Merge 15337dfd71 into 97c8701a5a

See [here](https://github.blog/changelog/2022-10-11-github-actions-deprecating-save-state-and-set-output-commands/) for more explanations:
> We are monitoring telemetry for the usage of these commands and plan to fully disable them on 31st May 2023. Starting 1st June 2023 workflows using save-state or set-output commands via stdout will fail with an error.

README.md

@@ -10,7 +10,11 @@ pairing with smart people at Hashrocket.
 
 For a steady stream of TILs, [sign up for my newsletter](https://crafty-builder-6996.ck.page/e169c61186).
 
-_1550 TILs and counting..._
+_1582 TILs and counting..._
+
+See some of the other learning resources I work on:
+- [Ruby Operator Lookup](https://www.visualmode.dev/ruby-operators)
+- [Vim Un-Alphabet](https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL46-cKSxMYYCMpzXo6p0Cof8hJInYgohU)
 
 ---
 
@@ -195,12 +199,15 @@ _1550 TILs and counting..._
 - [Check The Status of All Services](devops/check-the-status-of-all-services.md)
 - [Check The Syntax Of nginx Files](devops/check-the-syntax-of-nginx-files.md)
 - [Connect To An RDS PostgreSQL Database](devops/connect-to-an-rds-postgresql-database.md)
+- [Default Rails Deploy Script On Hatchbox](devops/default-rails-deploy-script-on-hatchbox.md)
 - [Determine The IP Address Of A Domain](devops/determine-the-ip-address-of-a-domain.md)
+- [Hatchbox Exports Env Vars With asdf](devops/hatchbox-exports-env-vars-with-asdf.md)
 - [Path Of The Packets](devops/path-of-the-packets.md)
 - [Push Non-master Branch To Heroku](devops/push-non-master-branch-to-heroku.md)
 - [Reload The nginx Configuration](devops/reload-the-nginx-configuration.md)
 - [Resolve The Public IP Of A URL](devops/resolve-the-public-ip-of-a-url.md)
 - [Running Out Of inode Space](devops/running-out-of-inode-space.md)
+- [Set Up Domain For Hatchbox Rails App](devops/set-up-domain-for-hatchbox-rails-app.md)
 - [SSH Into A Docker Container](devops/ssh-into-a-docker-container.md)
 - [SSL Certificates Can Cover Multiple Domains](devops/ssl-certificates-can-cover-multiple-domains.md)
 - [Wipe A Heroku Postgres Database](devops/wipe-a-heroku-postgres-database.md)
@@ -300,6 +307,7 @@ _1550 TILs and counting..._
 - [Configuring The Pager](git/configuring-the-pager.md)
 - [Copy A File From Another Branch](git/copy-a-file-from-another-branch.md)
 - [Count All Files Of Specific Type Tracked By Git](git/count-all-files-of-specific-type-tracked-by-git.md)
+- [Count Number Of Commits On A Branch](git/count-number-of-commits-on-a-branch.md)
 - [Create A New Branch With Git Switch](git/create-a-new-branch-with-git-switch.md)
 - [Delete All Untracked Files](git/delete-all-untracked-files.md)
 - [Determine The Hash Id For A Blob](git/determine-the-hash-id-for-a-blob.md)
@@ -330,6 +338,7 @@ _1550 TILs and counting..._
 - [Interactively Unstage Changes](git/interactively-unstage-changes.md)
 - [Keep File Locally With `git rm`](git/keep-file-locally-with-git-rm.md)
 - [Last Commit A File Appeared In](git/last-commit-a-file-appeared-in.md)
+- [List All Files Added During Span Of Time](git/list-all-files-added-during-span-of-time.md)
 - [List All Files Changed Between Two Branches](git/list-all-files-changed-between-two-branches.md)
 - [List Branches That Contain A Commit](git/list-branches-that-contain-a-commit.md)
 - [List Commits On A Branch](git/list-commits-on-a-branch.md)
@@ -398,23 +407,29 @@ _1550 TILs and counting..._
 - [Disable A Workflow With The gh CLI](github-actions/disable-a-workflow-with-the-gh-cli.md)
 - [Reference An Encrypted Secret In An Action](github-actions/reference-an-encrypted-secret-in-an-action.md)
 - [Trigger A Workflow Via An API Call](github-actions/trigger-a-workflow-via-an-api-call.md)
+- [Use Labels To Block PR Merge](github-actions/use-labels-to-block-pr-merge.md)
 
