capacity: 22.982 Mbps
+Downlink capacity: 288.152 Mbps
+Responsiveness: Low (93 RPM)
+Idle Latency: 26.375 milliseconds
+```
+
+You can get an even more detailed summary with the `-v` option:
+
+```bash
+$ networkQuality -v
+
+...
+==== SUMMARY ====
+Uplink capacity: 18.257 Mbps (Accuracy: High)
+Downlink capacity: 469.355 Mbps (Accuracy: High)
+Responsiveness: Medium (252 RPM) (Accuracy: High)
+Idle Latency: 25.583 milliseconds (Accuracy: High)
+Interface: en0
+Uplink bytes transferred: 19.750 MB
+Downlink bytes transferred: 488.265 MB
+Uplink Flow count: 8
+Downlink Flow count: 12
+Start: 9/24/24, 11:06:20 AM
+End: 9/24/24, 11:06:30 AM
+OS Version: Version 13.5.2 (Build 22G91)
+```
+
+See `man networkQuality` for more details.
+
+[source](https://cyberhost.uk/the-hidden-macos-speedtest-tool-networkquality/)

mac/keyboard-shortcuts-for-interacting-with-text-areas.md

@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+# Keyboard Shortcuts For Interacting With Text Areas
+
+When interacting with a document text area on MacOS (such as in the Notes app),
+there are a bunch of keyboard shortcuts made available to you via the operating
+system.
+
+A couple common ones that I'm used to from Unix environments are:
+
+- `ctrl-a` to move the cursor to the beginning of the line
+- `ctrl-e` to move the cursor to the end of the line
+- `ctrl-p` to move the cursor up a line (this is a common _previous_ keybinding)
+- `ctrl-n` to move the cursor down a line (this is a common _next_ keybinding)
+
+A handy one that I wasn't aware of is `ctrl-l` which will scroll the text area
+so that the cursor gets centered in the view area.
+
+A much more niche one I wasn't aware of is `ctrl-t` which swaps the character
+before the cursor with the character after the cursor. I can only imagine this
+being useful for quickly fixing transposed characters in a misspelled word,
+e.g. `baer`.
+
+There are many more *Document Shortcuts* as well as well as keyboard shorcuts
+for other apps and situations. The full listing is at [Mac Keyboard
+Shortcuts](https://support.apple.com/en-us/102650).

postgres/generate-modern-primary-key-columns.md

@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+# Generate Modern Primary Key Columns
+
+Chances are if you have looked at some examples, blog posts, or real-world
+instances of a `create table` statement, it defined the primary key with
+`serial` (or `bigserial`).
+
+```sql
+create table books (
+  id serial primary key,
+  title text not null,
+  author text not null,
+  created_at timestamptz not null default now(),
+  updated_at timestamptz not null default now()
+);
+```
+
+The `serial` syntax is everywhere, but for quite a while now it has not been
+the recommended way to define a primary key column for the `int` or `bigint`
+data types.
+
+The ["Don't Do This" page of the PostgreSQL
+wiki](https://wiki.postgresql.org/wiki/Don%27t_Do_This#Don.27t_use_serial) says
+"Don't use serial".
+
+> For new applications, identity columns should be used instead. The serial
+> types have some weird behaviors that make schema, dependency, and permission
+> management unnecessarily cumbersome.
+
+The modern way to define a primary key column for `int` or `bigint` is with a
+generated identity column.
+
+```sql
+create table books (
+  id int primary key generated always as identity,
+  title text not null,
+  author text not null,
+  created_at timestamptz not null default now(),
+  updated_at timestamptz not null default now()
+);
+```
+
+Check out the PostgreSQL docs for more about [identity
+columns](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/17/ddl-identity-columns.html).

