Merge bc767a0ad3 into 1c4e37ed8a

README.md

@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ pairing with smart people at Hashrocket.
 
 For a steady stream of TILs, [sign up for my newsletter](https://crafty-builder-6996.ck.page/e169c61186).
 
-_1488 TILs and counting..._
+_1504 TILs and counting..._
 
 ---
 
@@ -157,6 +157,7 @@ _1488 TILs and counting..._
 ### CSS
 
 - [Add Fab Icons To Your Site With FontAwesome 5](css/add-fab-icons-to-your-site-with-fontawesome-5.md)
+- [Add Line Numbers To A Code Block With Counter](css/add-line-numbers-to-a-code-block-with-counter.md)
 - [Animate Smoothly Between Two Background Colors](css/animate-smoothly-between-two-background-colors.md)
 - [Apply Multiple Box Shadows To Single Element](css/apply-multiple-box-shadows-to-single-element.md)
 - [Apply Styles Based On Dark-Mode Preferences](css/apply-styles-based-on-dark-mode-preferences.md)
@@ -212,6 +213,7 @@ _1488 TILs and counting..._
 ### Drizzle
 
 - [Create bigint Identity Column For Primary Key](drizzle/create-bigint-identity-column-for-primary-key.md)
+- [Drizzle Tracks Migrations In A Log Table](drizzle/drizzle-tracks-migrations-in-a-log-table.md)
 - [Get Fields For Inserted Row](drizzle/get-fields-for-inserted-row.md)
 
 ### Elixir
@@ -295,6 +297,7 @@ _1488 TILs and counting..._
 - [Configure Global gitignore File](git/configure-global-gitignore-file.md)
 - [Configuring The Pager](git/configuring-the-pager.md)
 - [Copy A File From Another Branch](git/copy-a-file-from-another-branch.md)
+- [Count All Files Of Specific Type Tracked By Git](git/count-all-files-of-specific-type-tracked-by-git.md)
 - [Create A New Branch With Git Switch](git/create-a-new-branch-with-git-switch.md)
 - [Delete All Untracked Files](git/delete-all-untracked-files.md)
 - [Determine The Hash Id For A Blob](git/determine-the-hash-id-for-a-blob.md)
@@ -394,6 +397,7 @@ _1488 TILs and counting..._
 
 - [Access Go Docs Offline](go/access-go-docs-offline.md)
 - [Build For A Specific OS And Architecture](go/build-for-a-specific-os-and-architecture.md)
+- [Do Something N Times](go/do-something-n-times.md)
 - [Find Executables Installed By Go](go/find-executables-installed-by-go.md)
 - [Not So Random](go/not-so-random.md)
 - [Replace The Current Process With An External Command](go/replace-the-current-process-with-an-external-command.md)
@@ -439,8 +443,10 @@ _1488 TILs and counting..._
 ### Internet
 
 - [Add Emoji To GitHub Repository Description](internet/add-emoji-to-github-repository-description.md)
+- [Add Styled Alerts To GitHub Markdown Documents](internet/add-styled-alerts-to-github-markdown-documents.md)
 - [Analyze Your Website Performance](internet/analyze-your-website-performance.md)
 - [Check Your Public IP Address](internet/check-your-public-ip-address.md)
+- [Digraph Unicode Characters Have A Titlecase](internet/digraph-unicode-characters-have-a-titlecase.md)
 - [Enable Keyboard Shortcuts In Gmail](internet/enable-keyboard-shortcuts-in-gmail.md)
 - [Exclude AI Overview From Google Search](internet/exclude-ai-overview-from-google-search.md)
 - [Exclude Whitespace Changes From GitHub Diffs](internet/exclude-whitespace-changes-from-github-diffs.md)
@@ -523,6 +529,7 @@ _1488 TILs and counting..._
 - [Open Global npm Config File](javascript/open-global-npm-config-file.md)
 - [Parse A Date From A Timestamp](javascript/parse-a-date-from-a-timestamp.md)
 - [Pre And Post Hooks For Yarn Scripts](javascript/pre-and-post-hooks-for-yarn-scripts.md)
+- [Prevent Hidden Element From Flickering On Load](javascript/prevent-hidden-element-from-flickering-on-load.md)
 - [Purge Null And Undefined Values From Object](javascript/purge-null-and-undefined-values-from-object.md)
 - [Random Cannot Be Seeded](javascript/random-cannot-be-seeded.md)
 - [Reach Into An Object For Nested Data With Get](javascript/reach-into-an-object-for-nested-data-with-get.md)
@@ -769,6 +776,7 @@ _1488 TILs and counting..._
 - [Force SSL When Making A psql Connection](postgres/force-ssl-when-making-a-psql-connection.md)
 - [Generate A UUID](postgres/generate-a-uuid.md)
 - [Generate Modern Primary Key Columns](postgres/generate-modern-primary-key-columns.md)
+- [Generate Random Alphanumeric Identifier](postgres/generate-random-alphanumeric-identifier.md)
 - [Generate Random UUIDs Without An Extension](postgres/generate-random-uuids-without-an-extension.md)
 - [Generate Series Of Numbers](postgres/generate-series-of-numbers.md)
 - [Generating UUIDs With pgcrypto](postgres/generating-uuids-with-pgcrypto.md)
@@ -836,6 +844,7 @@ _1488 TILs and counting..._
 - [Survey Of User-Defined Ordering Of Records](postgres/survey-of-user-defined-ordering-of-records.md)
 - [Switch Non-Castable Column Type With Using Clause](postgres/switch-non-castable-column-type-with-using-clause.md)
 - [Switch The Running Postgres Server Version](postgres/switch-the-running-postgres-server-version.md)
+- [Table Names Are Treated As Lower-Case By Default](postgres/table-names-are-treated-as-lower-case-by-default.md)
 - [Temporarily Disable Triggers](postgres/temporarily-disable-triggers.md)
 - [Temporary Tables](postgres/temporary-tables.md)
 - [Terminating A Connection](postgres/terminating-a-connection.md)
@@ -878,6 +887,7 @@ _1488 TILs and counting..._
 