 ### Go
 
 - [Access Go Docs Offline](go/access-go-docs-offline.md)
 - [Add A Method To A Struct](go/add-a-method-to-a-struct.md)
+- [Basic Delve Debugging Session](go/basic-delve-debugging-session.md)
 - [Build For A Specific OS And Architecture](go/build-for-a-specific-os-and-architecture.md)
 - [Check If Cobra Flag Was Set](go/check-if-cobra-flag-was-set.md)
 - [Combine Two Slices](go/combine-two-slices.md)
+- [Configure Max String Print Length For Delve](go/configure-max-string-print-length-for-delve.md)
+- [Connect To A SQLite Database](go/connect-to-a-sqlite-database.md)
 - [Create A Slice From An Array](go/create-a-slice-from-an-array.md)
 - [Detect If Stdin Comes From A Redirect](go/detect-if-stdin-comes-from-a-redirect.md)
 - [Deterministically Seed A Random Number Generator](go/deterministically-seed-a-random-number-generator.md)
+- [Difference Between Slice And Pointer To Slice](go/difference-between-slice-and-pointer-to-slice.md)
 - [Do Something N Times](go/do-something-n-times.md)
 - [Find Executables Installed By Go](go/find-executables-installed-by-go.md)
 - [Format Date And Time With Time Constants](go/format-date-and-time-with-time-constants.md)
 - [Not So Random](go/not-so-random.md)
 - [Parse A String Into Individual Fields](go/parse-a-string-into-individual-fields.md)
 - [Parse Flags From CLI Arguments](go/parse-flags-from-cli-arguments.md)
+- [Pass A Struct To A Function](go/pass-a-struct-to-a-function.md)
 - [Produce The Zero Value Of A Generic Type](go/produce-the-zero-value-of-a-generic-type.md)
 - [Redirect File To Stdin During Delve Debug](go/redirect-file-to-stdin-during-delve-debug.md)
 - [Replace The Current Process With An External Command](go/replace-the-current-process-with-an-external-command.md)
@@ -445,6 +460,7 @@ _1550 TILs and counting..._
 - [Adding Alt Text To An Image](html/adding-alt-text-to-an-image.md)
 - [Determine Which Button Submitted The Form](html/determine-which-button-submitted-the-form.md)
 - [Disable Auto-Completion For A Form Input](html/disable-auto-completion-for-a-form-input.md)
+- [Disclose Additional Details](html/disclose-additional-details.md)
 - [Make Elements Non-Interactive With Inert](html/make-elements-non-interactive-with-inert.md)
 - [Prevent Search Engines From Indexing A Page](html/prevent-search-engines-from-indexing-a-page.md)
 - [Render Text As Superscript](html/render-text-as-superscript.md)
@@ -653,6 +669,8 @@ _1550 TILs and counting..._
 - [Run AppleScript Commands Inline In The Terminal](mac/run-applescript-commands-inline-in-the-terminal.md)
 - [Set A Window To Its Default Zoom Level](mac/set-a-window-to-its-default-zoom-level.md)
 - [Specify App When Opening From Command Line](mac/specify-app-when-opening-from-command-line.md)
+- [Start Amphetamine Session With AppleScript](mac/start-amphetamine-session-with-applescript.md)
+- [Use A Different Font With iTerm2](mac/use-a-different-font-with-iterm2.md)
 - [Use Default Screenshot Shortcuts With CleanShot X](mac/use-default-screenshot-shortcuts-with-cleanshot-x.md)
 - [View All Windows Of The Current App](mac/view-all-windows-of-the-current-app.md)
 - [Write System Clipboard To A File](mac/write-system-clipboard-to-a-file.md)
@@ -764,6 +782,7 @@ _1550 TILs and counting..._
 - [Convert A String To A Timestamp](postgres/convert-a-string-to-a-timestamp.md)
 - [Count How Many Records There Are Of Each Type](postgres/count-how-many-records-there-are-of-each-type.md)
 - [Count Records By Type](postgres/count-records-by-type.md)
+- [Count The Number Of Items In An Array](postgres/count-the-number-of-items-in-an-array.md)
 - [Count The Number Of Trues In An Aggregate Query](postgres/count-the-number-of-trues-in-an-aggregate-query.md)
 - [Create A Cluster In A Specific Data Directory](postgres/create-a-cluster-in-a-specific-data-directory.md)
 - [Create A Composite Primary Key](postgres/create-a-composite-primary-key.md)
@@ -881,12 +900,14 @@ _1550 TILs and counting..._
 - [Timestamp Functions](postgres/timestamp-functions.md)
 - [Toggling The Pager In PSQL](postgres/toggling-the-pager-in-psql.md)
 - [Track psql History Separately Per Database](postgres/track-psql-history-separately-per-database.md)
+- [Trim Leading And Trailing Space From String](postgres/trim-leading-and-trailing-space-from-string.md)
 - [Truncate All Rows](postgres/truncate-all-rows.md)
 - [Truncate Tables With Dependents](postgres/truncate-tables-with-dependents.md)
 - [Turning Timing On](postgres/turn-timing-on.md)
 - [Two Ways To Compute Factorial](postgres/two-ways-to-compute-factorial.md)
 - [Two Ways To Escape A Quote In A String](postgres/two-ways-to-escape-a-quote-in-a-string.md)
 - [Types By Category](postgres/types-by-category.md)
+- [Unable To Infer Data Type In Production](postgres/unable-to-infer-data-type-in-production.md)
 - [Union All Rows Including Duplicates](postgres/union-all-rows-including-duplicates.md)
 - [Use A psqlrc File For Common Settings](postgres/use-a-psqlrc-file-for-common-settings.md)
 - [Use A Trigger To Mirror Inserts To Another Table](postgres/use-a-trigger-to-mirror-inserts-to-another-table.md)
@@ -927,6 +948,7 @@ _1550 TILs and counting..._
 - [Add A Check Constraint To A Table](rails/add-a-check-constraint-to-a-table.md)
 - [Add A Database Index If It Does Not Already Exist](rails/add-a-database-index-if-it-does-not-already-exist.md)
 - [Add A Foreign Key Reference To A Table](rails/add-a-foreign-key-reference-to-a-table.md)
+- [Add A Generated Column To A PostgreSQL Table](rails/add-a-generated-column-to-a-postgresql-table.md)
 - [Add A Reference Column With An Index](rails/add-a-reference-column-with-an-index.md)
 - [Add ActiveRecord Error Not Tied To Any Attribute](rails/add-activerecord-error-not-tied-to-any-attribute.md)
 - [Add React With Webpacker To A New Rails App](rails/add-react-with-webpacker-to-a-new-rails-app.md)
@@ -939,6 +961,7 @@ _1550 TILs and counting..._
 - [All or Nothing Database Transactions](rails/all-or-nothing-database-transactions.md)
 - [Alphabetize Schema Columns To Keep Them Consistent](rails/alphabetize-schema-columns-to-keep-them-consistent.md)
 - [Alter The Rails Setup Script](rails/alter-the-rails-setup-script.md)
+- [Apply Basic HTML Formatting To Block Of Text](rails/apply-basic-html-formatting-to-block-of-text.md)
 - [Assert Two Arrays Have The Same Items With RSpec](rails/assert-two-arrays-have-the-same-items-with-rspec.md)
 - [Attach A File With Capybara](rails/attach-a-file-with-capybara.md)
 - [Attribute Getter without the Recursion](rails/attribute-getter-without-the-recursion.md)
@@ -995,6 +1018,7 @@ _1550 TILs and counting..._
 - [Hash Slicing](rails/hash-slicing.md)
 - [Ignore Poltergeist JavaScript Errors](rails/ignore-poltergeist-javascript-errors.md)
 - [Include Devise Helpers In Your Controller Tests](rails/include-devise-helpers-in-your-controller-tests.md)
+- [Inspect Configuration Of Database Connection](rails/inspect-configuration-of-database-connection.md)
 - [Inspect Previous Changes To ActiveRecord Object](rails/inspect-previous-changes-to-activerecord-object.md)
 - [Link To The Current Page With Query Params](rails/link-to-the-current-page-with-query-params.md)
 - [List All Installable Rails Versions](rails/list-all-installable-rails-versions.md)
@@ -1014,6 +1038,7 @@ _1550 TILs and counting..._
 - [Migrating Up Down Up](rails/migrating-up-down-up.md)
 - [Mock Rails Environment With An Inquiry Instance](rails/mock-rails-environment-with-an-inquiry-instance.md)
 - [Order Matters For `rescue_from` Blocks](rails/order-matters-for-rescue-from-blocks.md)
+- [Override Text Displayed By Form Label](rails/override-text-displayed-by-form-label.md)
 - [Params Includes Submission Button Info](rails/params-includes-submission-button-info.md)
 - [Params Is A Hash With Indifferent Access](rails/params-is-a-hash-with-indifferent-access.md)
 - [Parse Query Params From A URL](rails/parse-query-params-from-a-url.md)
@@ -1026,6 +1051,7 @@ _1550 TILs and counting..._
 - [Query A Single Value From The Database](rails/query-a-single-value-from-the-database.md)
 - [Read In Environment-Specific Config Values](rails/read-in-environment-specific-config-values.md)
 - [Read-Only Models](rails/read-only-models.md)
+- [Rebuild Tailwind Bundle For Dev Server](rails/rebuild-tailwind-bundle-for-dev-server.md)
 - [Remove A Database Column From A Table](rails/remove-a-database-column-from-a-table.md)
 - [Remove The Default Value On A Column](rails/remove-the-default-value-on-a-column.md)
 - [Render An Alternative ActionMailer Template](rails/render-an-alternative-action-mailer-template.md)
@@ -1041,6 +1067,7 @@ _1550 TILs and counting..._
 - [Run A Rake Task Programmatically](rails/run-a-rake-task-programmatically.md)
 - [Run Commands With Specific Rails Version](rails/run-commands-with-specific-rails-version.md)
 - [Run Some Code Whenever Rails Console Starts](rails/run-some-code-whenever-rails-console-starts.md)
+- [Scaffold Auth Functionality With Rails 8 Generator](rails/scaffold-auth-functionality-with-rails-8-generator.md)
 - [Schedule Sidekiq Jobs Out Into The Future](rails/schedule-sidekiq-jobs-out-into-the-future.md)
 - [Secure Passwords With Rails And Bcrypt](rails/secure-passwords-with-rails-and-bcrypt.md)
 - [Select A Select By Selector](rails/select-a-select-by-selector.md)
@@ -1051,6 +1078,7 @@ _1550 TILs and counting..._
 - [Set DateTime To Include Time Zone In Migrations](rails/set-datetime-to-include-time-zone-in-migrations.md)
 - [Set Default As SQL Function In Migration](rails/set-default-as-sql-function-in-migration.md)
 - [Set default_url_options For Entire Application](rails/set-default-url-options-for-entire-application.md)
+- [Set Meta Tags In ERB Views](rails/set-meta-tags-in-erb-views.md)
 - [Set Schema Search Path](rails/set-schema-search-path.md)
 - [Set Statement Timeout For All Postgres Connections](rails/set-statement-timeout-for-all-postgres-connections.md)
 - [Set The Default Development Port](rails/set-the-default-development-port.md)
@@ -1268,6 +1296,7 @@ _1550 TILs and counting..._
 - [Iterate With An Offset Index](ruby/iterate-with-an-offset-index.md)
 - [Include Extra Context In A Honeybadger Notify](ruby/include-extra-context-in-a-honeybadger-notify.md)
 - [Ins And Outs Of Pry](ruby/ins-and-outs-of-pry.md)
+- [Install Latest Version Of Ruby With asdf](ruby/install-latest-version-of-ruby-with-asdf.md)
 - [Invoking Rake Tasks Multiple Times](ruby/invoking-rake-tasks-multiple-times.md)
 - [IRB Has Built-In Benchmarking With Ruby 3](ruby/irb-has-built-in-benchmarking-with-ruby-3.md)
 - [Jump Out Of A Nested Context With Throw/Catch](ruby/jump-out-of-a-nested-context-with-throw-catch.md)
@@ -1300,6 +1329,7 @@ _1550 TILs and counting..._
 - [Question Mark Operator](ruby/question-mark-operator.md)
 - [Rake Only Lists Tasks With Descriptions](ruby/rake-only-lists-tasks-with-descriptions.md)
 - [Read The First Line From A File](ruby/read-the-first-line-from-a-file.md)
+- [Refer To Implicit Block Argument With It](ruby/refer-to-implicit-block-argument-with-it.md)
 - [Rendering ERB](ruby/rendering-erb.md)
 - [Replace The Current Process With An External Command](ruby/replace-the-current-process-with-an-external-command.md)
 - [Require Entire Gemfile In Pry Session](ruby/require-entire-gemfile-in-pry-session.md)
@@ -1520,6 +1550,7 @@ _1550 TILs and counting..._
 - [Killing A Frozen SSH Session](unix/killing-a-frozen-ssh-session.md)
 - [Last Argument Of The Last Command](unix/last-argument-of-the-last-command.md)
 - [Less With Style](unix/less-with-style.md)
+- [List All Fonts On Your Machine](unix/list-all-fonts-on-your-machine.md)
 - [List All The Enabled ZSH Options](unix/list-all-the-enabled-zsh-options.md)
 - [List All Users](unix/list-all-users.md)
 - [List Files In A Single Column](unix/list-files-in-a-single-column.md)
@@ -1562,6 +1593,7 @@ _1550 TILs and counting..._
 - [Search History](unix/search-history.md)
 - [Search Man Page Descriptions](unix/search-man-page-descriptions.md)
 - [Securely Remove Files](unix/securely-remove-files.md)
+- [See Where asdf Gets Current Tool Version](unix/see-where-asdf-gets-current-tool-version.md)
 - [Set The asdf Package Version For A Single Shell](unix/set-the-asdf-package-version-for-a-single-shell.md)
 - [Show A File Preview When Searching With FZF](unix/show-a-file-preview-when-searching-with-fzf.md)
 - [Show Disk Usage For The Current Directory](unix/show-disk-usage-for-the-current-directory.md)
@@ -1785,8 +1817,10 @@ _1550 TILs and counting..._
 - [Add Subtitles To Existing Mux Video Asset](workflow/add-subtitles-to-existing-mux-video-asset.md)
 - [Access 1Password Credential From CLI](workflow/access-1password-credential-from-cli.md)
 - [Allow Key-Repeating With Cursor](workflow/allow-key-repeating-with-cursor.md)
+- [Break Justfile Into Separate Hidden Steps](workflow/break-justfile-into-separate-hidden-steps.md)
 - [Change Window Name In iTerm](workflow/change-window-name-in-iterm.md)
 - [Configure Email Redirect With Cloudflare](workflow/configure-email-redirect-with-cloudflare.md)
+- [Control Media With Drop Keyboard](workflow/control-media-with-drop-keyboard.md)
 - [Convert An ePub Document To PDF On Mac](workflow/convert-an-epub-document-to-pdf-on-mac.md)
 - [Create A Local Sanity Dataset Backup](workflow/create-a-local-sanity-dataset-backup.md)
 - [Create A Public URL For A Local Server](workflow/create-a-public-url-for-a-local-server.md)
@@ -1797,12 +1831,15 @@ _1550 TILs and counting..._
 - [Import A Github Project Into CodeSandbox](workflow/import-a-github-project-into-codesandbox.md)
 - [Interactively Kill A Process With fkill](workflow/interactively-kill-a-process-with-fkill.md)
 - [Open Slack's Keyboard Shortcuts Reference Panel](workflow/open-slacks-keyboard-shortcuts-reference-panel.md)
+- [Pop Videos Out As Picture-in-Picture](workflow/pop-videos-out-as-picture-in-picture.md)
 - [Prune The Excess From node_modules](workflow/prune-the-excess-from-node-modules.md)
 - [Rotate An Image To Be Oriented Upright](workflow/rotate-an-image-to-be-oriented-upright.md)
 - [See Overlaps For A Set Of Time Zones](workflow/see-overlaps-for-a-set-of-time-zones.md)
 - [Send A Message To A Discord Channel](workflow/send-a-message-to-a-discord-channel.md)
+- [Send A PDF To Your Kindle](workflow/send-a-pdf-to-your-kindle.md)
 - [Set Recurring Reminders In Slack](workflow/set-recurring-reminders-in-slack.md)
 - [Show Linting Errors In Zed](workflow/show-linting-errors-in-zed.md)
+- [Temporarily Hide CleanShot X Capture Previews](workflow/temporarily-hide-cleanshot-x-capture-previews.md)
 - [Toggle Between Stories In Storybook](workflow/toggle-between-stories-in-storybook.md)
 - [Update asdf Plugins With Latest Package Versions](workflow/update-asdf-plugins-with-latest-package-versions.md)
 - [View The PR For The Current GitHub Branch](workflow/view-the-pr-for-the-current-github-branch.md)
@@ -1854,11 +1891,11 @@ I shamelessly stole this idea from
 