rails/define-the-root-path-for-the-app.md

@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+# Define The Root Path For The App
+
+The `root_path` helper that you might want to use in Rails controllers and
+views is not available by default.
+
+```ruby
+> Rails.application.routes.url_helpers.root_path
+
+ruby/3.2.2/lib/ruby/gems/3.2.0/gems/irb-1.14.0/lib/irb.rb:1285:in `full_message': undefined method `root_path' for #<Module:0x0000000106d11738> (NoMethodError)
+
+Rails.application.routes.url_helpers.root_path
+                                    ^^^^^^^^^^
+Did you mean?  logout_path
+               book_path
+```
+
+It needs to be declared in the `config/routes.rb` file with the controller
+action that it points to.
+
+```ruby
+# config/routes.rb
+Rails.application.routes.draw do
+  root 'home#index'
+end
+```
+
+Once this is defined the `root_path` will now be available with the rest of
+your URL helpers.
+
+```ruby
+better-reads(dev)> reload!
+Reloading...
+better-reads(dev)> Rails.application.routes.url_helpers.root_path
+=> "/"
+```
+
+[source](https://guides.rubyonrails.org/routing.html#using-root)

rails/generate-a-model.md

@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+# Generate A Model
+
+The `rails` CLI comes with a variety of generators. Perhaps the mostly common
+one to use is the _model_ generator.
+
+The model generator will create a migration and a model file for the entity
+that you name. In the following example `Book` will result in a
+`app/models/book.rb` file as well as a migration file for a `books` table.
+These generators know the singular and plural conventions.
+
+At the end of the command is a series of field definitions containing the field
+_name_ and field _type_. These are used in the migration file for defining
+columns on the new table.
+
+```bash
+❯ bin/rails generate model Book title:string publication_date:date author:string
+      invoke  active_record
+      create    db/migrate/20240920223447_create_books.rb
+      create    app/models/book.rb
+      invoke    rspec
+      create      spec/models/book_spec.rb
+```
+
+You may also notice that an `rspec` action was invoked as part of this
+generator. That is because I have the `rspec-rails` gem in my project. That gem
+hooks into the model generator so that a model spec also gets generated. Handy!

rails/rollback-a-couple-migrations.md

@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+# Rollback A Couple Migrations
+
+Let's say we need to rollback a couple Rails migrations that have been applied
+to our local environment. We run `rails db:migrate:status` and see that there
+are _2_ migrations that we want to _undo_.
+
+We can accomplish this by using the `STEP` env var with the rollback command.
+
+```bash
+$ rails db:rollback STEP=2
+```
+
+Just set `STEP` to the number of migrations that we need to rollback. If we
+then rerun `rails db:migrate:status` we'll now see those latest two migrations
+are `down`.
+
+Note: by default Rails doesn't like to operate with pending migrations. If we
+want to temporarily disable the pending migration check, we can alter the
+migration error config in `config/development.rb`.
+
+```diff
+  # Raise an error on page load if there are pending migrations.
+-  # config.active_record.migration_error = :page_load
++  config.active_record.migration_error = false
+```

rails/temporarily-turn-off-pending-migrations-error.md

@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+# Temporarily Turn Off Pending Migrations Error
+
+Whenever I'm working on an end-to-end feature in a Rails app, soon or later I
+am going to see the _Pending Migrations_ error page. I try to visit one of the
+routes in the browser and the Rails app serves this error page instead of my
+actual request response.
+
+This is typically what I want. If there are migrations just sitting there that
+haven't been run yet, that's probably an issue. Maybe I just pulled down the
+latest changes from my teammates. The app isn't going to work properly without
+whatever schema changes are prescribed in those pending migrations.
+
+The thing to do is run those migrations.
+
+In some special cases though, I know what I'm doing and I would like to operate
+my app locally with specific migrations not yet applied.
+
+To skip the error, I can change this `config/environments/development.rb`
+setting from:
+
+```ruby
+config.active_record.migration_error = :page_load
+```
+
+to:
+
+```ruby
+config.active_record.migration_error = false
+```
+
+I just need to make sure to switch it back when I'm done.
+
+[source](https://til.hashrocket.com/posts/ujcixh5rwi-rails-ignore-pending-migrations)

rails/validate-column-data-with-check-constraints.md

@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+# Validate Column Data With Check Constraints
+
+A check constraint is a feature of database systems like PostgreSQL that allows
+you to enforce rules about the data that goes in a table's column. As of Rails
+6.1, ActiveRecord provides a way to add a check constraint via the DSL.
+
+In this example, we want to ensure that the value going into the
+reading_statuses.status column is one of four values. Nothing else besides
+these four values should be allowed.
+
+```ruby
+class AddReadingStatusTable < ActiveRecord::Migration[7.2]
+  def change
+    create_table :reading_statuses do |t|
+      t.references :user, null: false, foreign_key: true
+      t.references :book, null: false, foreign_key: true
+      t.string :status, null: false
+      t.timestamps
+    end
+
+    add_check_constraint
+      :reading_statuses,
+      "status in ('started', 'completed', 'abandoned', 'already_read')",
+      name: "reading_statuses_valid_status_check"
+  end
+end
+```
+
+The `#add_check_constraint` method takes the name of the table and a SQL clause
+that can evaluate to true or false for a given row. We can optionally include
+the name of the check constraint (e.g. {table_name}_{column_name}_check) like
+we've done above.