 - [Access Instance Variables](python/access-instance-variables.md)
 - [Create A Dummy DataFrame In Pandas](python/create-a-dummy-dataframe-in-pandas.md)
+- [Store And Access Immutable Data In A Tuple](python/store-and-access-immutable-data-in-a-tuple.md)
 - [Test A Function With Pytest](python/test-a-function-with-pytest.md)
 - [Use pipx To Install End User Apps](python/use-pipx-to-install-end-user-apps.md)
 
@@ -921,6 +931,7 @@ _1488 TILs and counting..._
 - [Count The Number Of Records By Attribute](rails/count-the-number-of-records-by-attribute.md)
 - [Create A Custom Named References Column](rails/create-a-custom-named-references-column.md)
 - [Create A Join Table With The Migration DSL](rails/create-a-join-table-with-the-migration-dsl.md)
+- [Create Table With bigint Id As Primary Key](rails/create-table-with-bigint-id-as-primary-key.md)
 - [Creating Records of Has_One Associations](rails/creating-records-of-has-one-associations.md)
 - [Custom Validation Message](rails/custom-validation-message.md)
 - [Customize Paths And Helpers For Devise Routes](rails/customize-paths-and-helpers-for-devise-routes.md)
@@ -977,6 +988,7 @@ _1488 TILs and counting..._
 - [Parse Request Params In Rack::Attack Block](rails/parse-request-params-in-rack-attack-block.md)
 - [Perform SQL Explain With ActiveRecord](rails/perform-sql-explain-with-activerecord.md)
 - [Polymorphic Path Helpers](rails/polymorphic-path-helpers.md)
+- [Prefer select_all Over execute For Read Queries](rails/prefer-select-all-over-execute-for-read-queries.md)
 - [Pretend Generations](rails/pretend-generations.md)
 - [Prevent Writes With A Sandboxed Rails Console](rails/prevent-writes-with-a-sandboxed-rails-console.md)
 - [Query A Single Value From The Database](rails/query-a-single-value-from-the-database.md)
@@ -1346,6 +1358,7 @@ _1488 TILs and counting..._
 - [Kill The Current Session](tmux/kill-the-current-session.md)
 - [List All Key Bindings](tmux/list-all-key-bindings.md)
 - [List Sessions](tmux/list-sessions.md)
+- [Open New Splits To The Current Directory](tmux/open-new-splits-to-the-current-directory.md)
 - [Open New Window With A Specific Directory](tmux/open-new-window-with-a-specific-directory.md)
 - [Organizing Windows](tmux/organizing-windows.md)
 - [Paging Up And Down](tmux/paging-up-and-down.md)
@@ -1375,6 +1388,7 @@ _1488 TILs and counting..._
 - [Generate An Initial tsconfig File](typescript/generate-an-initial-tsconfig-file.md)
 - [Generate Inferred Type From Zod Schema](typescript/generate-inferred-type-from-zod-schema.md)
 - [Get The Return Type Of An Async Function](typescript/get-the-return-type-of-an-async-function.md)
+- [Ignore All Errors In A TypeScript File](typescript/ignore-all-errors-in-a-typescript-file.md)
 - [Interfaces With The Same Name Are Merged](typescript/interfaces-with-the-same-name-are-merged.md)
 - [Narrow The Type Of An Array To Its Values](typescript/narrow-the-type-of-an-array-to-its-values.md)
 - [Re-Export An Imported Type](typescript/re-export-an-imported-type.md)
@@ -1443,6 +1457,7 @@ _1488 TILs and counting..._
 - [Generate Random 20-Character Hex String](unix/generate-random-20-character-hex-string.md)
 - [Get A List Of Locales On Your System](unix/get-a-list-of-locales-on-your-system.md)
 - [Get Matching Filenames As Output From Grep](unix/get-matching-filenames-as-output-from-grep.md)
+- [Get The SHA256 Hash For A File](unix/get-the-sha256-hash-for-a-file.md)
 - [Get The Unix Timestamp](unix/get-the-unix-timestamp.md)
 - [Global Substitution On The Previous Command](unix/global-substitution-on-the-previous-command.md)
 - [Globbing For All Directories In Zsh](unix/globbing-for-all-directories-in-zsh.md)
@@ -1513,6 +1528,7 @@ _1488 TILs and counting..._
 - [Switch Versions of a Brew Formula](unix/switch-versions-of-a-brew-formula.md)
 - [Tell direnv To Load The Env File](unix/tell-direnv-to-load-the-env-file.md)
 - [Touch Access And Modify Times Individually](unix/touch-access-and-modify-times-individually.md)
+- [Undo Changes Made To Current Terminal Prompt](unix/undo-changes-made-to-current-terminal-prompt.md)
 - [Undo Some Command Line Editing](unix/undo-some-command-line-editing.md)
 - [Unrestrict Where ripgrep Searches](unix/unrestrict-where-ripgrep-searches.md)
 - [Update Package Versions Known By asdf Plugin](unix/update-package-versions-known-by-asdf-plugin.md)