 * [Today I Learned by Hashrocket](https://til.hashrocket.com)
 * [jwworth/til](https://github.com/jwworth/til)
-* [thoughtbot/til](https://github.com/thoughtbot/til)
+* [til.simonwillison.net](https://til.simonwillison.net/)
 
 ## License
 
-© 2015-2022 Josh Branchaud
+© 2015-2025 Josh Branchaud
 
 This repository is licensed under the MIT license. See `LICENSE` for
 details.

devops/default-rails-deploy-script-on-hatchbox.md

@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+# Default Rails Deploy Script On Hatchbox
+
+I deployed a Rails app to [Hatchbox](https://hatchbox.io) recently. When
+following along in the log during a deploy, I can see most of what is happening
+as part of the deploy. Though it is too verbose to look through every line. I'd
+rather see the contents of the deploy script.
+
+I did quite a bit of digging around while SSH'd into my hatchbox server, but I
+couldn't find if or where that file might be stored.
+
+Instead, there is a [_Help Center_
+article](https://hatchbox.relationkit.io/articles/55-what-is-the-default-rails-deploy-script)
+where Chris Oliver shares what is in the script.
+
+```bash
+bundle install -j $(nproc)
+yarn install
+bundle exec rails assets:precompile
+[[ -n "${CRON}" ]] && bundle exec rails db:migrate
+```
+
+It does a parallelized `bundle install`, then a `yarn install` (make sure your
+project is using `yarn.lock`), Rails asset precompilation, and then if `CRON`
+is set (Cron role is available by checking _Cron_ under _Server
+Responsibilities_ for your Hatchbox server), it will run Rails migrations.
+
+From app settings, the deploy script can be overridden, or pre- and post-deploy
+steps can be added.

devops/hatchbox-exports-env-vars-with-asdf.md

@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+# Hatchbox Exports Env Vars With asdf
+
+When you add env vars through the [Hatchbox](https://hatchbox.io/) UI, they get
+exported to the environment of the asdf-shimmed processes. This is handled by
+the [`asdf-vars` plugin](https://github.com/excid3/asdf-vars). That plugin
+looks for `.asdf-vars` in the current chain of directories.
+
+I can see there are many `.asdf-vars` files:
+
+```bash
+$ find . -name ".asdf-vars" -type f
+./.asdf-vars
+./my-app/.asdf-vars
+./my-app/releases/20250120195106/.asdf-vars
+./my-app/releases/20250121041054/.asdf-vars
+```
+
+And it is the one in my app's directory that contains the env vars that I set
+in the UI.
+
+```bash
+$ cat my-app/.asdf-vars
+BUNDLE_WITHOUT=development:test
+DATABASE_URL=postgresql://user_123:123456789012345@10.0.1.1/my_app_db
+PORT=9000
+RACK_ENV=production
+RAILS_ENV=production
+RAILS_LOG_TO_STDOUT=true
+RAILS_MASTER_KEY=abc123
+SECRET_KEY_BASE=abc123efg456
+```
+
+When I run a shimmed process like `ruby`, those env vars are loaded into the
+process's environment.
+
+```bash
+$ cd my-app/current
+$ which ruby
+/home/deploy/.asdf/shims/ruby
+$ ruby -e "puts ENV['DATABASE_URL']"
+postgresql://user_123:123456789012345@10.0.1.1/my_app_db
+```
+
+[source](https://www.visualmode.dev/hatchbox-manages-env-vars-with-asdf)

devops/set-up-domain-for-hatchbox-rails-app.md

@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+# Set Up Domain For Hatchbox Rails App
+
+When we deploy a Rails app with [Hatchbox](https://hatchbox.io), we are given
+an internal URL for publicly accessing our app. It is something like
+`https://123abc.hatchboxapp.com`. That's useful as we are getting things up and
+running, but eventually we want to point our own domain at the app.
+
+The first step is to tell Hatchbox what domain we are going to use.
+
+From our app's _Domain & SSL_ page we can enter a domain into the _Add A
+Domain_ input. For instance, I have the
+[visualmode.dev](https://visualmode.dev) domain and I want the
+[still.visualmode.dev](https://still.visualmode.dev) subdomain pointing at my
+Rails app. I submit the full name `still.visualmode.dev` and I get an _A
+Record_ ipv4 address (e.g. `23.12.234.82`).
+
+The second step is to configure a DNS record with our domain registrar.
+
+From the DNS settings of our registrar (e.g. Cloudflare) we can add an _A
+Record_ where we specify the name (e.g. `still`) and then include the ipv4
+address provided by Hatchbox. We can save this and wait a minute for it to
+propagate.
+
+And soon enough we can visit our Rails app at the custom domain.