ruby/prevent-erb-lint-from-removing-opening-tags.md

@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+# Prevent erb_lint From Removing Opening Tags
+
+The [`erb_lint` gem](https://github.com/Shopify/erb_lint) is a tool from
+shopify for linting and auto-formatting ERB files. When I first set it up in a
+Rails codebase with the base `.erb-lint.yml` recommended in the README, I ran
+into a pernicious issue. The linter wanted to remove opening tags (i.e. `<%`
+and `<%=`) from my ERB files.
+
+So, for a file that looked like this:
+
+```erb
+<div>
+  <%= form_with(url: login_path, scope: :session) do |f| %>
+    <div>
+      <%= f.label :email %>
+      <%= f.email_field :email %>
+    </div>
+</div>
+```
+
+It would get formatted to this:
+
+```erb
+<div>
+form_with(url: login_path, scope: :session) do |f| %>
+    <div>
+f.label :email %>
+f.email_field :email %>
+    </div>
+</div>
+```
+
+Yikes!
+
+I had to disable a couple rules (under `rubocop_config:`) in the `.erb-lint.yml` file to get it to stop
+doing this.
+
+```yaml
+Layout/InitialIndentation:
+  Enabled: false
+Layout/TrailingEmptyLines:
+  Enabled: false
+```
+
+[source](https://github.com/Shopify/erb_lint/issues/222)

ruby/skip-the-front-of-an-array-with-drop.md

@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+# Skip The Front Of An Array With Drop
+
+I've long been familiar with Ruby's
+[`Array#take`](https://apidock.com/ruby/Array/take) which is a handy way to
+grab the first few elements of an array.
+
+```ruby
+> [:a, :b, :c, :d, :e, :f, :g].take(4)
+=> [:a, :b, :c, :d]
+```
+
+But what if I want to skip those first four elements of the array and get what
+remains. That is where [`Array#drop`](https://apidock.com/ruby/Array/drop)
+comes in.
+
+```ruby
+> [:a, :b, :c, :d, :e, :f, :g].drop(4)
+=> [:e, :f, :g]
+```
+
+How about a couple practical situations for use in a Rails app.
+
+Here I want to segment out the first 6 books and whatever remains:
+
+```
+def index
+  @books = Book.order(created_at: :desc).limit(10)
+
+  @featured_books = @books.take(6)
+  @remaining_books = @books.drop(6)
+end
+```
+
+Or, what about cleaning up all but the first of these duplicate records:
+
+```
+Book
+  .where(title: "The Murder of Roger Ackroyd")
+  .drop(1)
+  .each { |duplicate_book| duplicate_book.destroy }
+```
+
+The first record is ignored (dropped from the array) and the following records
+are processed by the `#each` where they get destroyed.

unix/download-a-file-with-curl.md

@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+# Download A File With Curl
+
+Though I typically think of cURL as a way of hitting an API endpoint to check
+its headers or see what it returns, it can also be used as an alternative to
+`wget` to download a file.
+
+With the `-O` option (short for `--remote-name`) we instruct cURL to save the
+contents of the remote file to a local file in the current directory _using the
+same name as the remote_.
+
+Here is an example:
+
+```bash
+$ curl -O https://www.apache.org/dist/db/derby/db-derby-10.17.1.0/db-derby-10.17.1.0-bin.zip.asc
+```
+
+This creates a file in my current directory called
+`db-derby-10.17.1.0-bin.zip.asc`. Notice it only uses the last part of the path
+for the file name.
+
+See `man curl` for more details.
+
+[source](https://stackoverflow.com/questions/4572153/os-x-equivalent-of-linuxs-wget#comment84857090_4572158)