css/add-line-numbers-to-a-code-block-with-counter.md

@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+# Add Line Numbers To A Code Block With Counter
+
+The
+[`counter`](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/CSS_counter_styles/Using_CSS_counters)
+feature in CSS is a stateful feature that allows you to increment and display a
+number based on elements' locations in the document. This feature is useful for
+adding numbers to headings and lists, but it can also be used to add line
+numbers to a code block.
+
+We need to initialize the counter to start using it. This will give it a name
+and default it to the value 0. We'll tie this to a `pre` tag which wraps our
+lines of code.
+
+```css {{ title: 'globals.css' }}
+pre.shiki {
+  counter-reset: line-number;
+}
+```
+
+Then we need to increment the counter for every line of code that appears in
+the code block
+
+```css {{ title: 'globals.css' }}
+pre.shiki .line {
+  counter-increment: line-number;
+}
+```
+
+Last, we need to display these incrementing `line-number` values _before_ each
+line.
+
+```css {{ title: 'globals.css }}
+pre.shiki .line:not(:last-of-type)::before {
+  content: counter(line-number);
+  /*
+   * plus any styling and spacing of the numbers
+   */
+}
+```
+
+This essentially attaches an element to the front (`::before`) of the line
+whose content is the current value of `line-number`. It is applied to all but
+the last `.line` because [shiki](https://shiki.matsu.io/) includes an empty
+`.line` at the end.
+
+Here is [the real-world example of
+this](https://github.com/pingdotgg/uploadthing/blob/4954c9956c141a25a5405991c34cc5ce8d990085/docs/src/styles/tailwind.css#L13-L37)
+that I referenced for this post.
+
+Note: the counter can be incremented, decremented, or even explicitly set to a
+specific value.