git/count-number-of-commits-on-a-branch.md

@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+# Count Number Of Commits On A Branch
+
+The `git rev-list` command will show all commits that fit the given revision
+criteria. By adding in the `--count` flag, we get a count of the number of
+commits that would have been displayed. Knowing this, we can get the count of
+commits for the current branch like so:
+
+```bash
+$ git rev-list --count HEAD
+4
+```
+
+This finds and counts commits from `HEAD` (usually the top of the current
+branch) all the back in reverse chronological order to the beginning of the
+branch (typically the beginning of the repository). This works exactly as
+expected for a the `main` branch.
+
+What about when we are on a feature branch though?
+
+Let's say we've branched off `main` and made a few commits. And now we want the
+count.
+
+```bash
+$ git rev-list --count HEAD
+7
+```
+
+Unfortunately, that is counting up the commits on the feature branch but it
+keeps counting all the way back to the beginning of the repo.
+
+If we want a count of just the commits on the current branch, then we can
+specify a range: from whatever `main` was when we branched to the `HEAD` of
+this branch.
+
+```bash
+$ git rev-list --count HEAD
+3
+```
+
+This is the same as saying, I want all commits on `HEAD`, but exclude (`^`) the
+commits on `main`:
+
+```bash
+git rev-list --count HEAD ^main
+3
+```
+
+See `man git-rev-list` for more details.

git/list-all-files-added-during-span-of-time.md

@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+# List All Files Added During Span Of Time
+
+I wanted to get an idea of all the TIL posts I wrote during 2024. Every TIL I
+write is under version control in a [git repo on
+github](https://github.com/jbranchaud/til). That means git has all the info I
+need to figure that out.
+
+The `git diff` command is a good way at this problem. With the
+`--diff-filter=A` flag I can restrict the results to just files that were
+_Added_. And with `--name-only` I can cut all the other diff details out and
+get just filenames.
+
+But filenames added to which commits? We need to specify a ref range. There is
+a ton of flexibility in how you define a ref, including [a date specification
+suffix](https://git-scm.com/docs/gitrevisions#Documentation/gitrevisions.txt-emltrefnamegtltdategtemegemmasteryesterdayememHEAD5minutesagoem)
+that points to the value of the ref at an earlier point in time.
+
+So, how about from the beginning of 2024 to the beginning of 2025:
+
+```
+HEAD@{2024-01-01}..HEAD@{2025-01-01}
+```
+
+Putting that all together, we this command and potentially a big list of files.
+
+```bash
+$ git diff --diff-filter=A --name-only HEAD@{2024-01-01}..HEAD@{2025-01-01}
+```
+
+I wanted to restrict the results to just markdown files, so I added a filename
+pattern.
+
+```bash
+$ git diff --diff-filter=A --name-only HEAD@{2024-01-01}..HEAD@{2025-01-01} -- "*.md"
+```
+
+I could even go a step further to see only the files added to a specific
+directory.
+
+```bash
+$ git diff --diff-filter=A --name-only HEAD@{2024-01-01}..HEAD@{2025-01-01} -- "postgres/*.md"
+```
+
+As a final bonus, I can spit out the github URLs for all those files with a bit of `awk`.
+
+```bash
+$ git diff --diff-filter=A --name-only HEAD@{2024-01-01}..HEAD@{2025-01-01} -- "postgres/*.md" |
+awk '{print "https://github.com/jbranchaud/til/blob/master/" $0}'
+```