unix/find-any-dotfiles-that-modify-path-env-var.md

@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+# Find Any Dotfiles That Modify Path Env Var
+
+Whether you are using `zsh`, `bash`, or some other shell, there are a variety
+of dotfiles where you can place statements to update the `PATH` env var. These
+files don't all run in the same contexts and it can be tricky to debug if one
+is clobbering the path set by another.
+
+One way to audit how your `PATH` gets set and track down any issues is to find
+any place where the path may be getting modified in your dotfiles.
+
+I like to use [`rg` (ripgrep)](https://github.com/BurntSushi/ripgrep) for tasks
+like this.
+
+First, I want to check where the `PATH` is explicitly modified.
+
+```bash
+$ rg 'export PATH' ~/\.* --max-depth 0
+```
+
+This looks at all instances of dotfiles in my home directory where `export
+PATH` appears. That should catch the majority of ways that it gets updated.
+
+Next, because I am using `zsh` as my shell, I want to look for another way my
+path might be set. `zsh` defaults to setting up `path` as proxy for `PATH` that
+acts as an array.
+
+I check for any instances of `path=` or `path+=` in my dotfiles:
+
+```bash
+$ rg 'path\+?=' ~/\.* --max-depth 0
+```
+
+Note that the `--max-depth 0` is really important for both because otherwise a
+ton of irrelevant stuff buried in deeply-nested dot-directories will be
+surfaced.
+
+If you want just a file name summary of the results, tack on a `-l` flag.

vscode/jump-to-problems-in-the-current-file.md

@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+# Jump To Problems In The Current File
+
+VSCode has a system for different extensions to report problems. The editor
+will visually flag those problems in the editor with a red squiggly underline.
+It will also list them in the _Problems_ tab of the bottom tray (hit `Cmd+j` to
+pop that tray open).
+
+If there are some active problems in your current file, you can jump right to
+them.
+
+Hit `F8` and you'll jump to the next problem after wherever the cursor is. Hit
+`F8` again and it will go to the next one.
+
+Want to track back through the file? Hit `Shift+F8` and you'll jump to the
+closest problem _behind_ the current cursor position.
+
+Using these two, you can quickly survey the current problems in your file
+before deciding how to proceed.

zsh/add-to-the-path-via-path-array.md

@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+# Add To Path Via Path Array
+
+Typically when managing what is on your path in a Unix shell environment, you
+override the `PATH` environment variable with `export`. This is usually an
+append or prepend to bring along the existing path entries.
+
+```bash
+$ export PATH="$PATH:/Users/me/.local/bin"
+```
+
+The `zsh` shell environment exposes another way of adding to your path. They
+have a `path` array which can be a little easier to work with since you can use
+an array operation instead of string interpolation.
+
+Here is how we'd do the same as above:
+
+```bash
+$ path+=/Users/me/.local/bin
+```
+
+This works because there is an automatic linking in zsh between arrays and
+colon-separated strings (_scalars_).
+[source](https://www.zsh.org/mla/users//2005/msg01132.html)
+
+[source](https://superuser.com/a/1447959)

zsh/link-a-scalar-to-an-array.md

@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+# Link A Scalar To An Array
+
+`Zsh` has a builtin command `typeset` that does a variety of things. When given
+the `-T` flag and the names of a scalar and an array, it will link them
+together so that a change to one is reflected in the other.
+
+The scalar is a string of values delimited by a colon (`:`). The array is an
+array that can be interacted with using array operations like append (`+=`).
+
+```bash
+$ typeset -T FOO foo
+
+$ echo $FOO
+
+
+$ export FOO="one:two"
+
+$ echo $foo
+one two
+
+$ foo+=three
+
+$ echo $FOO
+one:two:three
+```
+
+Notice `FOO` is initially empty. I then `export` it to overwrite it with two
+values delimited by a colon. Since `foo` is automatically kept in sync, I can
+`echo $foo` and see those values displayed as an array. I can then append a
+third value using an array operation on `foo`. The update will be automatically
+reflected in `FOO`.
+
+`Zsh` does this under the hood for `PATH` and `path` which is why you can [add
+to the path via the path array](add-to-the-path-via-path-array.md).
+
+See `man zshbuiltins` for more details.
+
+[source](http://devlib.symbian.slions.net/s3/GUID-D87C96CE-3F23-552D-927C-B6A1D61691BF.html)