drizzle/drizzle-tracks-migrations-in-a-log-table.md

@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+# Drizzle Tracks Migrations In A Log Table
+
+When I generate (`npx drizzle-kit generate`) and apply (`npx drizzle-kit
+migrate`) schema migrations against my database with Drizzle, there are SQL
+files that get created and run.
+
+How does Drizzle know which SQL files have been run and which haven't?
+
+Like many SQL schema migration tools, it uses a table in the database to record
+this metadata. Drizzle defaults to calling this table `__drizzle_migrations`
+and puts it in the `drizzle` schema (which is like a database namespace).
+
+Let's take a look at this table for a project with two migrations:
+
+```sql
+postgres> \d drizzle.__drizzle_migrations
+                                  Table "drizzle.__drizzle_migrations"
+   Column   |  Type   | Collation | Nullable |                         Default
+------------+---------+-----------+----------+----------------------------------------------------------
+ id         | integer |           | not null | nextval('drizzle.__drizzle_migrations_id_seq'::regclass)
+ hash       | text    |           | not null |
+ created_at | bigint  |           |          |
+Indexes:
+    "__drizzle_migrations_pkey" PRIMARY KEY, btree (id)
+
+postgres> select * from drizzle.__drizzle_migrations;
+ id |                               hash                               |  created_at
+----+------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------
+  1 | 8961353bf66f9b3fe1a715f6ea9d9ef2bc65697bb8a5c2569df939a61e72a318 | 1730219291288
+  2 | b75e61451e2ce37d831608b1bc9231bf3af09e0ab54bf169be117de9d4ff6805 | 1730224013018
+(2 rows)
+```
+
+Notice that Drizzle stores each migration record as [a SHA256 hash of the
+migration
+file](https://github.com/drizzle-team/drizzle-orm/blob/526996bd2ea20d5b1a0d65e743b47e23329d441c/drizzle-orm/src/migrator.ts#L52)
+and a timestamp of when the migration was run.
+
+[source](https://orm.drizzle.team/docs/drizzle-kit-migrate#applied-migrations-log-in-the-database)

git/count-all-files-of-specific-type-tracked-by-git.md

@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+# Count All Files Of Specific Type Tracked By Git
+
+I want to get a count of all the markdown files in my [TIL
+repo](https://github.com/jbranchaud/til). Since all the files I care about are
+tracked by `git`, I can use `git ls-files` to get a listing of all files. That
+command on its own lists all files tracked by your git repository. Though there
+are many other flags we can apply, that will do for my purposes.
+
+By giving `git ls-files` a pattern to match against, I can turn up just, for
+instance, markdown files (`*.md`). I can pipe that to `wc -l` to get a count
+rather than exploding my terminal with a list of file names.
+
+```bash
+❯ git ls-files '*.md' | wc -l
+    1503
+```
+
+That command includes `README.md` and `CONTRIBUTING.md`, but really I only want
+to count the markdown files that constitute a TIL. Those all happen to be
+nested under a single directory. So I can tweak the glob pattern like so:
+
+```bash
+❯ git ls-files '*/*.md' | wc -l
+    1501
+```
+
+See `man git-ls-files` for more details.

go/do-something-n-times.md

@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+# Do Something N Times
+
+With Go 1.23 there is a new for-range syntax that makes looping a bit easier
+and more compact.
+
+Instead of needing to set up our 3-part for-loop syntax, we can say we want to
+do something `N` times with `for range N`.
+
+```go
+for range n {
+	// do something
+}
+```
+
+Let's look at an actual, runnable example:
+
+```go
+package main
+
+import "fmt"
+import "math/rand"
+import "time"
+
+func main() {
+	rand.Seed(time.Now().UnixNano()) 
+
+	food := []string{"taco", "burrito", "torta", "enchilada", "tostada"}
+
+	for range 5 {
+		randomIndex := rand.Intn(len(food))
+		fmt.Println(food[randomIndex])
+	}
+}
+```
+
+The output is random and might look something like this:
+
+```bash
+$ go run loop.go
+taco
+burrito
+tostada
+taco
+enchilada
+```
+
+I appreciate this syntax addition because it feels very akin to Ruby's `#times`
+method:
+
+```ruby
+5.times do
+  # do something
+end
+```
+
+[source](https://eli.thegreenplace.net/2024/ranging-over-functions-in-go-123/)

internet/add-styled-alerts-to-github-markdown-documents.md

@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+# Add Styled Alerts To GitHub Markdown Documents
+
+The GFM (GitHub Flavored Markdown) variant of markdown adds some nice features
+to our GitHub-rendered markdown documents.
+
+One such feature that has been around for a couple years, but which I only just
+learned about, are these styled alerts. There are five of them each with a
+different color and icon to help convey meaning.
+
+```
+> [!NOTE]
+> Useful information that users should know, even when skimming content.
+
+> [!TIP]
+> Helpful advice for doing things better or more easily.
+
+> [!IMPORTANT]
+> Key information users need to know to achieve their goal.
+
+> [!WARNING]
+> Urgent info that needs immediate user attention to avoid problems.
+
+> [!CAUTION]
+> Advises about risks or negative outcomes of certain actions.
+```
+
+I just added the following to the top of one of my project's READMEs to help me
+remember that it is not under active development.
+
+```
+> [!WARNING]
+> This repo is not under active development, you might be looking for
+> [til-visualmode-dev](https://github.com/jbranchaud/til-visualmode-dev).
+```
+
+Visit the GitHub docs for
+[Alerts](https://docs.github.com/en/get-started/writing-on-github/getting-started-with-writing-and-formatting-on-github/basic-writing-and-formatting-syntax#alerts)
+to see examples of how these render.
+
+[source](https://docs.github.com/en/get-started/writing-on-github/getting-started-with-writing-and-formatting-on-github/basic-writing-and-formatting-syntax#alerts)