github-actions/capture-an-output-value-for-use-in-a-later-step.md

@@ -23,11 +23,11 @@ version from my `.tool-versions` file with a step that uses `set-output`.
   - name: Read Node.js version to install from `.tool-versions`
     id: nodejs
     run: >-
-      echo "::set-output name=NODE_VERSION::$(
+      echo "NODE_VERSION=$(
         cat .tool-versions |
         grep nodejs |
         sed 's/nodejs \(.*\)$/\1/'
-      )"
+      )" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
 ```
 
 `echo` runs the command in the string which sets `NODE_VERSION` as an output
@@ -45,4 +45,4 @@ This output value can be referenced in a later step.
 `steps` has a reference to the `nodejs` step (note the `id` above) which then
 has `outputs` like the `NODE_VERSION`.
 
-[source](https://docs.github.com/en/actions/reference/workflow-commands-for-github-actions#using-workflow-commands-to-access-toolkit-functions)
+[source](https://docs.github.com/en/actions/using-workflows/workflow-commands-for-github-actions#setting-an-output-parameter)

github-actions/use-labels-to-block-pr-merge.md

@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+# Use Labels To Block PR Merge
+
+Let's say our GitHub project has custom tags for both `no merge` and `wip`
+(_work in progress_). Whenever either of those labels has been applied to a PR,
+we want there to be a failed check so as to block the merge. This is useful to
+ensure automated tools (as well as someone not looking closely enough) don't
+merge a PR that isn't _ready to go_.
+
+This can be achieved with a basic GitHub Actions workflow that requires no
+3rd-party actions. We can add the following as
+`.github/workflows/block-labeled-prs.yml` in our project.
+
+```yaml
+name: Block Labeled PR Merges
+
+on:
+  pull_request:
+    types: [labeled, unlabeled, opened, edited, synchronize]
+
+jobs:
+  prevent-merge:
+    if: ${{ contains(github.event.*.labels.*.name, 'no merge') || contains(github.event.*.labels.*.name, 'wip') }}
+    name: Prevent Merging
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+      - name: Check for label
+        run: |
+          echo "Pull request label prevents merging."
+          echo "Labels: ${{ join(github.event.*.labels.*.name, ', ') }}"
+          echo "Remove the blocking label(s) to skip this check."
+          exit 1
+```
+
+This workflow is run when a pull request is opened, when it is edited or
+synchronized, and when a label change is made. The job `prevent-merge` sees if
+any of the label names match `no merge` or `wip`. If so, we echo out some
+details in the ubuntu container and then `exit 1` to fail the check.
+
+Shoutout to [Jesse Squire's
+implementation](https://www.jessesquires.com/blog/2021/08/24/useful-label-based-github-actions-workflows/#updated-21-march-2022)
+which I've heavily borrowed from here.

go/basic-delve-debugging-session.md

@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+# Basic Delve Debugging Session
+
+When using [delve](https://github.com/go-delve/delve) to debug a Go program,
+these are the series of things I usually find myself doing.
+
+First, I start running the program with `dlv` including any arguments after a `--` (in my case, the `solve` subcommand and a filename).
+
+```bash
+$ dlv debug . -- solve samples/001.txt
+```
+
+`dlv` starts up and is ready to run my program from the beginning. I'll need to
+set a couple breakpoints before continuing. I do this with the `break` command,
+specifying the filename and line number.
+
+```
+(dlv) break main.go:528
+Breakpoint 1 set at 0x10c1a5bea for main.traversePuzzleIterative() ./main.go:528
+(dlv) break main.go:599
+Breakpoint 2 set at 0x10c1a6dcc for main.traversePuzzleIterative() ./main.go:599 
+```
+
+Now I can continue which will run the program until hitting a breakpoint.
+
+```
+(dlv) continue
+> [Breakpoint 2] main.traversePuzzleIterative() ./main.go:599 (hits goroutine(1):1 total:1) (PC: 0x10c1a6dcc)
+   594:                                 }
+   595:                         }
+   596:
+   597:                         topStackFrame := stack[len(stack)-1]
+   598:                         // if the current stack frame has more values, try the next
+=> 599:                         if len(topStackFrame.PossibleValues) > 0 {
+   600:                                 nextValue := topStackFrame.PossibleValues[0]
+   601:                                 topStackFrame.PossibleValues = topStackFrame.PossibleValues[1:]
+   602:                                 topStackFrame.CurrValue = nextValue
+   603:
+   604:                                 // Undo the last placement and make a new one
+```
+
+I can see the context around the line we've stopped on. From here I can dig
+into the current state of the program by looking at local variables (`locals`)
+or printing out a specific value (`print someVar`). I can continue to step
+through the program line by line with `next` or eventually run `continue` to
+proceed to the next breakpoint.
+
+```
+(dlv) locals
+diagnostics = main.Diagnostics {BacktrackCount: 0, NodeVisitCount: 1, ValidityCheckCount: 2,...+2 more}
+stack = []main.StackData len: 1, cap: 1, [...]
+emptyCellPositions = [][]int len: 3, cap: 4, [...]
+emptyCellIndex = 1
+status = "Invalid"
+topStackFrame = main.StackData {RowIndex: 1, ColumnIndex: 7, PossibleValues: []int len: 8, cap: 8, [...],...+1 more}
+(dlv) print topStackFrame
+main.StackData {
+        RowIndex: 1,
+        ColumnIndex: 7,
+        PossibleValues: []int len: 8, cap: 8, [2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9],
+        CurrValue: 1,}
+(dlv) next
+> main.traversePuzzleIterative() ./main.go:600 (PC: 0x10c1a6dea)
+```

go/configure-max-string-print-length-for-delve.md

@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+# Configure Max String Print Length For Delve
+
+During a [Delve](https://github.com/go-delve/delve) debugging session, we can
+print out the value of a given variable with the `print` command. Similarly, we
+can see the values of all local variables with the `locals` command.
+
+Whenever Delve is printing out strings and slices, it will truncate what it
+displays to 64 characters (or items) by default.
+
+```go
+(dlv) print diagnostics.Solutions[0]
+"295743861\n431865972\n876192543\n387459216\n612387495\n549216738\n7635...+25 more"
+```
+
+This can be overridden by [changing the `config` of
+`max-string-len`](https://github.com/derekparker/delve/blob/237c5026f40e38d2dd6f62a7362de7b25b00c1c7/Documentation/cli/expr.md?plain=1#L59)
+to something longer. In my case here, all I need are about 90 characters to
+display my full string, so run `config max-string-len 90` from the `dlv`
+session.
+
+```go
+(dlv) config max-string-len 90
+(dlv) print diagnostics.Solutions[0]
+"295743861\n431865972\n876192543\n387459216\n612387495\n549216738\n763524189\n928671354\n154938627"
+```
+
+Now I can see the entire string instead of the truncated version.
+
+[source](https://stackoverflow.com/a/52416264/535590)

go/connect-to-a-sqlite-database.md

@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+# Connect To A SQLite Database
+
+Using the `database/sql` module and the `github.com/mattn/go-sqlite3` package,
+we can connect to a SQLite database and run some queries. In my case, I have a
+SQLite connection string exported to my environment, so I can access that with
+`os.Getenv`. It's a local SQLite file, `./test.db`.
+
+Calling `sql.Open`, I'm able to connect with a SQLite3 driver to the database
+at that connection string. The `setupDatabase` function returns that database
+connection pointer. Things like `Exec` and `QueryRow` can be called on `db`. I
+also need to make sure I close the connection to the database with a `defer`.
+
+Here is a full example of connecting to a local SQLite database and inserting a
+record:
+
+```go
+package main
+
+import (
+	"database/sql"
+	"fmt"
+	"os"
+
+	_ "github.com/mattn/go-sqlite3"
+)
+
+func setupDatabase() *sql.DB {
+	databaseString := os.Getenv("GOOSE_DBSTRING")
+	if len(databaseString) == 0 {
+		fmt.Println("Error retrieving `GOOSE_DBSTRING` from env")
+		os.Exit(1)
+	}
+	db, err := sql.Open("sqlite3", databaseString)
+	if err != nil {
+		fmt.Printf("Error opening database: %v\n", err)
+		os.Exit(1)
+	}
+
+	return db
+}
+
+func main() {
+	db := setupDatabase()
+	defer db.Close()
+
+	sql := `insert into users (name) values (?);`
+
+	db.Exec(sql, "Josh")
+}
+```

go/difference-between-slice-and-pointer-to-slice.md

@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+# Difference Between Slice And Pointer To Slice
+
+Though a slice can be thought of and used as a flexible, variable-length
+array-like data structure, it is important to understand that it is also a
+special kind of pointer to an underlying array.
+
+This matters when we a function receives a slice versus a pointer to a slice as
+an argument, depending on what it is doing with that slice.
+
+If the function is access or updating elements in the slice, there is no
+difference. There is no meaningful difference between these two functions and
+we might as well use the former.
+
+```go
+func replaceAtIndex(slice []string, index int, value string) {
+	slice[index] = value
+}
+
+func replaceAtIndexPtr(slice *[]string, index int, value string) {
+	(*slice)[index] = value
+}
+```
+
+On the other hand, if the receiving function needs to append to or replace the
+slice, then we need to pass a pointer to the slice. A direct slice argument
+will result in only the function-local copy getting replaced.
+
+```go
+package main
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+)
+
+func main() {
+	s1 := []int{8, 6, 7, 9}
+	s2 := []int{8, 6, 7, 9}
+
+	addItem(s1, 11)
+	fmt.Printf("s1: %v\n", s1) //=> s1: [8 6 7 9]
+
+	addItemPtr(&s2, 11)
+	fmt.Printf("s2: %v\n", s2) //=> s2: [8 6 7 9 11]
+}
+
+func addItem(slice []int, value int) {
+	slice = append(slice, value)
+}
+
+func addItemPtr(slice *[]int, value int) {
+	(*slice) = append(*slice, value)
+}
+```
+
+[source](https://go.dev/tour/moretypes/8)

go/pass-a-struct-to-a-function.md

@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+# Pass A Struct To A Function
+
+Go operates as _pass-by-value_ which means that when we pass a struct to a
+function, the receiving function gets a copy of the struct. Two things worth
+noticing about that are 1) an extra memory allocation happens when calling the
+function and 2) altering the struct does not affect the original in the calling
+context.
+
+On the other hand, we can have a function that takes a pointer to a struct.
+When we call that function, we have a reference to the memory location of the
+struct instead of a copy of the struct. That means no additional allocation and
+modifications to the dereferenced struct are modifications to the original in
+the calling context.
+
+Here is an example that demonstrates both of these. Notice the printed output
+that is included in comments at the end which shows memory locations and
+contents of the struct at various points.
+
+```go
+package main
+
+import "fmt"
+
+type Order struct {
+	Item string
+	Quantity int
+	DineIn bool
+}
+
+func main() {
+	order := Order{Item: "taco", Quantity: 3, DineIn: true}
+
+	fmt.Println("Order:", order)
+	fmt.Printf("main - Loc: %p\n", &order)
+
+	doubledOrder := doubleOrder(order)
+
+	fmt.Println("Double Order:", doubledOrder)
+	fmt.Println("Original Order:", order)
+
+	doubleOrderPtr(&order)
+
+	fmt.Println("Double Order Ptr:", order)
+}
+
+func doubleOrder(order Order) Order {
+	fmt.Printf("doubleOrder - Loc: %p\n", &order)
+	order.Quantity *= 2
+
+	return order
+}
+
+func doubleOrderPtr(order *Order) {
+	fmt.Printf("doubleOrderPtr - Loc: %p\n", order)
+	(*order).Quantity *= 2
+}
+
+// Order: {taco 3 true}
+// main - Loc: 0xc0000b4000
+// doubleOrder - Loc: 0xc0000b4040
+// Double Order: {taco 6 true}
+// Original Order: {taco 3 true}
+// doubleOrderPtr - Loc: 0xc0000b4000
+// Double Order Ptr: {taco 6 true}
+```

html/disclose-additional-details.md

@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+# Disclose Additional Details
+
+You can add extra details to an HTML page that are only disclosed if the user
+chooses to disclose them. To do that, we use the `<details>` tag. This tag
+needs to have a `<summary>` tag nested within it. Anything else nested within
+`<details>` will be what is disclosed when it is toggled open. The `<summary>`
+is what is displayed when it is not open.
+
+Here is a `<detail>` block I recently added to [Ruby Operator
+Lookup](https://www.visualmode.dev/ruby-operators).
+
+```html
+<details className="pt-2 pb-6">
+  <summary>What is this thing?</summary>
+  <p className="pl-3 pt-2 text-gray-700 text-sm">
+    Ruby is an expressive, versatile, and flexible dynamic programming language. That means there are all kinds of syntax features, operators, and symbols we can encounter that might look unfamiliar and are hard to look up. Ruby Operator Lookup is a directory of all these language features.
+  </p>
+  <p className="pl-3 pt-2 text-gray-700 text-sm">
+    Use the search bar to narrow down the results. Then click on a button for the operator or symbol you want to explore further.
+  </p>
+</details>
+```
+
+On page load, the only thing we see is "What is this thing?" with a triangle
+symbol next to it. If we click the summary, then the entire details block
+(those two `<p>` tags) are disclosed.
+
+[source](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/details)

mac/start-amphetamine-session-with-applescript.md

@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+# Start Amphetamine Session With AppleScript
+
+I use the _Amphetamine_ app on Mac to keep my computer from going to sleep
+during the day. It is a menu bar app that can be used to start a _Session_ of
+time where it will keep your computer from going to sleep. At the start of my
+day, I'll typically start an 8 hour _Session_. This is useful if I have to step
+away fo 10 minutes or if I'm doing some writing in my notebook, my computer
+won't go to sleep on me.
+
+Though these sessions can be controlled from the menu bar app, I was excited to
+learn that I can also programatically start a session with AppleScript.
+
+Here is how to start a _Session_ (overriding an existing session) with options
+that specify it is 8 hours long and the display should not be allowed to sleep.
+
+```bash
+$ osascript -e 'tell application "Amphetamine" to start new session with options {duration:8, interval:hours, displaySleepAllowed:false}'
+```
+
+The `interval` could also be `minutes` and then I could change the duration to
+an amount of time that makes sense in minutes, e.g. `90` for 1.5 hours.
+
+Note: the `with options {...}` segement is all or nothing. All three need to be included or don't include the clause at all.
+
+Additionally, a session of indefinite duration can be started by including no options:
+
+```bash
+$ osascript -e 'tell application "Amphetamine" to start new session'
+```
+
+And any existing session can be ended with:
+
+```bash
+$ osascript -e 'tell application "Amphetamine" to end session'
+```
+
+[source](https://iffy.freshdesk.com/support/solutions/articles/48000078223-applescript-documentation)

mac/use-a-different-font-with-iterm2.md

@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+# Use A Different Font With iTerm2
+
+I wanted to give [`gh-dash`](https://github.com/dlvhdr/gh-dash) a try, but
+after installing and opening it up, I was seeing a bunch of `?` characters
+where specialized font icons were missing. Their README recommended installing
+a [`Nerd Font`](https://github.com/ryanoasis/nerd-fonts) that includes those
+icons, such as [`Fira Code`](https://github.com/tonsky/FiraCode).
+
+I was able to install `font-fira-code-nerd-font` with homebrew:
+
+```bash
+$ brew install font-fira-code-nerd-font
+```
+
+Then to get iTerm2 to start using that font, I had to change the font setting
+for my current profile.
+
+Under the _iTerm2_ menu is _Settings..._. From there, I clicked the _Profiles_
+section. For the _Default_ profile, I went to the _Text_ tab and under _Font_ I
+selected _FireCode Nerd Font Mono_ from the dropdown.
+
+That won't take effect on any current iTerm2 windows. Since I have everything
+running through `tmux`, I could close my current window, open a new one
+(`Cmd+N`), and reconnect to my existing `tmux` session. Now when I run `gh
+dash`, I see all the font icons that were missing before.

postgres/count-the-number-of-items-in-an-array.md

@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+# Count The Number Of Items In An Array
+
+There are two ways to count the number of items in an array with PostgreSQL.
+The one that might jump out at you or show up at the top of search results is
+[`array_length`](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/functions-array.html).
+
+```sql
+> select array_length(array[1,2,3], 1);
++--------------+
+| array_length |
+|--------------|
+| 3            |
++--------------+
+
+> select array_length(array[[1,2], [3,4]], 2);
++--------------+
+| array_length |
+|--------------|
+| 2            |
++--------------+
+```
+
+This requires specifying the dimension at which you want to check the length.
+The first example, checking the 1st dimension of a one-dimensional array, seems
+like the more common and useful scenario. In the second example, we are
+checking the 2nd dimension.
+
+The other way we can determine the number of items in an array is with the
+[`cardinality`](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/functions-array.html)
+function.
+
+> Returns the total number of elements in the array, or 0 if the array is
+> empty.
+
+```sql
+> select cardinality(array[1,2,3]);
++-------------+
+| cardinality |
+|-------------|
+| 3           |
++-------------+
+
+> select cardinality(array[[1,2], [3,4]]);
++-------------+
+| cardinality |
+|-------------|
+| 4           |
++-------------+
+```
+
+This behaves the same as `array_length` for a one-dimensional array and doesn't
+require a second argument. Where it gets more interesting is with
+multi-dimensional arrays. It returns the total number of elements in the
+arrayregardless of the nesting.
+
+[source](https://mattrighetti.com/2025/01/20/you-dont-need-sql-builders)

postgres/trim-leading-and-trailing-space-from-string.md

@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+# Trim Leading And Trailing Space From String
+
+PostgreSQL has a bunch of [string
+functions](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/functions-string.html),
+including several for doing various string trimming.
+
+We can use the simplest form of `trim` to remove leading and trailing space
+characters from a string.
+
+```sql
+> select trim('  Taco Cat ');
++----------+
+| btrim    |
+|----------|
+| Taco Cat |
++----------+
+```
+
+The syntax for calling `trim` is a bit odd relative to other PostgreSQL
+functions and functions in other languages. Here is the "grammar" as described
+in the docs:
+
+```
+trim ( [ LEADING | TRAILING | BOTH ] [ characters text ] FROM string text ) → text
+```
+
+We pick `leading`, `trailing`, or `both`, with `both` being the default. Then
+we specify the character(s) we want to remove. This is also optional, the
+default being the space character. Then we say `from` what string we want to
+trim those characters.
+
+Here we remove all sequential spaces from `both` ends of the given string:
+
+```sql
+> select trim(both from '  Taco Cat ');
++----------+
+| btrim    |
+|----------|
+| Taco Cat |
++----------+
+```
+
+To further demonstrate how `trim` works, here we remove all sequences made up
+of any of spaces, uppercase `T`, and lowercase `t` from `both` ends of the
+string:
+
+```sql
+> select trim(both ' Tt' from '  Taco Cat ');
++--------+
+| btrim  |
+|--------|
+| aco Ca |
++--------+
+```
+
+Notice that in all the above examples the column name of the result is `btrim`.
+That's probably because `btrim` (_trim both ends_) is being called under the
+hood for the `both` option.

postgres/unable-to-infer-data-type-in-production.md

@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+# Unable To Infer Data Type In Production
+
+Inspired by [You Probably Don't Need Query
+Builders](https://mattrighetti.com/2025/01/20/you-dont-need-sql-builders), I
+wrote a query in one of my applications that has filter clauses that get
+short-circuited if the filter value hasn't been included.
+
+That query looked something like this:
+
+```ruby
+@tags =
+  Tag.where("? is null or normalized_value ilike ?", normalized_query, "%#{normalized_query}%")
+     .order(:normalized_value)
+     .limit(10)
+```
+
+The `normalized_value ilike ?` filtering won't be applied if the
+`normalized_query` value isn't present (`nil`). This helps me avoid writing
+messy ternaries or if-else conditional query building madness.
+
+Unfortunately, when I shipped this query to production, the page started
+failing and Postgres was reporting this error in the logs.
+
+```
+Caused by: PG::IndeterminateDatatype (ERROR:  could not determine data type of parameter $1)
+```
+
+The query is prepared as a parameterized statement and Postgres appears to be
+unable to determine the datatype of the first parameter (`$1`) —
+`normalized_query`.
+
+I was unable to reproduce the issue in development. It was only occuring in
+production. Until I can come up with a root cause analysis, I have the
+following fix that does a casting to `text`. This helps out with the type
+inference and makes the issue go away.
+
+```ruby
+@tags =
+  Tag.where("cast(? as text) is null or normalized_value ilike ?", normalized_query, "%#{normalized_query}%")
+     .order(:normalized_value)
+     .limit(10)
+```
+
+Interestingly, this person using `pgtyped` [ran into the exact same issue with