internet/digraph-unicode-characters-have-a-titlecase.md

@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+# Digraph Unicode Characters Have a Titlecase
+
+Coming from primarily being exposed to the US American alphabet, I'm familiar
+with characters that I type into the computer having one of two cases. Either
+it is lowercase by default (`c`) or I can hit the shift key to produce the
+uppercase version (`C`).
+
+Unicode, which has broad support for character encoding across most languages,
+has a couple characters that are called _digraphs_. These are single code
+points, but look like they are made up of two characters.
+
+A good example of this is `dž`. And if that character were to appear in an all
+uppercase word, then it would display as `DŽ`.
+
+But what if it appears at the beginning of a capitalized word?
+
+That's where _titlecase_ comes into the picture -- `Dž`.
+
+From [wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BE):
+
+> Note that when the letter is the initial of a capitalised word (like Džungla
+> or Džemper, or personal names like Džemal or Džamonja), the ž is not
+> uppercase. Only when the whole word is written in uppercase, is the Ž
+> capitalised.
+
+(I find it odd that wikipedia's article on this digraph code point is using
+separate characters instead of the digraph.)
+
+[source](https://devblogs.microsoft.com/oldnewthing/20241031-00/?p=110443)

javascript/prevent-hidden-element-from-flickering-on-load.md

@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+# Prevent Hidden Element From Flickering On Load
+
+Here is what it might look like to use [Alpine.js](https://alpinejs.dev/) to
+sprinkle in some JavaScript for controlling a dropdown menu.
+
+```html
+<div x-data="{ profileDropdownOpen: false }">
+  <button
+    type="button"
+    @click="profileDropdownOpen = !profileDropdownOpen"
+  >
+    <!-- some inner html -->
+  </button>
+  <div x-show="profileDropdownOpen" role="menu">
+    <a href="/profile" role="menuitem">Your Profile</a>
+    <a href="/sign-out" role="menuitem">Sign Out</a>
+  </div>
+</div>
+```
+
+Functionally that will work. You can click the button to toggle the menu open
+and closed.
+
+What you might notice, however, when you refresh the page is that the menu
+flickers open as the page first loads and then disappears. This is a quirk of
+the element being rendered before Alpine.js is loaded and the
+[`x-show`](https://alpinejs.dev/directives/show) directive has a chance to take
+effect.
+
+To get around this, we can _cloak_ any element with an `x-show` directive that
+should be hidden by default.
+
+```html
+<div x-data="{ profileDropdownOpen: false }">
+  <button
+    type="button"
+    @click="profileDropdownOpen = !profileDropdownOpen"
+  >
+    <!-- some inner html -->
+  </button>
+  <div x-cloak x-show="profileDropdownOpen" role="menu">
+    <a href="/profile" role="menuitem">Your Profile</a>
+    <a href="/sign-out" role="menuitem">Sign Out</a>
+  </div>
+</div>
+```
+
+This addition needs to be paired with some custom CSS to hide any _cloaked_
+elements.
+
+```css
+[x-cloak] { display: none !important; }
+```
+
+[source](https://alpinejs.dev/directives/cloak)

postgres/generate-random-alphanumeric-identifier.md

@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+# Generate Random Alphanumeric Identifier
+
+Here is a PostgreSQL query that uses
+[`pgcrypto`](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/pgcrypto.html) (for
+[`get_random_bytes`](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/pgcrypto.html#PGCRYPTO-RANDOM-DATA-FUNCS))
+and a CTE to generate a cryptographically-random 8-character alphanumeric
+identifier.
+
+```sql
+-- First ensure pgcrypto is installed
+create extension if not exists pgcrypto;
+
+-- Generates a single 8-character identifier
+with chars as (
+  -- excludes some look-alike characters
+  select '23456789ABCDEFGHJKLMNPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijkmnpqrstuvwxyz' as charset
+),
+random_bytes as (
+  select gen_random_bytes(8) as bytes
+),
+positions as (
+  select generate_series(0, 7) as pos
+)
+select string_agg(
+  substr(
+    charset,
+    (get_byte(bytes, pos) % length(charset)) + 1,
+    1
+  ),
+  '' order by pos
+) as short_id
+from positions, random_bytes, chars;
+```
+
+Here is an example of the output:
+
+```sql
++----------+
+| short_id |
+|----------|
+| NXdu9AnV |
++----------+
+```
+
+The
+[`generate_series`](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/functions-srf.html)
+gives us an 8-row table from 0 to 7 that we can use as indexes into the byte
+positions of the value we get from `gen_random_bytes`. Those random bytes get
+mapped to individual alphanumeric characters from `chars`. That then gets
+squeezed together with `string_agg`.
+
+Note: the character set excludes some characters that can be mistaken for one
+another like `0` and `O` or `1` and `l`.
+
+Note: you could change the right-bound of the `generate_series` to generate a
+different length identifier.