+the same type of query](https://github.com/adelsz/pgtyped/issues/354).

rails/add-a-generated-column-to-a-postgresql-table.md

@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+# Add A Generated Column To A PostgreSQL Table
+
+As of Rails 7, ActiveRecord supports generated columns for app's backed by a
+PostgreSQL database. This is achieved with a `virtual` column.
+
+```ruby
+class CreateTags < ActiveRecord::Migration[8.0]
+  def change
+    create_table :tags, id: :bigint do |t|
+      t.string :value
+      t.virtual :normalized_value, type: :text, as: "lower(value)", stored: true
+
+      t.timestamps
+    end
+  end
+end
+```
+
+With a table like this, any time we add a record with a `value`, PostgreSQL
+computes and stores the `normalized_value` column based on that.
+
+[source](https://blog.saeloun.com/2022/01/25/rails-7-postgres-support-for-generated-columns/)

rails/apply-basic-html-formatting-to-block-of-text.md

@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+# Apply Basic HTML Formatting To Block Of Text
+
+My Rails app has a form that allows a user to enter in free-form text. I enter
+in a couple paragraphs and save the record. It is rendered on a show page with
+a couple lines of ERB like so:
+
+```ruby
+<div class="max-w-3xl mx-auto">
+  <div class="space-y-4">
+    <div class="prose mt-8 text-gray-700">
+      <%= @record.notes %>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+```
+
+When I view the erb-displayed version of that record's text, all those
+carefully spaced paragraphs are clumped together. That is because those newline
+(`\n` and `\n\n`) characters while understood to be whitespace do not have
+formatting implications in the browser like a combination of HTML tags and CSS
+do.
+
+I can apply some basic formatting with [the aptly named `simple_format` method
+available as an `ActionView`
+helper](https://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionView/Helpers/TextHelper.html#method-i-simple_format).
+
+```ruby
+<div class="max-w-3xl mx-auto">
+  <div class="space-y-4">
+    <div class="prose mt-8 text-gray-700">
+      <%= simple_format(@record.notes) %>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+```
+
+This turns single `\n` characters into a `<br />` tag and double `\n\n` cause
+the surrounding paragraphs to be wrapped in `<p>` tags. That simple formatting
+combined with my existing TailwindCSS styles makes the formatting of my text
+immediately look much better.

rails/inspect-configuration-of-database-connection.md

@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+# Inspect Configuration Of Database Connection
+
+There are a lot of factors that can effect the database configuration values.
+
+- What are the settings in each environment in `config/database.yml`?
+- Is there any dynamic ERB code in `config/database.yml`?
+- Is `DATABASE_URL` set in the current environment?
+- Is any other code overriding these settings?
+
+To check the current _configuration hash_ for the database connection at
+runtime, we can run the following statement:
+
+```ruby
+> ActiveRecord::Base.connection.pool.db_config.configuration_hash
+=>
+{:adapter=>"postgresql",
+ :encoding=>"unicode",
+ :host=>"::1",
+ :user=>"postgres",
+ :password=>"postgres",
+ :pool=>5,
+ :database=>"still_development",
+ :port=>9875}
+```
+
+In this case, I'm running the statement from the Rails console of my app's
+development environment.
+
+I could even access and print these values as part of debugging in a production
+environment with a rake task:
+
+```ruby
+# In lib/tasks/debug.rake
+namespace :debug do
+  task :db_config => :environment do
+    puts "==== Database Configuration Debug ===="
+    puts "DATABASE_URL: #{ENV['DATABASE_URL']}"
+    puts "Active Record Config: #{ActiveRecord::Base.connection.pool.db_config.configuration_hash}"
+    puts "Raw ENV dump:"
+    ENV.sort.each { |k,v| puts "#{k}: #{v}" if k.include?('DB') || k.include?('DATABASE') }
+  end
+end
+```
+
+[source](https://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActiveRecord/DatabaseConfigurations/HashConfig.html)

rails/override-text-displayed-by-form-label.md

@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+# Override Text Displayed By Form Label
+
+Rails does a good job with the default text displayed by a form label. It takes
+the primary symbol value you give it and capitalizes that. And that is often
+good enough.
+
+```ruby
+<%= form_with(model: post) do |form| %>
+  <%= form.label :title, class: "text-sm font-medium text-gray-700" %>
+  <%= form.text_field :title, required: true, class: "..." %>
+<% end  %>
+```
+
+This will yield a label value of _Title_.
+
+Sometimes, however, the casing needs to be different or you need entirely
+different text. Take this URL field for example. Rails will convert `:url` into
+_Url_ for the label text. Not ideal. I can override the default with a second
+positional argument, in this case, `"URL"`.
+
+```ruby
+<%= form_with(model: post) do |form| %>
+  <%= form.label :url, "URL", class: "text-sm font-medium text-gray-700" %>
+  <%= form.url_field :url, required: true, class: "..." %>
+<% end  %>
+```
+
+The [Rails docs have another good
+example](https://guides.rubyonrails.org/form_helpers.html#a-generic-search-form).
+A label with a value of `query` that is overridden to display "Search for:".
+
+```ruby
+<%= form_with url: "/search", method: :get do |form| %>
+  <%= form.label :query, "Search for:" %>
+  <%= form.search_field :query %>
+  <%= form.submit "Search" %>
+<% end %>
+```

rails/rebuild-tailwind-bundle-for-dev-server.md

@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+# Rebuild Tailwind Bundle For Dev Server
+
+If you're using the TailwindCSS gem in your Rails app:
+
+```ruby
+# Use Tailwind CSS [https://github.com/rails/tailwindcss-rails]
+gem "tailwindcss-rails"
+```
+
+you may find that as you add and adjust styles in your views, refreshing the
+page doesn't take any styling effects. That is because the tailwind bundle gets
+built with just the style rules that were used at the time it was generated.
+
+In development, as we're working, we expect the styles used by our app to
+actively changed. And we don't mind a little performance hit to have the bundle
+rebuilt. In that case, we can instruct `puma` to _Live Rebuild_ in
+`development` with the `tailwindcss` plugin.
+
+```ruby
+# config/puma.rb
+
+# Enable TailwindCSS rebuild in development
+plugin :tailwindcss if ENV.fetch("RAILS_ENV", "development") == "development"
+```
+
+This has `rails server` run a watch process in the background that live
+rebuilds the bundle.
+
+[source](https://github.com/rails/tailwindcss-rails?tab=readme-ov-file#puma-plugin)

rails/scaffold-auth-functionality-with-rails-8-generator.md

@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+# Scaffold Auth Functionality With Rails 8 Generator
+
+Rails 8 added a built-in generator for authentication that scaffolds the core
+models, controllers, views, routes, etc. needed for a basic email/password
+authentication flow. It creates a `User` model, if one doesn't already exist,
+as the authenticated object. It uses the `bcrypt` gem for password hashing,
+etc.
+
+Here is an example of what you get when running the generator on a relatively
+new Rails 8 project:
+
+```bash
+$ bin/rails generate authentication
+      invoke  tailwindcss
+      create    app/views/passwords/new.html.erb
+      create    app/views/passwords/edit.html.erb
+      create    app/views/sessions/new.html.erb
+      create  app/models/session.rb
+      create  app/models/user.rb
+      create  app/models/current.rb
+      create  app/controllers/sessions_controller.rb
+      create  app/controllers/concerns/authentication.rb
+      create  app/controllers/passwords_controller.rb
+      create  app/channels/application_cable/connection.rb
+      create  app/mailers/passwords_mailer.rb
+      create  app/views/passwords_mailer/reset.html.erb
+      create  app/views/passwords_mailer/reset.text.erb
+      create  test/mailers/previews/passwords_mailer_preview.rb
+      insert  app/controllers/application_controller.rb
+       route  resources :passwords, param: :token
+       route  resource :session
+        gsub  Gemfile
+      bundle  install --quiet
+    generate  migration CreateUsers email_address:string!:uniq password_digest:string! --force
+       rails  generate migration CreateUsers email_address:string!:uniq password_digest:string! --force
+      invoke  active_record
+      create    db/migrate/20250115224625_create_users.rb
+    generate  migration CreateSessions user:references ip_address:string user_agent:string --force
+       rails  generate migration CreateSessions user:references ip_address:string user_agent:string --force
+      invoke  active_record
+      create    db/migrate/20250115224626_create_sessions.rb
+```
+
+[source](https://www.bigbinary.com/blog/rails-8-introduces-a-basic-authentication-generator)

rails/set-meta-tags-in-erb-views.md

@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+# Set Meta Tags In ERB Views
+
+There are all kinds of meta tags that we may want to set for the pages that our
+Rails app serves. A lot of these are for SEO and social sharing. Let's look at
+how to add `og:description` meta tags to our views.
+
+I'll start with a helper method in `app/helpers/application_helper.rb`:
+
+```ruby
+module ApplicationHelper
+  def meta_description(desc)
+    content_for(:description) { desc }
+  end
+end
+```
+
+Then, I'll update my `app/views/layouts/application.html.erb` to consume the
+description when provided.
+
+```ruby
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html>
+  <head>
+    <!-- ... -->
+
+    <meta
+      property="og:description"
+      content="<%= content_for?(:description) ? yield(:description) : 'Default description' %>"
+    >
+
+    <!-- ... -->
+  </head>
+
+  <!-- ... -->
+</html>
+```
+
+Now I have a default description for all my views that I can override as needed
+with the `meta_description` helper.
+
+```ruby
+# app/views/posts/show.html.erb
+<%= meta_description @post.body.split("\n").first %>
+
+<!-- ... -->
+```
+
+If I reload the page and inspect the meta tags in `<head>`, I should find the
+`og:description` tag with the corresponding value.
+
+This can be extended to apply all the different meta tags (e.g. Open Graph and
+Twitter) to make links to these pages render well across the internet.

ruby/install-latest-version-of-ruby-with-asdf.md

@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+# Install Latest Version Of Ruby With asdf
+
+When I check the `asdf` Ruby plugin for known versions of Ruby:
+
+```bash
+$ asdf list-all ruby | fzf
+```
+
+I don't find the latest (`3.4`).
+
+I need to update the plugin. A newer version of the plugin will know about
+newer Ruby versions.
+
+```bash
+$ asdf plugin-update ruby
+```
+
+Now, if I run the `list-all` command again, I'll find the version I'm looking
+for — `3.4.1`.
+
+Now that `asdf` and I both know about the version to be installed, I can tell
+`asdf` to install it:
+
+```bash
+$ asdf install ruby 3.4.1
+```
+
+Now, if I check the current Ruby version, I'll see that it is still set to some
+other version.
+
+```bash
+$ ruby --version
+ruby 3.2.2 (2023-03-30 revision e51014f9c0) [x86_64-darwin22]
+```
+
+I need to tell `asdf` to start using this newly installed version instead,
+either globally or locally.
+
+```bash
+$ # globally
+$ asdf global ruby 3.4.1
+$ # or locally
+$ asdf local ruby 3.4.1
+```
+
+And now I'm all set:
+
+```bash
+$ asdf current ruby
+ruby            3.4.1           /Users/jbranchaud/.tool-versions
+
+$ ruby --version
+ruby 3.4.1 (2024-12-25 revision 48d4efcb85) +PRISM [x86_64-darwin22]
+```

ruby/refer-to-implicit-block-argument-with-it.md

@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+# Refer To Implicit Block Argument With It
+
+One of the key features of the Ruby 3.4 release is the `it` implicit block
+argument.
+
+The vast majority of inline blocks defined in Ruby code receive a single block
+argument. Typically we name and reference a block argument explictly like so:
+
+```ruby
+items.map { |item| item * item }
+```
+
+Ruby likes to cut away excess syntax when possible. To that end, the implicit
+`it` block argument has been added. This is an identifier we can reference in
+the context of a block and its value is the current
+
+```ruby
+items = [1,2,3,4,5]
+
+squares = items.map { it * it }
+
+pp squares
+#=> [1, 4, 9, 16, 25]
+```
+
+Note: we cannot mix numbered parameters (`_1`, `_2`) with the `it` parameter.
+If we do, we'll get the following error:
+
+```ruby
+def method_using_block(a, b)
+  yield(a, b) if block_given?
+end
+
+puts method_using_block(4,5) { _2 ** _1 } #=> 625
+puts method_using_block(4,5) { _2 ** it }
+# it_block.rb:12: syntax error found (SyntaxError)
+#   10 |
+#   11 | puts method_using_block(4,5) { _2 ** _1 }
+# > 12 | ... it }
+#      |     ^~ `it` is not allowed when a numbered parameter is already used
+```
+
+[source](https://docs.ruby-lang.org/en/3.4/NEWS_md.html)

unix/list-all-fonts-on-your-machine.md

@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+# List All Fonts On Your Machine
+
+In trying to figure out what _FiraCode_ font I have installed on my machine
+and what it is called, I came across [this StackOverflow
+answer](https://stackoverflow.com/a/52789662/535590) which shares the
+following one-liner:
+
+```bash
+$ fc-list | awk '{$1=""}1' | cut -d: -f1 | sort | uniq
+```
+
+This uses `fc-list` to get the names of all the fonts available on your
+machine. This seems to work on both Linux and Mac. Through a series of `awk`,
+`cut`, and `sort | uniq`, this command produces a clean, easily-browsed list
+of fonts.
+
+I like to take this a step further by piping it all to `fzf` where I can then
+narrow down the output to just lines that match _FiraCode_.
+
+```bash
+$ fc-list | awk '{$1=""}1' | cut -d: -f1 | sort | uniq | fzf
+```
+
+See also [`system_profiler SPFontsDataType`](https://apple.stackexchange.com/questions/35852/list-of-activated-fonts-with-shell-command-in-os-x/243746#243746).

unix/see-where-asdf-gets-current-tool-version.md

@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+# See Where asdf Gets Current Tool Version
+
+The other day I [installed the latest version of
+Ruby](ruby/install-latest-version-of-ruby-with-asdf.md) with `asdf`. I then set
+that version (`3.4.1`) as the global default. However, when I then ran `ruby
+--version`, I was getting a `3.2.x` version. I checked my current project's
+directory and there was no `.tool-versions` file, so it wasn't being set by my
+current directory.
+
+`asdf` looks up the current chain of directories until it encounters a
+`.tool-versions` file, so it must have been finding one somewhere up there, but
+before it was getting to the _global_ `.tool-versions` file. But where?
+
+The `asdf current` command can tell us for a specific tool what the current
+version it is set to and what file is giving that directive.
+
+```bash
+asdf current ruby
+ruby            3.2.2           /Users/jbranchaud/code/.tool-versions
+```
+
+As it turns out, I had a `.tool-versions` file in `$HOME/code` that was setting
+that `3.2.x` Ruby version.
+
+I didn't want that directory controlling the Ruby version, so I removed `ruby`
+from that file. `asdf` was then able to traverse up to `$HOME/.tool-versions`
+for the global setting.
+
+See `asdf help` for more details.

workflow/break-justfile-into-separate-hidden-steps.md

@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+# Break Justfile Into Separate Hidden Steps
+
+With `just` and a project's `justfile`, I can get a summary of the commands
+available to run against my project by running `just --list`. If I try to
+breakdown a complex, multi-step command into separate `just` commands, it will
+be nice for organization, but it will clutter the list output. I can mark
+specific commands as hidden or internal by preceding them with an underscore
+(`_`).
+
+Here is a `justfile` from one of my projects that only lists a single command
+`setup` which itself is supported by three internal commands: `_check-brew`,
+`_install-deps`, and `_install-go-tools`.
+
+```justfile
+# Install all required development dependencies
+setup: _check-brew _install-deps _install-go-tools
+
+# Check if brew is installed
+_check-brew:
+    #!/usr/bin/env bash
+    if ! command -v brew &> /dev/null; then
+        echo "Error: Homebrew is not installed"
+        echo "Please install from https://brew.sh"
+        exit 1
+    fi
+
+brew_deps := '''
+    go
+    sqlite3
+'''
+
+# Install brew dependencies
+_install-deps:
+    #!/usr/bin/env bash
+    deps=$(echo '{{brew_deps}}' | tr -s '[:space:]' ' ' | xargs)
+    for pkg in $deps; do
+        if ! brew list $pkg &>/dev/null; then
+            echo "Installing $pkg..."
+            brew install $pkg
+        else
+            echo "✓ $pkg already installed"
+        fi
+    done
+
+# Install Go development tools
+_install-go-tools:
+    go install github.com/pressly/goose/v3/cmd/goose@latest
+```

workflow/control-media-with-drop-keyboard.md

@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+# Control Media With Drop Keyboard
+
+I have a [Drop CTRL](https://drop.com/buy/drop-ctrl-v2-mechanical-keyboard)
+mechanical keyboard which mostly works like any other keyboard. It also has a
+set of functionality that can be accessed via the `fn` (function) key. The
+function key can be used to configure the keyboard's LEDs, but I tend to set
+and forget that.
+
+Instead, I like to use the function key to control media. That is, adjust the
+volume, play and pause, and skip to the next song.
+
+Here is a listing of the ones I use:
+
+- `Fn + Insert` to Pause / Play
+- `Fn + PgUp/PgDown` to Increase / Decrease the volume
+- `Fn + Del/End` to go to the Previous / Next song
+
+Here is a [full listing of the function
+keys](https://drop.com/talk/9382/how-to-configure-your-drop-keyboard) for Drop
+keyboards.

workflow/pop-videos-out-as-picture-in-picture.md

@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+# Pop Videos Out As Picture-in-Picture
+
+I recently learned that just about any video playing in Chrome and Firefox can
+be popped out to a picture-in-picture (PIP) player. A PIP player gives you a sidecar
+video player window that you can arrange and resize anywhere on your screen. It
+sits on top of other windows so that you can view it while working from other
+apps. This is useful if, for instance, you are working through a coding
+tutorial on youtube.
+
+For most video players, you can right click on the video and the menu that
+appears will include a "Picture in Picture" option. Select that and the arrange
+the player to your liking.
+
+Youtube overrides right-click. If you right-click, you'll see one menu of
+Youtube-specific options. Right-click a second time to open the standard
+browser menu which will include the PIP option.
+
+I noticed while also testing this on Firefox, that they have a PIP icon that
+appears as a small overlay on the right side of the video player that you can
+click as well. This is useful because I found some site's video players were
+(inadvertently) preventing right-click.

workflow/send-a-pdf-to-your-kindle.md

@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+# Send A PDF To Your Kindle
+
+I recently got a Kindle. I already have a bunch of PDF and ePub books on my
+computer that I've bought over the years. I wanted to be able to read some of
+those books on the Kindle. I found that there is a way to send these formats to
+your Kindle via email.
+
+There are a couple steps to get this working.
+
+First, from the Amazon account that is tied to the Kindle device, open the
+_Account_ dropdown and click _Devices. Any devices tied to your account will be
+listed there. Navigate to the one you want to send to. Under the _Device
+Summary_ with be a custom email address for that device. Something like
+`youremail_abc123@kindle.com`.
+
+That's the email you'll send the PDF or ePub attachment to.
+
+Second, that Kindle email address will only receive and process documents from
+a known, verified email address. Back on the _Devices_page, click on the
+_Preferences_ tab. Under _Personal Document Preferences_ make sure that the
+_Approved Personal Document Email List_ includes the email address you'll be
+sending from. Add it if not.
+
+Everything is set up. Now compose an email to that Kindle address, add the
+attachment, and send. Give it 5 or so minutes to process and it should show up
+on your device.
+
+Additionally, you can go to the _Content_ tab and then to _Digital Content_ to
+see what documents you have set and which devices have received them.
+
+[source](https://goodereader.com/blog/kindle/here-is-how-you-can-read-pdf-files-on-the-amazon-kindle)

workflow/temporarily-hide-cleanshot-x-capture-previews.md

@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+# Temporarily Hide CleanShot X Capture Previews
+
+The _capture previews_ that CleanShot X provides are a useful part of my
+workflow. I often capture a screenshot or recording a bit in advance of needing
+to add it as, say, an attachment. The preview icons float off to the right of
+my screen, generally out of the way. As soon as I need them, I can annotate,
+drag-n-drop, etc.
+
+Sometimes, however, they do get in the way. But I'm not ready to dismiss them
+and I don't want to save them off to some folder buried in my file system.
+
+To temporarily slide the capture previews down off the screen, I can hit the
+shortcut `Ctrl+Opt+Cmd+H`. The arrow at the butto of the screen can be clicked
+to unhide them, or I can hit the same shortcut sequence to reveal them.