postgres/table-names-are-treated-as-lower-case-by-default.md

@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+# Table Names Are Treated As Lower-Case By Default
+
+This one is a bit unintuitive and can cause some real confusion -- when you
+create a table in PostgreSQL, any casing is ignored, it is treated as
+lower-case. Let's see it to believe it:
+
+```sql
+> create table BookMarks (
+    id integer generated always as identity primary key,
+    location text not null
+  );
+
+> \d
++--------+--------------------+----------+----------+
+| Schema | Name               | Type     | Owner    |
+|--------+--------------------+----------+----------|
+| public | bookmarks          | table    | postgres |
+| public | bookmarks_id_seq   | sequence | postgres |
++--------+--------------------+----------+----------+
+```
+
+Notice that when we list our tables, the uppercase `M` and `B` are gone. That's
+because Postgres folds away the casing when processing the table name
+identifier.
+
+It doesn't matter how we refer to it for queries:
+
+```sql
+> select * from BookMarks;
++----+----------+
+| id | location |
+|----+----------|
++----+----------+
+
+> select * from bookmarks;
++----+----------+
+| id | location |
+|----+----------|
++----+----------+
+```
+
+You can force Postgres to respect the casing by wrapping the table name in
+quotes.
+
+```sql
+> create table "BookMarks" (
+    id integer generated always as identity primary key,
+    location text not null
+  );
+
+> \d
++--------+--------------------+----------+----------+
+| Schema | Name               | Type     | Owner    |
+|--------+--------------------+----------+----------|
+| public | BookMarks          | table    | postgres |
+| public | BookMarks_id_seq   | sequence | postgres |
++--------+--------------------+----------+----------+
+
+> select * from "BookMarks";
++----+----------+
+| id | location |
+|----+----------|
++----+----------+
+
+> select * from "bookmarks";
+relation "bookmarks" does not exist
+LINE 1: select * from "bookmarks"
+                      ^
+
+> select * from BookMarks;
+relation "bookmarks" does not exist
+LINE 1: select * from BookMarks
+                      ^
+```
+
+That then means you have to quote your table name anytime you want to refer to
+it in a query. It's not worth it. It is better to always keep your table names
+lower-case using snake case.
+
+[source](https://weiyen.net/articles/avoid-capital-letters-in-postgres-names)

python/store-and-access-immutable-data-in-a-tuple.md

@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+# Store And Access Immutable Data In A Tuple
+
+You can store heterogeneous data (of varying types) as a _tuple_ which is a
+light-weight immutable data structure.
+
+You can be explicit about the tuple by wrapping the items in parentheses:
+
+```python
+>>> book = ('An Immense World', 'Ed Yong', 2022)
+```
+
+Though it is also possible to comma-separate the items and forego the
+parentheses.
+
+```python
+>>> book2 = 'The Shining', 'Stephen King', 1977
+>>> book2
+('The Shining', 'Stephen King', 1977)
+```
+
+Once we have our tuple, we can access any item from it positionally. We can
+also use _sequence unpacking_ to assign the values to a series of variables:
+
+```python
+>>> book[0]
+'An Immense World'
+>>> book[1]
+'Ed Yong'
+>>> book[2]
+2022
+>>> title, author, publication_year = book
+>>> title
+'An Immense World'
+>>> author
+'Ed Yong'
+>>> publication_year
+2022
+```
+
+And, as promised, it is immutable (unlike lists):
+
+```python
+>>> book[1] = 'Agatha Christie'
+Traceback (most recent call last):
+  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
+TypeError: 'tuple' object does not support item assignment
+```
+
+[source](https://docs.python.org/3/tutorial/datastructures.html#tuples-and-sequences)

rails/create-table-with-bigint-id-as-primary-key.md

@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+# Create Table With bigint ID As Primary Key
+
+When creating a new table with an ActiveRecord migration, we specify all the
+fields _except_ the `id`. The `id`, which is the primary key, is implicit. We
+get it by default.
+
+The type of that `id` defaults to `int` which is a 32-bit signed integer.
+
+We can override the type of `id` in a variety of ways. The one I prefer in most
+cases is to make the `id` of type `bigint`. This is a 64-bit signed integer. It
+offers quite a bit more headroom for the number of unique identifies in our
+table.
+
+This can be specified by including `id: :bigint` as an option to the
+`create_table` method.
+
+```ruby
+class CreatePosts < ActiveRecord::Migration[8.0]
+  def change
+    create_table :posts, id: :bigint do |t|
+      t.string :title, null: false
+      t.string :body, null: false
+
+      t.timestamps
+    end
+  end
+end
+```
+
+[source](https://api.rubyonrails.org/v7.1/classes/ActiveRecord/ConnectionAdapters/SchemaStatements.html#method-i-create_table)

rails/prefer-select-all-over-execute-for-read-queries.md

@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+# Prefer select_all Over execute For Read Queries
+
+Though the `#execute` function provided by ActiveRecord technically works as a
+general-purpose query runner for strings of raw SQL, it has some downsides.
+
+First, let's say we have a large semi-complex (better in SQL than ActiveRecord
+DSL) SQL query defined in a heredoc.
+
+```ruby
+books_by_status_query = <<-SQL
+  select
+    books.*,
+    latest_statuses.status as current_status,
+    array_to_json(array_agg(...)) as reading_statuses
+  from books
+  -- plus several left joins
+  -- where clause, group by, and order by
+SQL
+```
+
+I reflexively reach for
+[`#execute`](https://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActiveRecord/ConnectionAdapters/DatabaseStatements.html#method-i-execute)
+in a situation like that:
+
+```ruby
+result = ActiveRecord::Base.connection.execute(books_by_status_query)
+```
+
+However, if we're doing a read-only query and we are expecting multiple rows in
+the result, then we are better off reaching for
+[`#select_all`](https://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActiveRecord/ConnectionAdapters/DatabaseStatements.html#method-i-select_all).
+
+```ruby
+result = ActiveRecord::Base.connection.select_all(books_by_status_query)
+```
+
+It has the advantage of semantically communicating that it's just a read and
+won't have any side-effects. It also avoids an unnecessary clear of the query
+cache.
+
+> Note: [when execute is used] the query is assumed to have side effects and
+> the query cache will be cleared. If the query is read-only, consider using
+> select_all instead.
+
+The `#execute` method also has been known to leak memory with some database
+connectors.
+
+> Note: depending on your database connector, the result returned by this
+> method may be manually memory managed. Consider using exec_query wrapper
+> instead.
+
+We can then iterate through and transform the results just as we would have
+done with `#execute`.
+
+```ruby
+result.map do |row|
+  row.tap do |hash|
+    hash["reading_statuses"] = JSON.parse(hash["reading_statuses"])
+  end
+
+  OpenStruct.new(row)
+end
+```

tmux/open-new-splits-to-the-current-directory.md

@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+# Open New Splits To The Current Directory
+
+I typically work in one project per tmux session. When I create a given tmux
+session, the default directory is for that project. All new windows and pane
+splits will open at that default directory. This generally is the default
+behavior I want.
+
+One caveat: I often open a new window within an existing session that I want
+anchored to another directory. This could be because I'm working in a monorepo
+and I need to work from a subdirectory for a specific package or app. Or it
+could be that I'm temporarily digging into another project and it isn't worth
+create a whole new session.
+
+Regardless of the reason, I run into a bit of friction with tmux's defaults.
+
+First I open the new window and `cd` to another project. After some working, I
+need to open a split pane, maybe to run a project command like a build or dev
+server. Hitting `prefix-"` (horizontal split) or `prefix-%` (vertical split)
+opens a pane with the shell defaulting back to the original directory, not the
+current directory.
+
+The trick to fixing this bit of friction is overriding the directory of pane
+splits. I can do that by adding the following to my `~/.tmux.conf`:
+
+```
+# Pane splits should open to the same path as the current pane
+bind '"' split-window -v -c "#{pane_current_path}"
+bind % split-window -h -c "#{pane_current_path}"
+```
+
+Make sure to run `tmux source-file ~/.tmux.conf` to apply these config changes.
+
+The `pane_current_path` is called a "Format" in tmux parlance. It resolves to
+the absolute path of the current pane's current directory. You can find all the
+formats in the manpage with this command: `man tmux | less +'/^FORMATS'`. You
+can also show yourself that this format resolves to what you expect by running
+`tmux display-message -p '#{pane_current_path}'`.

typescript/ignore-all-errors-in-a-typescript-file.md

@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+# Ignore All Errors In A TypeScript File
+
+As of TypeScript 3.7, we can mark an entire TypeScript file to be ignored by
+the TypeScript compiler when it is doing static type checking.
+
+We can do this by adding the `@ts-nocheck` directive at the top of the file:
+
+```typescript
+// @ts-nocheck
+
+type User = {
+  id: string;
+  name: string;
+  email: string;
+}
+
+const user: User = {
+  id: 123,
+  name: "Liz Lemon",
+  email: "liz.lemon@nbc.com",
+};
+```
+
+Notice that `id` is typed as a `string`, but we are using a `number` with `id`
+for `user`. That is a type error. But with the `@ts-nocheck` directive at the
+top, the type checker doesn't run on the file and we see no type errors.
+
+I'd generally suggest to avoid doing this. It can hide real type errors that
+you should be addressing. That said, in special circumstances, you may need it,
+even if just temporarily, like if an imported package doesn't have types. Here
+is an example of that in [uploadthing's
+`rehype.js`](https://github.com/pingdotgg/uploadthing/blob/d98fbefedddf64d183cc5a00b3fd707e8d8f2f6c/docs/src/mdx/rehype.js#L1)
+which is missing types from `mdx-annotations`.
+
+[source](https://www.typescriptlang.org/docs/handbook/release-notes/typescript-3-7.html#-ts-nocheck-in-typescript-files)

unix/get-the-sha256-hash-for-a-file.md

@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+# Get The SHA256 Hash For A File
+
+Unix systems come with a `sha256sum` utility that we can use to compute the
+SHA256 hash of a file. This means the contents of file are compressed into a
+256-bit digest.
+
+Here I use it on a SQL migration file that I've generated.
+
+```bash
+$ sha256sum migrations/0001_large_doctor_spectrum.sql
+b75e61451e2ce37d831608b1bc9231bf3af09e0ab54bf169be117de9d4ff6805  migrations/0001_large_doctor_spectrum.sql
+```
+
+Each file passed to this utility gets output to a separate line which is why we
+see the filename next to the hash. Since I am only running it on a single file
+and I may want to pipe the output to some other program, I can clip off just
+the part I need.
+
+```bash
+sha256sum migrations/0001_large_doctor_spectrum.sql | cut -d ' ' -f 1
+b75e61451e2ce37d831608b1bc9231bf3af09e0ab54bf169be117de9d4ff6805
+```
+
+We can also produce these digests with `openssl`:
+
+```bash
+$ openssl dgst -sha256 migrations/0001_large_doctor_spectrum.sql
+SHA2-256(migrations/0001_large_doctor_spectrum.sql)= b75e61451e2ce37d831608b1bc9231bf3af09e0ab54bf169be117de9d4ff6805
+
+$ openssl dgst -sha256 migrations/0001_large_doctor_spectrum.sql | cut -d ' ' -f 2
+b75e61451e2ce37d831608b1bc9231bf3af09e0ab54bf169be117de9d4ff6805
+```
+
+See `sha256sum --help` or `openssl dgst --help` for more details.

unix/undo-changes-made-to-current-terminal-prompt.md

@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+# Undo Change Made to Current Terminal Prompt
+
+I frequently use a variety of ASCII command characters like `ctrl-u` to delete
+the entire line or `ctrl-a` to jump to the front of a long line so I can make
+some edits toward that side of the command or `ctrl-e` to jump to the end of
+the command for the same reason. I sometimes even use `ctrl-k` to delete
+everything after the cursor to the end of the line.
+
+What I didn't realize until now is that any of those commands the modify the
+current line of the termianl prompt plus regular typing and hitting the
+backspace are all _undoable_.
+
+So, if I just wiped out half the line (with `ctrl-k`) and I immediately regret
+it, I can restore it with `ctrl-_`. The system keeps of history of the actions
+you've taken, so you can keep hitting `ctrl-_` to undo even further.
+
+The `ctrl-/` command does the same, per GNU's [Undo Changes in the Emacs
+docs](https://www.gnu.org/software/emacs/manual/html_node/emacs/Basic-Undo.html).
+
+[source](https://jvns.ca/ascii)

workflow/convert-an-epub-document-to-pdf-on-mac.md

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ convert it using the `ebook-convert` binary from `Calibre`.
 First, install `Calibre`:
 
 ```bash
-$ brew cask install calibre
+$ brew install --cask calibre
 ```
 
 Then convert your ePub using `ebook-convert`: