Reorder commands: commit before pull --rebase

Co-authored-by: jbranchaud <694063+jbranchaud@users.noreply.github.com>
Simplify pull command to use configured upstream
2026-09-02 09:41:47 +00:00 · 2026-01-01 00:18:25 +00:00 · 2026-01-01 00:17:23 +00:00 · 2026-01-01 00:16:23 +00:00 · 2026-01-01 00:14:07 +00:00
165 changed files with 15 additions and 7383 deletions
@@ -6,15 +6,14 @@ A collection of concise write-ups on small things I learn day to day across a
 variety of languages and technologies. These are things that don't really
 warrant a full blog post. These are things I've picked up by [Learning In
 Public™](https://dev.to/jbranchaud/how-i-built-a-learning-machine-45k9) and
-working across different projects via [VisualMode](https://www.visualmode.dev/).
+pairing with smart people at Hashrocket.

 For a steady stream of TILs, [sign up for my newsletter](https://visualmode.kit.com/newsletter).

-_1877 TILs and counting..._
+_1715 TILs and counting..._

 See some of the other learning resources I work on:

- [The VisualMode Blog](https://visualmode.dev/blog)
 - [Get Started with Vimium](https://egghead.io/courses/get-started-with-vimium~3t5f7)
 - [Ruby Operator Lookup](https://www.visualmode.dev/ruby-operators)
 - [Vim Un-Alphabet](https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL46-cKSxMYYCMpzXo6p0Cof8hJInYgohU)
@@ -30,7 +29,6 @@ If you've learned something here, support my efforts writing daily TILs by
 * [Ansible](#ansible)
 * [Astro](#astro)
 * [AWS](#aws)
-* [Bash](#bash)
 * [Brew](#brew)
 * [Chrome](#chrome)
 * [Claude Code](#claude-code)
@@ -60,7 +58,6 @@ If you've learned something here, support my efforts writing daily TILs by
 * [Linux](#linux)
 * [LLM](#llm)
 * [Mac](#mac)
-* [Math](#math)
 * [Mise](#mise)
 * [MongoDB](#mongodb)
 * [MySQL](#mysql)
@@ -98,7 +95,6 @@ If you've learned something here, support my efforts writing daily TILs by
 * [Workflow](#workflow)
 * [XState](#xstate)
 * [YAML](#yaml)
-* [Zed](#zed)
 * [Zod](#zod)
 * [Zsh](#zsh)

@@ -130,16 +126,11 @@ If you've learned something here, support my efforts writing daily TILs by
 - [Turn Off Output Pager For A Command](aws/turn-off-output-pager-for-a-command.md)
 - [Use Specific AWS Profile With CLI](aws/use-specific-aws-profile-with-cli.md)

-### Bash
-
- [Edit The Current Command Prompt](bash/edit-the-current-command-prompt.md)
-
 ### Brew

 - [Clean Up Your Brew Installations](brew/clean-up-your-brew-installations.md)
 - [Configure Brew Environment Variables](brew/configure-brew-environment-variables.md)
 - [Export List Of Everything Installed By Brew](brew/export-list-of-everything-installed-by-brew.md)
- [Install From Nonstandard Brewfile](brew/install-from-nonstandard-brewfile.md)
 - [Install Go Packages In Brewfile](brew/install-go-packages-in-brewfile.md)
 - [List All Services Managed By Brew](brew/list-all-services-managed-by-brew.md)

@@ -148,7 +139,6 @@ If you've learned something here, support my efforts writing daily TILs by
 - [Access A Value Logged To The Console](chrome/access-a-value-logged-to-the-console.md)
 - [Chrome Supports Many Unix Keyboard Shortcuts](chrome/chrome-supports-many-unix-keyboard-shortcuts.md)
 - [Copy Some Data From The Console](chrome/copy-some-data-from-the-console.md)
- [Duplicate Current Browser Tab](chrome/duplicate-current-browser-tab.md)
 - [Duplicate The Current Tab](chrome/duplicate-the-current-tab.md)
 - [Easier Access To Network Throttling Controls](chrome/easier-access-to-network-throttling-controls.md)
 - [Keybinding To Focus The Address Bar](chrome/keybinding-to-focus-the-address-bar.md)
@@ -167,13 +157,8 @@ If you've learned something here, support my efforts writing daily TILs by

 ### Claude Code

- [Allow Edits From The Start](claude-code/allow-edits-from-the-start.md)
- [Distinguish Sessions With Different Colors](claude-code/distinguish-sessions-with-different-colors.md)
 - [Monitor Usage Limits From CLI](claude-code/monitor-usage-limits-from-cli.md)
 - [Open Current Prompt In Default Editor](claude-code/open-current-prompt-in-default-editor.md)
- [Resume Specific Session](claude-code/resume-specific-session.md)
- [Set Permission Mode When Starting Session](claude-code/set-permission-mode-when-starting-session.md)
- [Stash The Current Prompt To Send Another First](claude-code/stash-the-current-prompt-to-send-another-first.md)

 ### Clojure

@@ -244,7 +229,6 @@ If you've learned something here, support my efforts writing daily TILs by
 - [Check For Cached Site Assocation File For iOS](devops/check-for-cached-site-association-file-for-ios.md)
 - [Check The Status of All Services](devops/check-the-status-of-all-services.md)
 - [Check The Syntax Of nginx Files](devops/check-the-syntax-of-nginx-files.md)
- [Cloudflare Allows CNAME For Apex Domain](devops/cloudflare-allows-cname-for-apex-domain.md)
 - [Connect To An RDS PostgreSQL Database](devops/connect-to-an-rds-postgresql-database.md)
 - [Default Rails Deploy Script On Hatchbox](devops/default-rails-deploy-script-on-hatchbox.md)
 - [Determine The IP Address Of A Domain](devops/determine-the-ip-address-of-a-domain.md)
@@ -254,7 +238,6 @@ If you've learned something here, support my efforts writing daily TILs by
 - [Reload The nginx Configuration](devops/reload-the-nginx-configuration.md)
 - [Resolve The Public IP Of A URL](devops/resolve-the-public-ip-of-a-url.md)
 - [Running Out Of inode Space](devops/running-out-of-inode-space.md)
- [Set, Get, And Unset Env Vars With Dokku](devops/set-get-and-unset-env-vars-with-dokku.md)
 - [Set Up Domain For Hatchbox Rails App](devops/set-up-domain-for-hatchbox-rails-app.md)
 - [SSH Into A Docker Container](devops/ssh-into-a-docker-container.md)
 - [SSL Certificates Can Cover Multiple Domains](devops/ssl-certificates-can-cover-multiple-domains.md)
@@ -347,7 +330,6 @@ If you've learned something here, support my efforts writing daily TILs by
 - [Check How A File Is Being Ignored](git/check-how-a-file-is-being-ignored.md)
 - [Check If A File Has Changed In A Script](git/check-if-a-file-has-changed-in-a-script.md)
 - [Check If A File Is Under Version Control](git/check-if-a-file-is-under-version-control.md)
- [Check What Branches Contain A Specific Commit](git/check-what-branches-contain-a-specific-commit.md)
 - [Checking Commit Ancestry](git/checking-commit-ancestry.md)
 - [Checkout Old Version Of A File](git/checkout-old-version-of-a-file.md)
 - [Checkout Previous Branch](git/checkout-previous-branch.md)
@@ -366,10 +348,8 @@ If you've learned something here, support my efforts writing daily TILs by
 - [Count Number Of Commits On A Branch](git/count-number-of-commits-on-a-branch.md)
 - [Create A New Branch With Git Switch](git/create-a-new-branch-with-git-switch.md)
 - [Delete All Untracked Files](git/delete-all-untracked-files.md)
- [Determine Absolute Path Of Top-Level Project Directory](git/determine-absolute-path-of-top-level-project-directory.md)
 - [Determine The Hash Id For A Blob](git/determine-the-hash-id-for-a-blob.md)
 - [Diffing With Patience](git/diffing-with-patience.md)
- [Display All Git Log Entries In My Local Timezone](git/display-all-git-log-entries-in-my-local-timezone.md)
 - [Dropping Commits With Git Rebase](git/dropping-commits-with-git-rebase.md)
 - [Dry Runs in Git](git/dry-runs-in-git.md)
 - [Exclude A File From A Diff Output](git/exclude-a-file-from-a-diff-output.md)
@@ -399,12 +379,9 @@ If you've learned something here, support my efforts writing daily TILs by
 - [Interactively Unstage Changes](git/interactively-unstage-changes.md)
 - [Keep File Locally With `git rm`](git/keep-file-locally-with-git-rm.md)
 - [Last Commit A File Appeared In](git/last-commit-a-file-appeared-in.md)
- [List All Authors On Git Repository](git/list-all-authors-on-git-repository.md)
- [List All Commits Where File Was Added Or Deleted](git/list-all-commits-where-file-was-added-or-deleted.md)
 - [List All Files Added During Span Of Time](git/list-all-files-added-during-span-of-time.md)
 - [List All Files Changed Between Two Branches](git/list-all-files-changed-between-two-branches.md)
 - [List All Git Aliases From gitconfig](git/list-all-git-aliases-from-gitconfig.md)
- [List And Count All Posts In TIL Repo](git/list-and-count-all-posts-in-til-repo.md)
 - [List Branches That Contain A Commit](git/list-branches-that-contain-a-commit.md)
 - [List Commits On A Branch](git/list-commits-on-a-branch.md)
 - [List Different Commits Between Two Branches](git/list-different-commits-between-two-branches.md)
@@ -413,11 +390,9 @@ If you've learned something here, support my efforts writing daily TILs by
 - [List Most Git Commands](git/list-most-git-commands.md)
 - [List Untracked Files](git/list-untracked-files.md)
 - [List Untracked Files For Scripting](git/list-untracked-files-for-scripting.md)
- [Mark A Release With An Annotated Tag](git/mark-a-release-with-an-annotated-tag.md)
 - [Move The Latest Commit To A New Branch](git/move-the-latest-commit-to-a-new-branch.md)
 - [Override The Global Git Ignore File](git/override-the-global-git-ignore-file.md)
 - [Pick Specific Changes To Stash](git/pick-specific-changes-to-stash.md)
- [Programmatically Grab SHA For Head Commit](git/programmatically-grab-sha-for-head-commit.md)
 - [Pulling In Changes During An Interactive Rebase](git/pulling-in-changes-during-an-interactive-rebase.md)
 - [Push To A Branch On Another Remote](git/push-to-a-branch-on-another-remote.md)
 - [Quicker Commit Fixes With The Fixup Flag](git/quicker-commit-fixes-with-the-fixup-flag.md)
@@ -448,7 +423,6 @@ If you've learned something here, support my efforts writing daily TILs by
 - [Show What Is In A Stash](git/show-what-is-in-a-stash.md)
 - [Single Key Presses in Interactive Mode](git/single-key-presses-in-interactive-mode.md)
 - [Skip A Bad Commit When Bisecting](git/skip-a-bad-commit-when-bisecting.md)
- [Skip Git Hooks As Needed](git/skip-git-hooks-as-needed.md)
 - [Skip Pre-Commit Hooks](git/skip-pre-commit-hooks.md)
 - [Staging Changes Within Vim](git/staging-changes-within-vim.md)
 - [Staging Stashes Interactively](git/staging-stashes-interactively.md)
@@ -460,7 +434,6 @@ If you've learned something here, support my efforts writing daily TILs by
 - [Transition A Branch From One Base To Another](git/transition-a-branch-from-one-base-to-another.md)
 - [Turn Off The Output Pager For One Command](git/turn-off-the-output-pager-for-one-command.md)
 - [Two Kinds Of Dotted Range Notation](git/two-kinds-of-dotted-range-notation.md)
- [Undo Latest Changes Committed To Specific File](git/undo-latest-changes-committed-to-specific-file.md)
 - [Unstage Changes Wih Git Restore](git/unstage-changes-with-git-restore.md)
 - [Untrack A Directory Of Files Without Deleting](git/untrack-a-directory-of-files-without-deleting.md)
 - [Untrack A File Without Deleting It](git/untrack-a-file-without-deleting-it.md)
@@ -476,11 +449,7 @@ If you've learned something here, support my efforts writing daily TILs by
 ### GitHub

 - [Access Your GitHub Profile Photo](github/access-your-github-profile-photo.md)
- [Create And Push To New Repo From CLI](github/create-and-push-to-new-repo-from-cli.md)
- [List PRs Awaiting Your Review](github/list-prs-awaiting-your-review.md)
 - [Open A PR To An Unforked Repo](github/open-a-pr-to-an-unforked-repo.md)
- [Open File To Specific Line In Browser](github/open-file-to-specific-line-in-browser.md)
- [Process JSON Output From gh With jq](github/process-json-output-from-gh-with-jq.md)
 - [Target Another Repo When Creating A PR](github/target-another-repo-when-creating-a-pr.md)
 - [Tell gh What The Default Repo Is](github/tell-gh-what-the-default-repo-is.md)

@@ -490,7 +459,6 @@ If you've learned something here, support my efforts writing daily TILs by
 - [Capture An Output Value For Use In A Later Step](github-actions/capture-an-output-value-for-use-in-a-later-step.md)
 - [Disable A Workflow With The gh CLI](github-actions/disable-a-workflow-with-the-gh-cli.md)
 - [Reference An Encrypted Secret In An Action](github-actions/reference-an-encrypted-secret-in-an-action.md)
- [Run Schedule Action To Commit Regular Updates](github-actions/run-scheduled-action-to-commit-regular-updates.md)
 - [Trigger A Workflow Via An API Call](github-actions/trigger-a-workflow-via-an-api-call.md)
 - [Use Labels To Block PR Merge](github-actions/use-labels-to-block-pr-merge.md)

@@ -532,7 +500,6 @@ If you've learned something here, support my efforts writing daily TILs by

 ### Heroku

- [Check Ruby Version For Production App](heroku/check-ruby-version-for-production-app.md)
 - [Connect To A Database By Color](heroku/connect-to-a-database-by-color.md)
 - [Deploy A Review App To A Different Stack](heroku/deploy-a-review-app-to-a-different-stack.md)
 - [Diagnose Problems In A Heroku Postgres Database](heroku/diagnose-problems-in-a-heroku-postgres-database.md)
@@ -578,7 +545,6 @@ If you've learned something here, support my efforts writing daily TILs by
 - [Focus The URL Bar](internet/focus-the-url-bar.md)
 - [Get Random Images From Unsplash](internet/get-random-images-from-unsplash.md)
 - [Grab The RSS Feed For A Substack Blog](internet/grab-the-rss-feed-for-a-substack-blog.md)
- [Hide Overflowing Text For Google Sheets Column](internet/hide-overflowing-text-for-google-sheets-column.md)
 - [Search Tweets By Author](internet/search-tweets-by-author.md)
 - [Show All Pivotal Stories With Blockers](internet/show-all-pivotal-stories-with-blockers.md)
 - [Verify Site Ownership With DNS Record](internet/verify-site-ownership-with-dns-record.md)
@@ -621,7 +587,6 @@ If you've learned something here, support my efforts writing daily TILs by
 - [Easy Date Comparison With DayJS](javascript/easy-date-comparison-with-dayjs.md)
 - [Expand Emojis With The Spread Operator](javascript/expand-emojis-with-the-spread-operator.md)
 - [Fill An Input With A Ton Of Text](javascript/fill-an-input-with-a-ton-of-text.md)
- [Filter By Truthy Values With Boolean Function](javascript/filter-by-truthy-values-with-boolean-function.md)
 - [Find The Version Of An Installed Dependency](javascript/find-the-version-of-an-installed-dependency.md)
 - [Find Where Yarn Is Installing Binaries](javascript/find-where-yarn-is-installing-binaries.md)
 - [for...in Iterates Over Object Properties](javascript/for-in-iterates-over-object-properties.md)
@@ -636,7 +601,6 @@ If you've learned something here, support my efforts writing daily TILs by
 - [Get The Response Status From An Axios Error](javascript/get-the-response-status-from-an-axios-error.md)
 - [Get The Time Components Of A Date](javascript/get-the-time-components-of-a-date.md)
 - [Get The Time Zone Of The Client Computer](javascript/get-the-time-zone-of-the-client-computer.md)
- [Get User's Preferred Language From Browser](javascript/get-users-preferred-language-from-browser.md)
 - [Globally Install A Package With Yarn](javascript/globally-install-a-package-with-yarn.md)
 - [Globally Install Specific Version Of PNPM](javascript/globally-install-specific-version-of-pnpm.md)
 - [Immutable Remove With The Spread Operator](javascript/immutable-remove-with-the-spread-operator.md)
@@ -653,7 +617,6 @@ If you've learned something here, support my efforts writing daily TILs by
 - [Matching Multiple Values In A Switch Statement](javascript/matching-multiple-values-in-a-switch-statement.md)
 - [Mock A Function With Return Values Using Jest](javascript/mock-a-function-with-return-values-using-jest.md)
 - [New Dates Can Take Out Of Bounds Values](javascript/new-dates-can-take-out-of-bounds-values.md)
- [`npm run` Has Some Typo Aliases](javascript/npm-run-has-some-typo-aliases.md)
 - [Numbers Are Empty](javascript/numbers-are-empty.md)
 - [Object Initialization With Shorthand Property Names](javascript/object-initialization-with-shorthand-property-names.md)
 - [Obtain Undefined Value With The Void Operator](javascript/obtain-undefined-value-with-the-void-operator.md)
@@ -738,23 +701,18 @@ If you've learned something here, support my efforts writing daily TILs by

 ### LLM

- [Count Number Of Tokens In A File](llm/count-number-of-tokens-in-a-file.md)
- [Include A File With Message To `ant`](llm/include-a-file-with-message-to-ant.md)
 - [Send cURL To Claude Text Completion API](llm/send-curl-to-claude-text-completion-api.md)
 - [Use The llm CLI With Claude Models](llm/use-the-llm-cli-with-claude-models.md)

 ### Mac

 - [Access All Screen And Video Capture Options](mac/access-all-screen-and-video-capture-options.md)
- [Access CoreUtils That Conflict With Unix Utilities](mac/access-coreutils-that-conflict-with-unix-utilities.md)
 - [Access System Information On OS X](mac/access-system-information-on-osx.md)
 - [Access Unsupported Screen Resolutions With RDM](mac/access-unsupported-screen-resolutions-with-rdm.md)
 - [Add A Bunch Of CLI Utilities With coreutils](mac/add-a-bunch-of-cli-utilities-with-coreutils.md)
 - [Capture Screenshot To Clipboard From CLI](mac/capture-screenshot-to-clipboard-from-cli.md)
 - [Check Network Quality Stats From The Command Line](mac/check-network-quality-stats-from-the-command-line.md)
- [Clean Up Item Layout In Finder Window](mac/clean-up-item-layout-in-finder-window.md)
 - [Clean Up Old Homebrew Files](mac/clean-up-old-homebrew-files.md)
- [Control Which Monitor App Switcher Appears On](mac/control-which-monitor-app-switcher-appears-on.md)
 - [Convert An HEIC Image File To JPG](mac/convert-an-heic-image-file-to-jpg.md)
 - [Default Screenshot Location](mac/default-screenshot-location.md)
 - [Detect How Long A User Has Been Idle](mac/detect-how-long-a-user-has-been-idle.md)
@@ -770,15 +728,12 @@ If you've learned something here, support my efforts writing daily TILs by
 - [Open Finder.app To Specific Directory](mac/open-finder-app-to-specific-directory.md)
 - [Prevent Sleep With The Caffeinate Command](mac/prevent-sleep-with-the-caffeinate-command.md)
 - [Quickly Type En Dashes And Em Dashes](mac/quickly-type-en-dashes-and-em-dashes.md)
- [Read The Lid Angle Sensor For A MacBook](mac/read-the-lid-angle-sensor-for-a-macbook.md)
 - [Require Additional JS Libraries In Postman](mac/require-additional-js-libraries-in-postman.md)
 - [Resize App Windows With AppleScript](mac/resize-app-windows-with-applescript.md)
 - [Resizing Both Corners Of A Window](mac/resizing-both-corners-of-a-window.md)
- [Reveal Location Of File In Finder.app](mac/reveal-location-of-file-in-finder-app.md)
 - [Run A Hardware Check](mac/run-a-hardware-check.md)
 - [Run AppleScript Commands Inline In The Terminal](mac/run-applescript-commands-inline-in-the-terminal.md)
 - [Set A Window To Its Default Zoom Level](mac/set-a-window-to-its-default-zoom-level.md)
- [Set Default Search Directory For Finder](mac/set-default-search-directory-for-finder.md)
 - [Specify App When Opening From Command Line](mac/specify-app-when-opening-from-command-line.md)
 - [Start Amphetamine Session With AppleScript](mac/start-amphetamine-session-with-applescript.md)
 - [Uninstall LogiTech G Hub From Mac](mac/uninstall-logitech-g-hub-from-mac.md)
@@ -787,22 +742,13 @@ If you've learned something here, support my efforts writing daily TILs by
 - [View All Windows Of The Current App](mac/view-all-windows-of-the-current-app.md)
 - [Write System Clipboard To A File](mac/write-system-clipboard-to-a-file.md)

-### Math
-
- [Convert Arbitrary Number To Probability With Sigmoid](math/convert-arbitrary-number-to-probability-with-sigmoid.md)
- [Generate Permutations Of All Valid 9-ball Racks](math/generate-permutations-of-all-valid-9-ball-racks.md)
-
 ### Mise

 - [Create Umbrella Task For All Test Tasks](mise/create-umbrella-task-for-all-test-tasks.md)
 - [List The Files Being Loaded By Mise](mise/list-the-files-being-loaded-by-mise.md)
- [Look In Ruby Version Dotfile](mise/look-in-ruby-version-dotfile.md)
- [Override Your Project Mise File](mise/override-your-project-mise-file.md)
- [Pick From Tasks Using Interactive Picker](mise/pick-from-tasks-using-interactive-picker.md)
 - [Preserve Color Output For Task Command](mise/preserve-color-output-for-task-command.md)
 - [Read Existing Dot Env File Into Env Vars](mise/read-existing-dot-env-file-into-env-vars.md)
 - [Run A Command With Specific Tool Version](mise/run-a-command-with-specific-tool-version.md)
- [Search Through Bin Paths For Tool Locations](mise/search-through-bin-paths-for-tool-locations.md)

 ### MongoDB

@@ -880,7 +826,6 @@ If you've learned something here, support my efforts writing daily TILs by

 ### pnpm

- [Avoid Vulnerabilities In New Package Versions](pnpm/avoid-vulnerabilities-in-new-package-versions.md)
 - [Execute A Command From The Workspace Root](pnpm/execute-a-command-from-the-workspace-root.md)
 - [Install Command Runs For Entire Workspace](pnpm/install-command-runs-for-entire-workspace.md)
 - [List The Installed Version Of A Specific Package](pnpm/list-the-installed-version-of-a-specific-package.md)
@@ -909,7 +854,6 @@ If you've learned something here, support my efforts writing daily TILs by
 - [Clear The Screen In psql](postgres/clear-the-screen-in-psql.md)
 - [Clear The Screen In psql (2)](postgres/clear-the-screen-in-psql-2.md)
 - [Compute Hashes With pgcrypto](postgres/compute-hashes-with-pgcrypto.md)
- [Compute Median Instead Of Average](postgres/compute-median-instead-of-average.md)
 - [Compute The Levenshtein Distance Of Two Strings](postgres/compute-the-levenshtein-distance-of-two-strings.md)
 - [Compute The md5 Hash Of A String](postgres/compute-the-md5-hash-of-a-string.md)
 - [Concatenate Strings With A Separator](postgres/concatenate-strings-with-a-separator.md)
@@ -1017,7 +961,6 @@ If you've learned something here, support my efforts writing daily TILs by
 - [Restarting Sequences When Truncating Tables](postgres/restarting-sequences-when-truncating-tables.md)
 - [Salt And Hash A Password With pgcrypto](postgres/salt-and-hash-a-password-with-pgcrypto.md)
 - [Send A Command To psql](postgres/send-a-command-to-psql.md)
- [Sequence Side-Effect When Rolling Back Inserts](postgres/sequence-side-effect-when-rolling-back-inserts.md)
 - [Set Inclusion With hstore](postgres/set-inclusion-with-hstore.md)
 - [Set A Seed For The Random Number Generator](postgres/set-a-seed-for-the-random-number-generator.md)
 - [Set A Statement Timeout Threshold For A Session](postgres/set-a-statement-timeout-threshold-for-a-session.md)
@@ -1078,73 +1021,13 @@ If you've learned something here, support my efforts writing daily TILs by
 ### Python

 - [Access Instance Variables](python/access-instance-variables.md)
- [Access Most Recent Return Value In REPL](python/access-most-recent-return-value-in-repl.md)
- [Access SQLite Result Values By Name With Row Factory](python/access-sqlite-result-values-by-name-with-row-factory.md)
- [Access Variables Outside Loop Scope](python/access-variables-outside-loop-scope.md)
- [Annotate Return Type On Enum Function](python/annotate-return-type-on-enum-function.md)
- [Another Way To Mark Keyword-Only Dataclass Fields](python/another-way-to-mark-keyword-only-dataclass-fields.md)
- [Argument Defaults Are Evaluated When Function Is Defined](python/argument-defaults-are-evaluated-when-function-is-defined.md)
- [Assert Is Only A Development Check](python/assert-is-only-a-development-check.md)
- [Avoid Modification With Frozen Dataclass](python/avoid-modification-with-frozen-dataclass.md)
- [BasedPyright Will Use Pyright Config](python/basedpyright-will-use-pyright-config.md)
 - [Break Debugger On First Line Of Program](python/break-debugger-on-first-line-of-program.md)
- [Check If Package Is Installed With Pip](python/check-if-package-is-installed-with-pip.md)
- [Check Precondition Before Click Arg Parsing](python/check-precondition-before-click-arg-parsing.md)
- [Combine StrEnum With Pydantic For Union Type](python/combine-strenum-with-pydantic-for-union-type.md)
- [Commit Writes From Executed SQLite Statements](python/commit-writes-from-executed-sqlite-statements.md)
- [Configure Other Attributes Of Dataclass Field](python/configure-other-attributes-of-dataclass-field.md)
- [Control Passing Of Time In Tests](python/control-passing-of-time-in-tests.md)
 - [Create A Dummy DataFrame In Pandas](python/create-a-dummy-dataframe-in-pandas.md)
- [Create A Range Of Descending Values](python/create-a-range-of-descending-values.md)
- [Dedent Common Whitespace From Multiline String](python/dedent-common-whitespace-from-multiline-string.md)
- [Deduplicate A List Into A Tuple](python/deduplicate-a-list-into-a-tuple.md)
- [Define Sequence Of Tests With Parametrize Decorator](python/define-sequence-of-tests-with-parametrize-decorator.md)
- [Define Typed Class Interface With Protocol](python/define-typed-class-interface-with-protocol.md)
 - [Dunder Methods](python/dunder-methods.md)
- [Easy Key-Value Aggregates With defaultdict](python/easy-key-value-aggregates-with-defaultdict.md)
- [Enable Pyright Type Checking In Cursor](python/enable-pyright-type-checking-in-cursor.md)
- [Escape Curly Braces Within Formatted String](python/escape-curly-braces-within-formatted-string.md)
- [Experiment With SQLite Queries In Memory](python/experiment-with-sqlite-queries-in-memory.md)
- [Force Remaining Arguments To Be Named](python/force-remaining-arguments-to-be-named.md)
- [Generate Sample PDFs With ReportLab](python/generate-sample-pdfs-with-reportlab.md)
- [Get Absolute Seconds From `timedelta` Object](python/get-absolute-seconds-from-timedelta-object.md)
- [Get Quotient And Remainder In One Operation](python/get-quotient-and-remainder-in-one-operation.md)
- [Globally Install CLI Tool With UV](python/globally-install-cli-tool-with-uv.md)
- [Initialize A PyTorch Tensor](python/initialize-a-pytorch-tensor.md)
- [Install With PIP For Specific Interpreter](python/install-with-pip-for-specific-interpreter.md)
- [Iterate First N Items From Enumerable](python/iterate-first-n-items-from-enumerable.md)
- [Iterate Over A Dictionary](python/iterate-over-a-dictionary.md)
- [Join A List Of Strings](python/join-a-list-of-strings.md)
- [Keep A Tally With collections.Counter](python/keep-a-tally-with-collections-counter.md)
- [Lint And Format Project With Ruff](python/lint-and-format-project-with-ruff.md)
- [Load A File Into The Python REPL](python/load-a-file-into-the-python-repl.md)
- [Look Inside Pytest tmp_path](python/look-inside-pytest-tmp-path.md)
- [Make Dataclass Sortable By Specific Field](python/make-dataclass-sortable-by-specific-field.md)
- [Make Secure Temp File For Atomic Write](python/make-secure-temp-file-for-atomic-write.md)
 - [Override The Boolean Context Of A Class](python/override-the-boolean-context-of-a-class.md)
- [Override Timezone That All Tests Run In](python/override-timezone-that-all-tests-run-in.md)
- [Parse Relative Time To datetime Object](python/parse-relative-time-to-datetime-object.md)
- [Publish A Package To A Test Env As A Dry Run](python/publish-a-package-to-a-test-env-as-a-dry-run.md)
- [Reclassify Certain Packages As Dev Dependencies](python/reclassify-certain-packages-as-dev-dependencies.md)
- [Register SQLite Adapter To Serialize Datetimes](python/register-sqlite-adapter-to-serialize-datetimes.md)
- [Resurface Exceptions Swallowed By Click Under Test](python/resurface-exceptions-swallowed-by-click-under-test.md)
- [Select Implementation With Class Registry](python/select-implementation-with-class-registry.md)
- [Set Up Pyright Type Checking In GitHub](python/set-up-pyright-type-checking-in-github.md)
- [Skip Specific Pytest Test Cases](python/skip-specific-pytest-test-cases.md)
- [Sort A List Of Dataclass Instances](python/sort-a-list-of-dataclass-instances.md)
- [Sort Normalized Version Of Data](python/sort-normalized-version-of-data.md)
- [Specify Parameter Name For Click Option](python/specify-parameter-name-for-click-option.md)
- [Start Jupyter Notebook With Extra Packages](python/start-jupyter-notebook-with-extra-packages.md)
- [Start The Debugger When A Test Errors](python/start-the-debugger-when-a-test-errors.md)
 - [Store And Access Immutable Data In A Tuple](python/store-and-access-immutable-data-in-a-tuple.md)
- [Strictly Separate Positional And Keyword Arguments](python/strictly-separate-positional-and-keyword-arguments.md)
 - [Test A Function With Pytest](python/test-a-function-with-pytest.md)
- [Try Out The Latest Version Of Ruff](python/try-out-the-latest-version-of-ruff.md)
- [Turn Method Into Cached Property On Class Instance](python/turn-method-into-cached-property-on-class-instance.md)
 - [Use pipx To Install End User Apps](python/use-pipx-to-install-end-user-apps.md)
- [Use `__post_init__` For `dataclass` Validations](python/use-post-init-for-dataclass-validations.md)
- [Use Verbose Flag To Get More Diff](python/use-verbose-flag-to-get-more-diff.md)
- [Validate Click Option With Callback](python/validate-click-option-with-callback.md)

 ### Rails

@@ -1179,12 +1062,9 @@ If you've learned something here, support my efforts writing daily TILs by
 - [Cast Common Boolean-Like Values To Booleans](rails/cast-common-boolean-like-values-to-booleans.md)
 - [Change The Nullability Of A Column](rails/change-the-nullability-of-a-column.md)
 - [Change The Time Zone Offset Of A DateTime Object](rails/change-the-time-zone-offset-of-a-datetime-object.md)
- [Check How Database Is Configured](rails/check-how-database-is-configured.md)
 - [Check If ActiveRecord Update Fails](rails/check-if-activerecord-update-fails.md)
 - [Check If Any Records Have A Null Value](rails/check-if-any-records-have-a-null-value.md)
 - [Check Specific Attributes On ActiveRecord Array](rails/check-specific-attributes-on-activerecord-array.md)
- [Check The Current Named Log Level](rails/check-the-current-named-log-level.md)
- [Clean Up Memory Hungry Rails Console Processes](rails/clean-up-memory-hungry-rails-console-processes.md)
 - [Code Statistics For An Application](rails/code-statistics-for-an-application.md)
 - [Columns With Default Values Are Nil On Create](rails/columns-with-default-values-are-nil-on-create.md)
 - [Comparing DateTimes Down To Second Precision](rails/comparing-datetimes-down-to-second-precision.md)
@@ -1200,7 +1080,6 @@ If you've learned something here, support my efforts writing daily TILs by
 - [Customize Paths And Helpers For Devise Routes](rails/customize-paths-and-helpers-for-devise-routes.md)
 - [Customize Template For New Schema Migration](rails/customize-template-for-new-schema-migration.md)
 - [Customize The Path Of A Resource Route](rails/customize-the-path-of-a-resource-route.md)
- [Define Conditional Routing Logic In Routes File](rails/define-conditional-routing-logic-in-routes-file.md)
 - [Define The Root Path For The App](rails/define-the-root-path-for-the-app.md)
 - [Delete Paranoid Records](rails/delete-paranoid-records.md)
 - [Demodulize A Class Name](rails/demodulize-a-class-name.md)
@@ -1216,7 +1095,6 @@ If you've learned something here, support my efforts writing daily TILs by
 - [Filter ActiveStorage Blobs To Only Images](rails/filter-active-storage-blobs-to-only-images.md)
 - [Find Or Create A Record With FactoryBot](rails/find-or-create-a-record-with-factory-bot.md)
 - [Find Records With Multiple Associated Records](rails/find-records-with-multiple-associated-records.md)
- [Flipper Discards Actors When Feature Fully Enabled](rails/flipper-discards-actors-when-feature-fully-enabled.md)
 - [Force All Users To Sign Out](rails/force-all-users-to-sign-out.md)
 - [Format DateTime With Builtin Formats](rails/format-datetime-with-builtin-formats.md)
 - [Format Specific html.erb Template Files](rails/format-specific-html-erb-template-files.md)
@@ -1232,8 +1110,6 @@ If you've learned something here, support my efforts writing daily TILs by
 - [Get The Column Names For A Model](rails/get-the-column-names-for-a-model.md)
 - [Get The Current Time](rails/get-the-current-time.md)
 - [Grab A Random Record From The Database](rails/grab-a-random-record-from-the-database.md)
- [Halt ActionMailer Delivery With Callback](rails/halt-action-mailer-delivery-with-callback.md)
- [Handle Bad Numerical Amounts With BigDecimal](rails/handle-bad-numerical-amounts-with-big-decimal.md)
 - [Handle Named Arguments In A Rake Task](rails/handle-named-arguments-in-a-rake-task.md)
 - [Hash Slicing](rails/hash-slicing.md)
 - [Ignore Poltergeist JavaScript Errors](rails/ignore-poltergeist-javascript-errors.md)
@@ -1277,7 +1153,6 @@ If you've learned something here, support my efforts writing daily TILs by
 - [Read-Only Models](rails/read-only-models.md)
 - [Rebuild Tailwind Bundle For Dev Server](rails/rebuild-tailwind-bundle-for-dev-server.md)
 - [Remove A Database Column From A Table](rails/remove-a-database-column-from-a-table.md)
- [Remove Blank Values From A Hash](rails/remove-blank-values-from-a-hash.md)
 - [Remove The Default Value On A Column](rails/remove-the-default-value-on-a-column.md)
 - [Render An Alternative ActionMailer Template](rails/render-an-alternative-action-mailer-template.md)
 - [Render The Response Body In Controller Specs](rails/render-the-response-body-in-controller-specs.md)
@@ -1469,7 +1344,6 @@ If you've learned something here, support my efforts writing daily TILs by
 - [Assoc For Hashes](ruby/assoc-for-hashes.md)
 - [Audit Your Ruby Project For Any CVEs](ruby/audit-your-ruby-project-for-any-cves.md)
 - [Avoid Double Negation With Minitest Refute](ruby/avoid-double-negation-with-minitest-refute.md)
- [Avoid Dynamically Dispatching Private Methods](ruby/avoid-dynamically-dispatching-private-methods.md)
 - [Block Comments](ruby/block-comments.md)
 - [Block Syntaxes Have Different Precedence](ruby/block-syntaxes-have-different-precedence.md)
 - [Build HTTP And HTTPS URLs](ruby/build-http-and-https-urls.md)
@@ -1497,7 +1371,6 @@ If you've learned something here, support my efforts writing daily TILs by
 - [Defaulting To Frozen String Literals](ruby/defaulting-to-frozen-string-literals.md)
 - [Define A Custom RSpec Matcher](ruby/define-a-custom-rspec-matcher.md)
 - [Define A Method On A Struct](ruby/define-a-method-on-a-struct.md)
- [Define A Set Of Class Methods](ruby/define-a-set-of-class-methods.md)
 - [Define Multiline Strings With Heredocs](ruby/define-multiline-strings-with-heredocs.md)
 - [Destructure The First Item From An Array](ruby/destructure-the-first-item-from-an-array.md)
 - [Destructuring Arrays In Blocks](ruby/destructuring-arrays-in-blocks.md)
@@ -1518,7 +1391,6 @@ If you've learned something here, support my efforts writing daily TILs by
 - [FactoryGirl Sequences](ruby/factory-girl-sequences.md)
 - [Fail](ruby/fail.md)
 - [Fetch Warns About Superseding Block Argument](ruby/fetch-warns-about-superseding-block-argument.md)
- [Filter By Type](ruby/filter-by-type.md)
 - [Find The Min And Max With A Single Call](ruby/find-the-min-and-max-with-a-single-call.md)
 - [Finding The Source of Ruby Methods](ruby/finding-the-source-of-ruby-methods.md)
 - [Format A Hash Into A String Template](ruby/format-a-hash-into-a-string-template.md)
@@ -1540,15 +1412,12 @@ If you've learned something here, support my efforts writing daily TILs by
 - [Install Latest Version Of Ruby With asdf](ruby/install-latest-version-of-ruby-with-asdf.md)
 - [Invoking Rake Tasks Multiple Times](ruby/invoking-rake-tasks-multiple-times.md)
 - [IRB Has Built-In Benchmarking With Ruby 3](ruby/irb-has-built-in-benchmarking-with-ruby-3.md)
- [IRB Prints A Helpful Welcome Prompt](ruby/irb-prints-a-helpful-welcome-prompt.md)
 - [Join URI Path Parts](ruby/join-uri-path-parts.md)
 - [Jump Out Of A Nested Context With Throw/Catch](ruby/jump-out-of-a-nested-context-with-throw-catch.md)
 - [Last Raised Exception In The Call Stack](ruby/last-raised-exception-in-the-call-stack.md)
 - [Limit Split](ruby/limit-split.md)
 - [List The Running Ruby Version](ruby/list-the-running-ruby-version.md)
 - [Listing Local Variables](ruby/listing-local-variables.md)
- [Load A Module And Execute A Statement](ruby/load-a-module-and-execute-a-statement.md)
- [Make A Long String Of Text Readable](ruby/make-a-long-string-of-text-readable.md)
 - [Make An Executable Ruby Script](ruby/make-an-executable-ruby-script.md)
 - [Make Structs Easier To Use With Keyword Initialization](ruby/make-structs-easier-to-use-with-keyword-initialization.md)
 - [Map With Index Over An Array](ruby/map-with-index-over-an-array.md)
@@ -1561,7 +1430,6 @@ If you've learned something here, support my efforts writing daily TILs by
 - [OpenStruct Has Bad Performance Characteristics](ruby/open-struct-has-bad-performance-characteristics.md)
 - [Or Operator Precedence](ruby/or-operator-precedence.md)
 - [Output Bytecode For A Ruby Program](ruby/output-bytecode-for-a-ruby-program.md)
- [Override Output Field Separator](ruby/override-output-field-separator.md)
 - [Override The Initial Sequence Value](ruby/override-the-initial-sequence-value.md)
 - [Parallel Bundle Install](ruby/parallel-bundle-install.md)
 - [Parse JSON Into An OpenStruct](ruby/parse-json-into-an-open-struct.md)
@@ -1603,7 +1471,6 @@ If you've learned something here, support my efforts writing daily TILs by
 - [Single And Double Quoted String Notation](ruby/single-and-double-quoted-string-notation.md)
 - [Skip Specific CVEs When Auditing Your Bundle](ruby/skip-specific-cves-when-auditing-your-bundle.md)
 - [Skip The Front Of An Array With Drop](ruby/skip-the-front-of-an-array-with-drop.md)
- [Specify Default For Data Definition](ruby/specify-default-for-data-definition.md)
 - [Specify Dependencies For A Rake Task](ruby/specify-dependencies-for-a-rake-task.md)
 - [Specify How Random Array#sample Is](ruby/specify-how-random-array-sample-is.md)
 - [Split A Float Into Its Integer And Decimal](ruby/split-a-float-into-its-integer-and-decimal.md)
@@ -1623,8 +1490,6 @@ If you've learned something here, support my efforts writing daily TILs by
 - [Update The Gemfile Bundled With Version](ruby/update-the-gemfile-bundled-with-version.md)
 - [Use A Case Statement As A Cond Statement](ruby/use-a-case-statement-as-a-cond-statement.md)
 - [Use dotenv In A Non-Rails Project](ruby/use-dotenv-in-a-non-rails-project.md)
- [Use Rescue As Part Of Inline Statement](ruby/use-rescue-as-part-of-inline-statement.md)
- [Use Slice To Reorder Hash Keys](ruby/use-slice-to-reorder-hash-keys.md)
 - [Use Tap For Better Test Data Setup](ruby/use-tap-for-better-test-data-setup.md)
 - [Using BCrypt To Create And Check Hashed Passwords](ruby/using-bcrypt-to-create-and-check-hashed-passwords.md)
 - [What To Do When You Don't Rescue](ruby/what-to-do-when-you-dont-rescue.md)
@@ -1652,11 +1517,8 @@ If you've learned something here, support my efforts writing daily TILs by

 ### SQLite

- [Add Check Constraint To Existing Column](sqlite/add-check-constraint-to-existing-column.md)
 - [Display Results In Readable Column Format](sqlite/display-results-in-readable-column-format.md)
 - [Explore The Database Schema](sqlite/explore-the-database-schema.md)
- [Manage Lightweight Schema Migrations With `user_version`](sqlite/manage-lightweight-schema-migrations-with-user-version.md)
- [Output Query Result In Nicely Formatted Table](sqlite/output-query-result-in-nicely-formatted-table.md)

 ### Streaming

@@ -1672,9 +1534,7 @@ If you've learned something here, support my efforts writing daily TILs by

 ### Taskfile

- [Add Default Task To List All Tasks](taskfile/add-default-task-to-list-all-tasks.md)
 - [Create Interactive Picker For Set Of Subtasks](taskfile/create-interactive-picker-for-set-of-subtasks.md)
- [Initialize New Taskfile For A Project](taskfile/initialize-new-taskfile-for-a-project.md)
 - [Run A Task If It Meets Criteria](taskfile/run-a-task-if-it-meets-criteria.md)

 ### tmux
@@ -1686,7 +1546,6 @@ If you've learned something here, support my efforts writing daily TILs by
 - [Change Base Directory Of Existing Session](tmux/change-base-directory-of-existing-session.md)
 - [Change Base Directory Without Detaching](tmux/change-base-directory-without-detaching.md)
 - [Change The Default Prefix Key](tmux/change-the-default-prefix-key.md)
- [Connect To Individual Overmind Processes Via tmux](tmux/connect-to-individual-overmind-processes-via-tmux.md)
 - [Create A Named tmux Session](tmux/create-a-named-tmux-session.md)
 - [Create A New Session In A New Server](tmux/create-a-new-session-in-a-new-server.md)
 - [Cycle Through Layouts](tmux/cycle-through-layouts.md)
@@ -1699,7 +1558,6 @@ If you've learned something here, support my efforts writing daily TILs by
 - [Kill Other Connections To A Session](tmux/kill-other-connections-to-a-session.md)
 - [Kill The Current Session](tmux/kill-the-current-session.md)
 - [List All Key Bindings](tmux/list-all-key-bindings.md)
- [List Processes Running Across All Session](tmux/list-processes-running-across-all-sessions.md)
 - [List Sessions](tmux/list-sessions.md)
 - [Open New Splits To The Current Directory](tmux/open-new-splits-to-the-current-directory.md)
 - [Open New Window With A Specific Directory](tmux/open-new-window-with-a-specific-directory.md)
@@ -1746,9 +1604,7 @@ If you've learned something here, support my efforts writing daily TILs by
 ### Unix

 - [All The Environment Variables](unix/all-the-environment-variables.md)
- [Apply Successive Filters To Lines In Less](unix/apply-successive-filters-to-lines-in-less.md)
 - [Authorize A cURL Request](unix/authorize-a-curl-request.md)
- [Browse And Search Help Docs](unix/browse-and-search-help-docs.md)
 - [Cat A File With Line Numbers](unix/cat-a-file-with-line-numbers.md)
 - [Cat Files With Color Using Bat](unix/cat-files-with-color-using-bat.md)
 - [Change Default Shell For A User](unix/change-default-shell-for-a-user.md)
@@ -1759,9 +1615,7 @@ If you've learned something here, support my efforts writing daily TILs by
 - [Check SSH Key Fingerprints Of Known Hosts](unix/check-ssh-key-fingerprints-of-known-hosts.md)
 - [Check The Current Working Directory](unix/check-the-current-working-directory.md)
 - [Check The Installed OpenSSL Version](unix/check-the-installed-openssl-version.md)
- [Check What Is Inside A Zip File](unix/check-what-is-inside-a-zip-file.md)
 - [Clear The Screen](unix/clear-the-screen.md)
- [Combine All My TILs Into A Single File](unix/combine-all-my-tils-into-a-single-file.md)
 - [Command Line Length Limitations](unix/command-line-length-limitations.md)
 - [Compare Two Variables In A Bash Script](unix/compare-two-variables-in-a-bash-script.md)
 - [Configure cd To Behave Like pushd In Zsh](unix/configure-cd-to-behave-like-pushd-in-zsh.md)
@@ -1779,16 +1633,11 @@ If you've learned something here, support my efforts writing daily TILs by
 - [Curl With Cookies](unix/curl-with-cookies.md)
 - [Curling For Headers](unix/curling-for-headers.md)
 - [Curling With Basic Auth Credentials](unix/curling-with-basic-auth-credentials.md)
- [Deduplicate List While Preserving Original Order](unix/deduplicate-list-while-preserving-original-order.md)
- [Delete Empty Files With Find](unix/delete-empty-files-with-find.md)
 - [Determine ipv4 And ipv6 Public IP Addresses](unix/determine-ipv4-and-ipv6-public-ip-addresses.md)
- [Diff Two Files In Unified Format](unix/diff-two-files-in-unified-format.md)
 - [Different Ways To Generate A v4 UUID](unix/different-ways-to-generate-a-v4-uuid.md)
 - [Display All The Terminal Colors](unix/display-all-the-terminal-colors.md)
 - [Display Free Disk Space](unix/display-free-disk-space.md)
- [Display Line Numbers While Using Less](unix/display-line-numbers-while-using-less.md)
 - [Display The Contents Of A Directory As A Tree](unix/display-the-contents-of-a-directory-as-a-tree.md)
- [Display The Target Of A Symbolic Link](unix/display-the-target-of-a-symbolic-link.md)
 - [Do A Dry Run Of An rsync](unix/do-a-dry-run-of-an-rsync.md)
 - [Do Not Overwrite Existing Files](unix/do-not-overwrite-existing-files.md)
 - [Download A File With Curl](unix/download-a-file-with-curl.md)
@@ -1813,7 +1662,6 @@ If you've learned something here, support my efforts writing daily TILs by
 - [Fix Previous Command With fc](unix/fix-previous-command-with-fc.md)
 - [Fix Shim Path After asdf Upgrade](unix/fix-shim-path-after-asdf-upgrade.md)
 - [Fix Unlinked Node Binaries With asdf](unix/fix-unlinked-node-binaries-with-asdf.md)
- [Format And Display Small Amounts Of Columnar Data](unix/format-and-display-small-amounts-of-columnar-data.md)
 - [Forward Multiple Ports Over SSH](unix/forward-multiple-ports-over-ssh.md)
 - [Generate A SAML Key And Certificate Pair](unix/generate-a-saml-key-and-certificate-pair.md)
 - [Generate A Sequence Of Numbered Items](unix/generate-a-sequence-of-numbered-items.md)
@@ -1836,7 +1684,6 @@ If you've learned something here, support my efforts writing daily TILs by
 - [Ignore A Directory During ripgrep Search](unix/ignore-a-directory-during-ripgrep-search.md)
 - [Ignore The Alias When Running A Command](unix/ignore-the-alias-when-running-a-command.md)
 - [Include Ignore Files In Ripgrep Search](unix/include-ignore-files-in-ripgrep-search.md)
- [Inspect EXIF Data For An Image File](unix/inspect-exif-data-for-an-image-file.md)
 - [Interactively Browse Available Node Versions](unix/interactively-browse-availabile-node-versions.md)
 - [Interactively Switch asdf Package Versions](unix/interactively-switch-asdf-package-versions.md)
 - [Interpret Cron Schedule From The CLI](unix/interpret-cron-schedule-from-the-cli.md)
@@ -1865,7 +1712,6 @@ If you've learned something here, support my efforts writing daily TILs by
 - [Make Neovim The Default Way To View Man Pages](unix/make-neovim-the-default-way-to-view-man-pages.md)
 - [Manually Pass Two Git Files To Delta](unix/manually-pass-two-git-files-to-delta.md)
 - [Map A Domain To localhost](unix/map-a-domain-to-localhost.md)
- [Move A List Of Files To Another Directory](unix/move-a-list-of-files-to-another-directory.md)
 - [Negative Look-Ahead Search With ripgrep](unix/negative-look-ahead-search-with-ripgrep.md)
 - [Occupy A Local Port With Netcat](unix/occupy-a-local-port-with-netcat.md)
 - [Only Show The Matches](unix/only-show-the-matches.md)
@@ -1876,7 +1722,6 @@ If you've learned something here, support my efforts writing daily TILs by
 - [Print A Range Of Lines For A File With Bat](unix/print-a-range-of-lines-for-a-file-with-bat.md)
 - [Print DateTime Represented By Unix Timestamp](unix/print-datetime-represented-by-unix-timestamp.md)
 - [Print Milliseconds In Human-Readable Format](unix/print-milliseconds-in-human-readable-format.md)
- [Print Out File With Bat Without Formatting](unix/print-out-file-with-bat-without-formatting.md)
 - [Print Out Files In Reverse](unix/print-out-files-in-reverse.md)
 - [Print The Current Date In Human-Readable Format](unix/print-the-current-date-in-human-readable-format.md)
 - [Produce A Lowercase V4 UUID](unix/produce-a-lowercase-v4-uuid.md)
@@ -1885,8 +1730,6 @@ If you've learned something here, support my efforts writing daily TILs by
 - [Rename A Bunch Of Files By Constructing mv Commands](unix/rename-a-bunch-of-files-by-constructing-mv-commands.md)
 - [Repeat Yourself](unix/repeat-yourself.md)
 - [Replace Pattern Across Many Files In A Project](unix/replace-pattern-across-many-files-in-a-project.md)
- [Restart Specific Overmind Process](unix/restart-specific-overmind-process.md)
- [Reverse Each Line Of A File](unix/reverse-each-line-of-a-file.md)
 - [Run A Command Repeatedly Several Times](unix/run-a-command-repeatedly-several-times.md)
 - [Run A cURL Command Without The Progress Meter](unix/run-a-curl-command-without-the-progress-meter.md)
 - [Safely Edit The Sudoers File With Vim](unix/safely-edit-the-sudoers-file-with-vim.md)
@@ -1902,7 +1745,6 @@ If you've learned something here, support my efforts writing daily TILs by
 - [Show A File Preview When Searching With FZF](unix/show-a-file-preview-when-searching-with-fzf.md)
 - [Show Disk Usage For The Current Directory](unix/show-disk-usage-for-the-current-directory.md)
 - [Show The Size Of Everything In A Directory](unix/show-the-size-of-everything-in-a-directory.md)
- [Show Tree View Of Processes And Subprocesses](unix/show-tree-view-of-processes-and-subprocesses.md)
 - [Skip Paging If Output Fits On Screen With Less](unix/skip-paging-if-output-fits-on-screen-with-less.md)
 - [SSH Escape Sequences](unix/ssh-escape-sequences.md)
 - [SSH With Port Forwarding](unix/ssh-with-port-forwarding.md)
@@ -1911,7 +1753,6 @@ If you've learned something here, support my efforts writing daily TILs by
 - [Switch Versions of a Brew Formula](unix/switch-versions-of-a-brew-formula.md)
 - [Tell direnv To Load The Env File](unix/tell-direnv-to-load-the-env-file.md)
 - [Touch Access And Modify Times Individually](unix/touch-access-and-modify-times-individually.md)
- [Track Line Occurrences From Input With AWK](unix/track-line-occurrences-from-input-with-awk.md)
 - [Transform Text To Lowercase](unix/transform-text-to-lowercase.md)
 - [Type Fewer Paths With Brace Expansion](unix/type-fewer-paths-with-brace-expansion.md)
 - [Undo Changes Made To Current Terminal Prompt](unix/undo-changes-made-to-current-terminal-prompt.md)
@@ -1919,11 +1760,8 @@ If you've learned something here, support my efforts writing daily TILs by
 - [Unrestrict Where ripgrep Searches](unix/unrestrict-where-ripgrep-searches.md)
 - [Update Package Versions Known By asdf Plugin](unix/update-package-versions-known-by-asdf-plugin.md)
 - [Use fzf To Change Directories](unix/use-fzf-to-change-directories.md)
- [Use Negative Lookbehind Matching With ripgrep](unix/use-negative-lookbehind-matching-with-ripgrep.md)
 - [Use Regex Pattern Matching With Grep](unix/use-regex-pattern-matching-with-grep.md)
- [Use The Readline Keybindings Anywhere](unix/use-the-readline-keybindings-anywhere.md)
 - [View A Web Page In The Terminal](unix/view-a-web-page-in-the-terminal.md)
- [View Manpages With More Color Using Bat](unix/view-manpages-with-more-color-using-bat.md)
 - [View The Source For A Brew Formula](unix/view-the-source-for-a-brew-formula.md)
 - [Watch The Difference](unix/watch-the-difference.md)
 - [Watch This Run Repeatedly](unix/watch-this-run-repeatedly.md)
@@ -2107,7 +1945,6 @@ If you've learned something here, support my efforts writing daily TILs by
 - [Advance Through Search Results](vscode/advance-through-search-results.md)
 - [Enable Breadcrumbs For Version 1.26 Release](vscode/enable-breadcrumbs-for-version-126-release.md)
 - [Find The Location Of User Settings JSON File](vscode/find-the-location-of-user-settings-json-file.md)
- [Jump Between Changes In Git Diff View](vscode/jump-between-changes-in-git-diff-view.md)
 - [Jump To Problems In The Current File](vscode/jump-to-problems-in-the-current-file.md)
 - [Open An Integrated Terminal Window](vscode/open-an-integrated-terminal-window.md)
 - [Open File On Remote Like GitHub](vscode/open-file-on-remote-like-github.md)
@@ -2147,23 +1984,19 @@ If you've learned something here, support my efforts writing daily TILs by
 - [Get Your Public IP Address](workflow/get-your-public-ip-address.md)
 - [Import A Github Project Into CodeSandbox](workflow/import-a-github-project-into-codesandbox.md)
 - [Interactively Kill A Process With fkill](workflow/interactively-kill-a-process-with-fkill.md)
- [Move YouTube Subtitles Out Of The Way](workflow/move-youtube-subtitles-out-of-the-way.md)
 - [Open Slack's Keyboard Shortcuts Reference Panel](workflow/open-slacks-keyboard-shortcuts-reference-panel.md)
 - [Pop Videos Out As Picture-in-Picture](workflow/pop-videos-out-as-picture-in-picture.md)
 - [Prune The Excess From node_modules](workflow/prune-the-excess-from-node-modules.md)
- [Remove Pages From A PDF](workflow/remove-pages-from-a-pdf.md)
 - [Rotate An Image To Be Oriented Upright](workflow/rotate-an-image-to-be-oriented-upright.md)
 - [See Overlaps For A Set Of Time Zones](workflow/see-overlaps-for-a-set-of-time-zones.md)
 - [Send A Message To A Discord Channel](workflow/send-a-message-to-a-discord-channel.md)
 - [Send A PDF To Your Kindle](workflow/send-a-pdf-to-your-kindle.md)
 - [Set Recurring Reminders In Slack](workflow/set-recurring-reminders-in-slack.md)
- [Show All Linear Keyboard Shortcuts](workflow/show-all-linear-keyboard-shortcuts.md)
 - [Show Linting Errors In Zed](workflow/show-linting-errors-in-zed.md)
 - [Temporarily Hide CleanShot X Capture Previews](workflow/temporarily-hide-cleanshot-x-capture-previews.md)
 - [Toggle Between Stories In Storybook](workflow/toggle-between-stories-in-storybook.md)
 - [Update asdf Plugins With Latest Package Versions](workflow/update-asdf-plugins-with-latest-package-versions.md)
 - [View A Nicely-Formatted CSV In Terminal](workflow/view-a-nicely-formatted-csv-in-terminal.md)
- [View Nicely Formatted Markdown From Terminal](workflow/view-nicely-formatted-markdown-from-terminal.md)
 - [View The PR For The Current GitHub Branch](workflow/view-the-pr-for-the-current-github-branch.md)

 ### XState
@@ -2183,11 +2016,6 @@ If you've learned something here, support my efforts writing daily TILs by
 - [Create Multi-Line Strings Without The Line Breaks](yaml/create-multi-line-strings-without-the-line-breaks.md)
 - [YAML Is A Superset Of JSON](yaml/yaml-is-a-superset-of-json.md)

-### Zed
-
- [Jump From Section To Section](zed/jump-from-section-to-section.md)
- [Open Picker To Switch Between Projects](zed/open-picker-to-switch-between-projects.md)
-
 ### Zod

 - [Check If An Object Is Empty With Zod](zod/check-if-an-object-is-empty-with-zod.md)
@@ -2203,10 +2031,7 @@ If you've learned something here, support my efforts writing daily TILs by
 - [Add To The Path Via Path Array](zsh/add-to-the-path-via-path-array.md)
 - [Create And Jump Into A Directory](zsh/create-and-jump-into-a-directory.md)
 - [Link A Scalar To An Array](zsh/link-a-scalar-to-an-array.md)
- [List Available Zle Keybindings](zsh/list-available-zle-keybindings.md)
- [Open Current Command Line Prompt In Editor](zsh/open-current-command-line-prompt-in-editor.md)
 - [Use A Space To Exclude Command From History](zsh/use-a-space-to-exclude-command-from-history.md)
- [Where And Which Are Whence](zsh/where-and-which-are-whence.md)

 ## Usage

@@ -2231,7 +2056,7 @@ I shamelessly stole this idea from

 ## License

-&copy; 2015-2026 Josh Branchaud
+&copy; 2015-2025 Josh Branchaud

 This repository is licensed under the MIT license. See `LICENSE` for
 details.
@@ -11,37 +11,6 @@ tasks:
    cmds:
      - task --list

-  browse:list:
-    desc: Print deduped, newest-first TIL paths
-    silent: true
-    cmds:
-      - |
-        git log --diff-filter=A --name-only --pretty=format: -- '*/*.md' \
-          | grep -v '^$' \
-          | awk '!seen[$0]++'
-
-  browse:
-    desc: Pick from 5 most recent TILs (fzf) and open in browser
-    interactive: true
-    silent: true
-    cmds:
-      - |
-        LIST=$(task browse:list)
-        FILE=$(printf '%s\n' "$LIST" | head -5 | fzf --prompt="Open TIL: " --height=40% --reverse) || true
-        if [ -n "$FILE" ]; then
-          gh browse "$FILE"
-        fi
-
-  browse:latest:
-    desc: Open the single most recent TIL in the browser
-    silent: true
-    cmds:
-      - |
-        FILE=$(task browse:list | awk 'NR==1')
-        if [ -n "$FILE" ]; then
-          gh browse "$FILE"
-        fi
-
  notes:
    desc: Interactive picker for notes tasks
    cmds:
@@ -63,7 +32,8 @@ tasks:
  notes:sync:
    desc: Sync latest changes from the notes submodule
    cmds:
-      - cd {{.NOTES_DIR}} && git checkout main && git pull
+      - git submodule update --remote {{.NOTES_DIR}}
+      - cd {{.NOTES_DIR}} && git checkout main
    silent: false

  notes:open:
@@ -91,6 +61,11 @@ tasks:
    cmds:
      - git status

+  notes:pull:
+    desc: Pull latest changes (alias for sync)
+    cmds:
+      - task notes:sync
+
  notes:diff:
    desc: Show uncommitted changes in notes
    dir: '{{.NOTES_DIR}}'
@@ -1,18 +0,0 @@
-# Edit The Current Command Prompt
-
-A neat feature of `bash` is the ability to open whatever the current state of
-the command prompt is into your default editor.
-
-Let's say we have a really long command that we've just tried to run, but it
-failed and we need to make a small change somewhere in the middle. Instead of
-holding the left arrow key for 30 seconds, we can instead hit `CTRL-X CTRL-E`.
-
-This pops us into our `EDITOR` (or maybe `VISUAL`, not sure which). In my case,
-that is `nvim`. I now have access to all the features I'm used to in `nvim` for
-quickly navigating to and editing, searching and replacing, or whatever.
-
-Once I've got the command how I like it, I can save and exit (`:wq`) and the
-updated command will be executed.
-
-This is similar to [the `fc` builtin](unix/fix-previous-command-with-fc.md),
-which also happens to be available for `zsh`.
@@ -1,25 +0,0 @@
-# Install From Nonstandard Brewfile
-
-When you want to install the packages listed in the `Brewfile` for your current
-project (or dotfiles), you can run:
-
-```bash
-$ brew bundle
-```
-
-And `brew` knows to look for and use the `Brewfile` in the current directory.
-
-If, however, you are trying to run `brew bundle` for a `Brewfile` located
-somewhere besides the current directory *OR* you want to target a file with a
-non-standard name (like
-[`Brewfile.personal`](https://github.com/jbranchaud/dotfiles/blob/main/Brewfile.personal)),
-then you can use the `--file` flag.
-
-```bash
-$ brew bundle --file Brewfile.personal
-```
-
-This is what I do [here in my `dotfiles`
-repo](https://github.com/jbranchaud/dotfiles/blob/b053f6251cae7ed52f698fc2a2c40ba82c5881b0/installer/mac-setup.sh#L42-L48).
-
-See `man brew` and find the section on `brew bundle` for more details.
@@ -1,24 +0,0 @@
-# Duplicate Current Browser Tab
-
-Let's say I'm on a specific page within a web app. Maybe I'm typing out a
-comment on that page. Before I can hit submit, I need to reference something
-elsewhere in the app, perhaps on the previous page.
-
-I can `cmd+t` to open a new tab, type out the URL, hit enter, and then navigate
-around until I find the page I'm looking for. I do this exact thing sometimes,
-but it feels slow and clunky.
-
-The other way I accomplish this which feels way smoother is to _duplicate the
-current tab_. I can do that by `cmd`-clicking the reload button next to the URL
-bar.
-
-This opens another tab at the same URL with the same navigation history. I can
-switch to that tab and hit the back button to go to the previous page, find the
-thing I wanted to reference, and then return to the previous tab to finish what
-I was doing.
-
-To give a more concrete example: this happens all the time with GitHub PR
-comments where I want to copy the URL or number of a specific PR to reference in
-a comment I'm leaving on the current PR. Duplicating the tab, going _back_ to
-the PR index view, finding the other PR, and copying its URL -- to me that is a
-quicker flow popping open a fresh browser tab.
@@ -1,35 +0,0 @@
-# Allow Edits From The Start
-
-A common pattern for me when using Claude Code is that I start it up in a
-project, I prompt it with a question or feature spec, it either comes up with a
-plan or just starts working, and as soon as it is ready to make its first edits
-to a file, it prompts me something like:
-
-```
- Do you want to make this edit to Taskfile.yml?
- ❯ 1. Yes
-   2. Yes, allow all edits during this session (shift+tab)
-   3. Type here to tell Claude what to do differently
-```
-
-That's a nice default so that I don't get surprised by Claude Code editing a
-bunch of files.
-
-However, if I'm in a git-backed project and I'm going into a session intending
-to make edits, then I can skip the formalities. I can tell Claude Code when
-starting up the session that edits are allowed.
-
-```sh
-$ claude --permission-mode acceptEdits
-```
-
-When I do this, I'll see the following indicator below the prompt input field:
-
-```
-  ⏵⏵ accept edits on (shift+tab to cycle)
-```
-
-If I've already started `claude` but I forgot to specify that permission mode, I
-can also toggle right into _accept edits_ by hitting `Shift+Tab`.
-
-[source](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_IK18goX4X8)
@@ -1,24 +0,0 @@
-# Distinguish Sessions With Different Colors
-
-I sometimes have several Claude Code sessions open at once. As I bounce between
-tmux windows, it can sometimes be tricky to tell them apart at a glance. One way
-that Claude Code can help with this is with some light styling. You can change
-the accent color of a session with the `/color` command.
-
-Run it as is and it will choose a random color to set the session to.
-
-Or you can pick from any of the available colors which it will give you a hint
-for if you type a space after `/color`.
-
-```
-/color [red|blue|green|yellow|purple|orange|pink|cyan|default]
-```
-
-I can run the following to set it to cyan:
-
-```
-/color cyan
-```
-
-More details on this kinds of commands can be found in the [_Commands_
-docs](https://code.claude.com/docs/en/commands).
@@ -1,22 +0,0 @@
-# Resume Specific Session
-
-There are a few different ways to resume a [Claude
-Code](https://code.claude.com/docs/en/overview) session.
-
-First, if I have exited a session for the current project and I want to pick
-back up with that most recent one, then I can use `claude --continue`.
-
-If I have had a few recent sessions for the current project and I want to
-remember what they were and pick up where I left off with one of them, then I
-can use `claude --resume` (with no argument). That will open a picker where I
-can browser through a summary of the recent sessions based on their starting
-prompt. The one I pick is the session that will be resumed.
-
-Finally, if I have grabbed a specific session ID (UUID) during the session from
-the `/status` output, then I can reference that value directly.
-
-```sh
-$ claude --resume 92170532-be31-4a91-b2a9-025b8fa78232
-```
-
-See `claude --help` for more details.
@@ -1,29 +0,0 @@
-# Set Permission Mode When Starting Session
-
-The way I typically use Claude Code day-to-day is with a couple long-running
-sessions for one to two clones of the project. I start a session with `claude`
-and then hit `shift+tab` until I've toggled it to _auto_ mode. I do tightly
-scoped features and `/clear` the context in between each.
-
-I get used to being in _auto_ mode, so whenever I start a new `claude` session I
-forget to first toggle from _manual_ to _auto_ mode.
-
-This is where the
-[`--permission-mode`](https://code.claude.com/docs/en/permission-modes) flag can
-help. I can start a session directly in _auto_ mode like so:
-
-```bash
-❯ claude --permission-mode auto
-```
-
-Or if I know I want to generate a plan first, I can start it in _plan_ mode.
-
-```bash
-❯ claude --permission-mode plan
-```
-
-There is also the `--dangerously-skip-permissions` flag which is equivalent to
-`--permission-mode bypassPermissions`. I tend to stay away from those unless I'm
-working from a sandboxed dev container.
-
-See `claude --help` for more details.
@@ -1,25 +0,0 @@
-# Stash The Current Prompt To Send Another First
-
-I've been working my way through the current cohort of Matt Pocock's [Claude
-Code for Real
-Engineers](https://www.aihero.dev/cohorts/claude-code-for-real-engineers-2026-04).
-The best part about going through a series of videos like this is being able to
-pick up big and small tips and tricks from another person's workflow.
-
-One of the small things I picked up in an early video is the ability to stash
-the current prompt.
-
-Let's say I've gone to the trouble of writing out a detailed prompt, `@`'ing
-some files, and so forth. Then I realize I need first prompt Claude to do
-something else first. Instead of copy-pasting that prompt into my notes,
-deleting it, issuing a different prompt, and then pasting it back in, I can hit
-`Ctrl-s`.
-
-`Ctrl-s` will _stash_ the current prompt, clearing out the prompt input. I can
-then type in something else. Once I hit enter for that new prompt, it will be
-sent to Claude and the stashed prompt will be immediately populated back into
-the input.
-
-Though `Ctrl-s` is mentioned when you hit `?` from within `claude` session, I
-don't see it documented anywhere in their [Interactive Mode
-reference](https://code.claude.com/docs/en/interactive-mode).
@@ -1,19 +0,0 @@
-# Cloudflare Allows CNAME For Apex Domain
-
-If you want to set up a custom root (apex) domain with an app hosting provider
-[like
-Heroku](https://devcenter.heroku.com/articles/custom-domains#add-a-custom-root-domain),
-you're going to need to work with a DNS provider that supports the non-standard
-`ALIAS` records (or something equivalent).
-
-In my case, I have my domain registered with Cloudflare. Cloudflare supports
-this kind of CNAME lookup of an apex domain through [_CNAME
-flattening_](https://developers.cloudflare.com/dns/cname-flattening/).
-
-Unlike other registrars that use a separate `ALIAS` record concept, Cloudflare
-allows you to set up a specialized `CNAME` record. Go into the DNS settings for
-the domain of interest, click "Add Record", and then select `CNAME`. From there,
-instead of entering a traditional subdomain like `www`, you put the `@` symbol
-which tells Cloudflare that this is a record for the apex domain. That record
-will still point to a target like `abc123.herokudns.com` as a more traditional
-`CANME` would do.
@@ -1,29 +0,0 @@
-# Set, Get, And Unset Env Vars With Dokku
-
-The `dokku` CLI provides `config` subcommands for managing environment variables
-for the target container.
-
-An env var can be set for an active container with `config:set`:
-
-```bash
-$ dokku config:set app-name JEMALLOC_ENABLED=true MALLOC_CONF="stats_print:true"
-```
-
-Notice I'm able to set multiple env vars at once if needed.
-
-If I ever need to check what an env var is currently set to for one of my app
-containers, I can use `config:get`:
-
-```bash
-$ dokku config:get app-name JEMALLOC_ENABLED
-true
-```
-
-I can always override any value with another `config:set`. However, if I need to
-entirely remove the env var, I can use `config:unset`:
-
-```bash
-$ dokku config:unset app-name MALLOC_CONF
-```
-
-[source](https://dokku.com/docs/configuration/environment-variables/)
@@ -1,27 +0,0 @@
-# Check What Branches Contain A Specific Commit
-
-The `git branch` command comes with a `--contains` flag that can tell me what
-local branches contain a specific commit based on the SHA of that commit.
-
-```bash
-❯ git branch --contains a73d9173c2399069fa202fe65da0a8927814fd84
-* main
-  jb/migrate-to-basedpyright
-  jb/migrate-date-files-to-repository-pattern
-```
-
-I am currently on the `main` branch which is why it shows the `*` next to that
-one. This SHA also appears on those other two branches.
-
-This command could be useful in a variety of situations.
-
-1. If I'm looking at a commit on a branch and I cannot remember if it has been
-   integrated upstream yet. This check could tell me (unless commit squashing
-   happens).
-2. If I'm on `main`, as I was above, and I am trying to remember what branch
-   introduced a commit, this can help with that sleuthing. This assumes I don't
-   delete branches.
-3. Maybe I've just run a `git bisect` to track down a bad commit and I want to
-   see what are all the local branches that are impacted.
-
-See `man git-branch` for more details.
@@ -1,39 +0,0 @@
-# Determine Absolute Path Of Top-Level Project Directory
-
-The `git rev-parse` command is a git plumbing command for parsing different
-kinds of things in git into a canonical form that can be used in a deterministic
-way by scripts. I would typically think of using it to work with branch names,
-tags, and other kinds of refs.
-
-There is a handy, sorta off-label use for it in determining the absolute path of
-the root directory for the current git repository. Use the `--show-toplevel`
-flag with no other arguments.
-
-```bash
-❯ git rev-parse --show-toplevel
-/Users/lastword/dev/jbranchaud/til
-```
-
-Here, I am in the local copy of [my TIL repo](https://github.com/jbranchaud/til). This command gives me the absolute
-path of the top-level directory where that `.git` directory resides.
-
-This is useful for scripts that need to orient themselves to the current
-project's top-level directory regardless of what directory they are being
-executed from. This is useful for things like a git hook script or monorepos
-with scripts located in a specific sub-project directory.
-
-Also worth mentioning is the `--show-superproject-working-tree` flag. In my TIL
-repo, I have a private repository included as a submodule. Within that directory
-`--show-toplevel` will produce the absolute path to the submodule. If I instead
-want the absolute path of the _super project_ (in this case TIL), then I can use
-this other flag.
-
-```bash
-❯ git rev-parse --show-toplevel
-/Users/lastword/dev/jbranchaud/til/notes
-
-❯ git rev-parse --show-superproject-working-tree
-/Users/lastword/dev/jbranchaud/til
-```
-
-See `man git-rev-parse` for more details.
@@ -1,30 +0,0 @@
-# Display All Git Log Entries In My Local Timezone
-
-I tend to work with remote teams distributed across across multiple time zones.
-In that context, it is important to have an awareness of what time zone each
-person is operating in and to communicate clearly around that.
-
-When looking at the output for `git log` on a distributed team, the timestamps
-for each entry can be all over the place. If I want to understand when something
-was committed, I have to look at the time as well as the time zone offset and
-mentally translate it to my own time zone.
-
-There is a `git config` option to alleviate this issue by having `git log`
-convert and display all timestamps into your local time zone.
-
-```bash
-$ git config --global log.date rfc-local
-```
-
-Running that will add this entry to your _global_ git config file:
-
-```
-[log]
-	date = rfc-local
-```
-
-Now the time that was displaying as `Wed Apr 8 20:12:33 2026 -0400` will display
-as `Wed, 8 Apr 2026 19:12:33 -0500`.
-
-This also helps with smoothing out differences from DST and for commits produced
-by AI agents in sandbox environments where the locale is set to UTC.
@@ -1,68 +0,0 @@
-# List All Authors On Git Repository
-
-The `git log` is the ledger of all commits made to the repository. If I am on
-the `main` branch and I have the latest pulled from the remote, then running
-`git log` will be a complete listing of all commits.
-
-`git log` includes more information than just authorship. I can narrow that all
-down to only author name and author email using the `--format` flag. For all the
-format string options available, I can run `man git-log` and jump to the `PRETTY
-FORMATS` section, scrolling just past the built-in formats.
-
-The two I am interested in are `%an` (Author Name) and `%ae` (Author Email). I
-can arrange these however I want in the format string argument. Here is what it
-looks like for the [`egghead-next`
-project](https://github.com/skillrecordings/egghead-next):
-
-```bash
-❯ git log --format='%an <%ae>'
-Zac Jones <zacjones93@gmail.com>
-Zac Jones <zacjones93@gmail.com>
-Zac Jones <zacjones93@gmail.com>
-Zac Jones <zacjones93@gmail.com>
-Zac Jones <zacjones93@gmail.com>
-Zac Jones <zacjones93@gmail.com>
-Zac Jones <zacjones93@gmail.com>
-John Lindquist <johnlindquist@gmail.com>
-Zac Jones <zacjones93@gmail.com>
-...
-```
-
-I get _name_ followed by _email_ wrapped in angle brackets. This is only so
-useful though because I am going to see tons duplicate authors especially for a
-project with hundreds and thousands of commits. I can narrow this down with [a
-deduplication trick via
-`awk`](unix/deduplicate-list-while-preserving-original-order.md):
-
-```bash
-❯ git log --format='%an <%ae>' | awk '!seen[$0]++'
-Zac Jones <zacjones93@gmail.com>
-John Lindquist <johnlindquist@gmail.com>
-Josh Branchaud <jbranchaud@gmail.com>
-Vojta Holik <vojta@egghead.io>
-Creeland A. Provinsal <cree@egghead.io>
-joel <joelhooks@gmail.com>
-Creeland <cree@provinsal.com>
-...
-```
-
-That's already a big improvement. The only other change I want to make is
-related to the default ordering of `git log`. It lists out commits in descending
-order (most recent first). I want to see authors listed in the order that they
-first committed to the project. Adding in the `--reverse` flag will solve for
-that.
-
-```bash
-❯ git log --reverse --format='%an <%ae>' | awk '!seen[$0]++'
-Joel Hooks <joelhooks@gmail.com>
-johnlindquist <johnlindquist@gmail.com>
-John Lindquist <johnlindquist@gmail.com>
-William Johnson <w.alexander.johnson@gmail.com>
-depfu[bot] <23717796+depfu[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>
-Evgeniy Nagalskiy <evgeniy.nagalskiy@gmail.com>
-Taylor Bell <taylorbell@gmail.com>
-Maggie Appleton <maggie.fm.appleton@gmail.com>
-...
-```
-
-See `man git-log` for more details.
@@ -1,36 +0,0 @@
-# List All Commits Where File Was Added Or Deleted
-
-I noticed I wasn't able to find a file with a specific name anywhere in my
-codebase. I expected it to be there, so I wondered when it had been added and
-deleted from the codebase according to the git commit history.
-
-This calls for running a `git log`, but with a couple flags. First, I'll include
-`--name-status` so that each commit that is listed includes the file names with
-the change status (i.e. `A` for added and `D` for deleted). Then the
-`--diff-filter` flag tells git that I am only looking for `A`dded and `D`eleted
-files. Then the `--` indicates that a file path will follow, even a regex
-pattern is valid here.
-
-```bash
-git log --name-status --diff-filter=AD -- '*_mock_payment_form.*'
-```
-
-I'm looking for what is called a _partial_ in Rails. I know the filename
-consists of `_mock_payment_form`. The leading `*` is so that I can be vague
-about the directory this might be found in. That's useful if this file was
-potentially moved around. The trailing `.*` indicates the file extension which I
-also want to be vague about.
-
-For any of the commits returned by this `git log`, I can grab the SHA and run
-`git show <SHA>` to see the full picture of that commit.
-
-Another flag that might be useful to add is the `--all` flag which will look
-across all refs/branches instead of just the branch (`main`) that I'm currently
-on.
-
-```bash
-git log --all --name-status --diff-filter=AD -- '*_mock_payment_form.*'
-```
-
-Perhaps I'm thinking of a file that was added on an abandoned feature branch.
-`--all` will help turn up that in the results as well.
@@ -1,39 +0,0 @@
-# List And Count All Posts In TIL Repo
-
-I want to be able to reliably list and count all posts in [my TIL
-repo](https://github.com/jbranchaud/til). I do this to check that the count in
-the README is accurate and in [the workflow
-script](https://github.com/jbranchaud/jbranchaud/blob/71cba39dffb2bff68bf16d8895e435065e400250/scripts/update_tils.py#L101)
-that powers [my GitHub Profile
-README](https://github.com/jbranchaud/jbranchaud). In the past, I've used
-pattern matching on the listing of all TILs in the
-[README.md](https://github.com/jbranchaud/til/blob/master/README.md). That is
-error prone and has required me to use two different markdown list styles.
-
-A better approach is to ask `git` how many posts it currently has under version
-control. I use a consistent directory structure where each TIL post is a
-markdown file that is nested within a single category directory.
-
-```bash
-❯ git ls-files -- */*.md
-ack/ack-bar.md
-ack/case-insensitive-search.md
-ack/list-available-file-types.md
-...
-```
-
-Using `git ls-files` has the added benefit of only listing files that are
-currently checked in to the project. So if I run this locally, it won't pick up
-a draft post that hasn't been committed yet.
-
-I can then pipe this to `wc -l` (count of all lines) to produce the count:
-
-```bash
-❯ git ls-files -- */*.md | wc -l | xargs
-1850
-```
-
-Note: the empty `xargs` is a trick to trim the whitespace padding that `wc`
-introduces.
-
-See `man git-ls-files` for more details.
@@ -1,74 +0,0 @@
-# Mark A Release With An Annotated Tag
-
-There are two kinds of tags in Git -- lightweight tags and annotated tags.
-
-The [`git-tag` docs](https://git-scm.com/docs/git-tag) explain the distinction:
-
-> Annotated tags are meant for release while lightweight tags are meant for
-> private or temporary object labels.
-
-When an annotated tag is created, a _tag object_ is created which has a creation
-timestamp, a "tagger" (who created it), a message, and potentially a signature
-if GPG commit signing is configured.
-
-I can create an annotated tag for the `HEAD` commit like so:
-
-```bash
-❯ git tag -a v0.1.0 -m "Release v0.1.0"
-```
-
-I can then inspect what was created in a number of ways using `git tag --list`,
-`git show`, `git cat-file`, and `git log --show-signature`.
-
-```bash
-❯ git tag --list
-v0.1.0
-
-❯ git show --no-patch v0.1.0
-tag v0.1.0
-Tagger: jbranchaud <jbranchaud@gmail.com>
-Date:   Sun, 2 Aug 2026 13:57:37 -0500
-
-Release v0.1.0
-
-commit 8a533ecfda526ebd1a4695639830f5620dd8572d (HEAD -> main, tag: v0.1.0, origin/main, origin/HEAD)
-Author: jbranchaud <jbranchaud@gmail.com>
-Date:   Sun, 2 Aug 2026 12:51:41 -0500
-
-    Add changelog with v0.1.0 release changes documented
-
-❯ git cat-file -t v0.1.0
-tag
-
-❯ git cat-file -p v0.1.0
-object 8a533ecfda526ebd1a4695639830f5620dd8572d
-type commit
-tag v0.1.0
-tagger jbranchaud <jbranchaud@gmail.com> 1785697057 -0500
-
-Release v0.1.0
-
-❯ git log --show-signature
-commit 8a533ecfda526ebd1a4695639830f5620dd8572d (HEAD -> main, tag: v0.1.0, origin/main, origin/HEAD)
-gpg: Signature made Sun Aug  2 13:57:09 2026 CDT
-gpg:                using RSA key B2570A9DA3E2A537781501B11A8656918A8D016B
-gpg: Good signature from "jbranchaud <jbranchaud@gmail.com>" [ultimate]
-Author: jbranchaud <jbranchaud@gmail.com>
-Date:   Sun, 2 Aug 2026 12:51:41 -0500
-
-    Add changelog with v0.1.0 release changes documented
-
-...
-```
-
-This tag will be included in a push when I run either of the following:
-
-```bash
-❯ git push origin main
-❯ git push origin v0.1.0
-```
-
-This tag, which is now tied to a _release_, can be seen at [_Releases /
-v0.1.0_](https://github.com/jbranchaud/py-vmt/releases/tag/v0.1.0) on GitHub.
-
-See `man git-tag` for more details.
@@ -1,33 +0,0 @@
-# Programmatically Grab SHA For Head Commit
-
-When I use `gh browse path/to/some-file.txt`, it opens the browser to that file
-in GitHub. However, it targets the default branch (`main`) by default which is
-not very useful as a permalink because what that file looks like on `main` is
-liable to change.
-
-There is a `--commit` flag you can use to have it instead open to that file at a
-specific commit SHA.
-
-So what SHA do I pass as an argument to that flag?
-
-Often what I would like to grab is a reference to the current version of the
-file which is whatever it looks like for the `HEAD` commit. But `HEAD` is
-another moving target reference. The `git rev-parse` command can translate
-`HEAD` into a specific SHA though.
-
-```bash
-❯ git rev-parse --short HEAD
-3402428
-
-❯ git rev-parse HEAD
-3402428aadc02cfdc9825c8feb593443e72f50cd
-```
-
-Either of those will work. I can use a bash command substitution then to tie it
-all together into a single command:
-
-```bash
-❯ gh browse path/to/some-file.txt --commit=$(git rev-parse --short HEAD)
-```
-
-See `man git-rev-parse` for more details.
@@ -1,33 +0,0 @@
-# Skip Git Hooks As Needed
-
-Projects have Git hooks configured for all sorts of reasons. Most common are
-`pre-commit` hooks which verify certain aspects of the contents of a commit.
-A `pre-commit` hook could check that the tests all pass, that the changes don't
-include any debugging statements, and so forth. There are all kinds of hooks
-though, like `pre-rebase` and `post-checkout`.
-
-These hooks can sometimes get in the way and we may need to skip or disable them
-on a one-off basis.
-
-Several Git commands offer a `--no-verify` flag which can skip running the hook
-associated with that command.
-
- `git commit --no-verify` (skips `pre-commit` and `commit-msg` hooks)
- `git push --no-verify` (skips `pre-push` hook)
- `git merge --no-verify` (skips `pre-merge-commit` hook)
- `git am --no-verify` (skips `applypatch-msg` and `pre-applypatch` hooks)
-
-If you look in the `.git/hooks` directory, there are several other hooks not
-covered by the above. So, what if I am doing an action like `git checkout` and I
-want to skip the `post-checkout` hook?
-
-I can override the `hooksPath` config for that one command with the `-c` flag.
-
-```sh
-$ git -c core.hooksPath=/dev/null checkout ...
-```
-
-By setting it to `/dev/null`, it will find *no* hooks available, so none will be
-executed for this command.
-
-See `man git-config` for more details on `core.hooksPath`.
@@ -1,36 +0,0 @@
-# Undo Latest Changes Committed To Specific File
-
-I'm reviewing the changes I've made in a PR before I request a review from my
-team. There are a scattering of changes in one file that I've changed my mind
-on. Everything else looks good though. So, I need to undo the changes in that
-file before proceeding.
-
-Manually undoing them is going to be clunky. There is a way to do it with `git
-checkout`, but that is one of the ways in which `git-checkout` was overloaded
-leading to the release of `git-restore`.
-
-Let's use `git-restore` instead. By specifying a `--source`, I can tell `git`
-what _ref_ in the commit history that file should be restored to. I'm on a
-short-lived feature branch, so pointing to `main` is good enough.
-
-```bash
-$ git restore --source=main app/models/customer.rb
-```
-
-If I've changed a file at multiple points on this feature branch and I don't
-want to undo all of them, then pointing to `main` is no longer going to work.
-Instead, I can point to the commit right before the current one (`HEAD`) that
-I'm trying to undo.
-
-```bash
-$ git restore --source=HEAD~ app/models/customer.rb
-```
-
-This really isn't much different than the `git-checkout` version, but I still
-find it to be a little clearer.
-
-```bash
-$ git checkout HEAD~ -- app/models/customer.rb
-```
-
-See `man git-restore` for more details.
@@ -1,58 +0,0 @@
-# Run Scheduled Action To Commit Regular Updates
-
-The quintessential example of what GitHub Actions are used for is running CI
-tasks like the test suite, type checker, linter, etc. Each CI step runs to
-completion and either passes or fails and you see the results in the GitHub PR
-interface. That's a great use case, but far from the only one. GitHub Actions
-are a much more general-purpose execution environment that can be used for much
-more.
-
-Here is a recent example that expanded my mind a bit on what is possible with
-GitHub actions. Imagine a GitHub Action that is scheduled to run once a day, it
-executes a script that might make changes to the repo itself (e.g. the
-`README.md`), and then commits those changes (self-updating the repo).
-
-Here is a minimal version of a workflow that does that:
-
-```yaml
-on:
-  schedule:
-    - cron: '17 11 * * *' # daily at 11:17 UTC (06:17 CT)
-  workflow_dispatch:
-
-permissions:
-  contents: write
-
-jobs:
-  update:
-    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4 # get the repo + push credentials
-
-      - run: ./bin/regenerate_readme.sh # apply updates to README
-
-      - run: |
-          git config user.name  "github-actions[bot]"
-          git config user.email "github-actions[bot]@users.noreply.github.com"
-          git add -A README.md
-          git diff --staged --quiet || {
-            git commit -m "chore: regenerate README with latest updates"
-            git push
-          } # commit updates to README if there are any, otherwise no-op
-```
-
-Once a day at 11:17 UTC, GitHub Actions will run this workflow which is made up
-of a single job with permissions to write to the repo.
-
- First, it checks out the repo in the job container which includes push
-credentials.
- Then it runs a script that might update the README (e.g. maybe based on other
-things that have since been committed to the repo).
- Last, it attempts to stage any changes the script made to the README. If there
-are any, then it will commit them with that generic commit message. Finally it
-will push that commit to the main branch.
-
-If this all sounds a bit untethered from a real-world example, then take a look
-at how I use this exact pattern to [apply daily updates to my GitHub Profile
-README](https://github.com/jbranchaud/jbranchaud/blob/main/.github/workflows/update-tils.yml)
-based on the latest [TILs](https://github.com/jbranchaud/til) I have written.
@@ -1,45 +0,0 @@
-# Create And Push To New Repo From CLI
-
-I figured there must be a good way to create a new repo in GitHub using the `gh`
-CLI based on a local git repo. I spend so much time in existing git projects
-that already have GitHub repos that I haven't had the chance to figure this out.
-Until now.
-
-I just finished a first pass on a fresh project for [a GitHub profile
-README](https://github.com/jbranchaud/jbranchaud). It was time to put it up on
-GitHub and see if worked. Instead of going through the GitHub web UI to create
-this new repo, I found the `gh repo create` subcommand. I then asked Claude what
-flags I needed for my use case. The recommendation was as follows:
-
-```bash
-❯ gh repo create --public --source=. --remote=origin --push
-✓ Created repository jbranchaud/jbranchaud on github.com
-  https://github.com/jbranchaud/jbranchaud
-✓ Added remote https://github.com/jbranchaud/jbranchaud.git
-Enumerating objects: 11, done.
-Counting objects: 100% (11/11), done.
-Delta compression using up to 16 threads
-Compressing objects: 100% (6/6), done.
-Writing objects: 100% (11/11), 4.21 KiB | 4.21 MiB/s, done.
-Total 11 (delta 0), reused 0 (delta 0), pack-reused 0 (from 0)
-To https://github.com/jbranchaud/jbranchaud.git
- * [new branch]      HEAD -> main
-branch 'main' set up to track 'origin/main' by rebasing.
-✓ Pushed commits to https://github.com/jbranchaud/jbranchaud.git
-```
-
-This created the repo on GitHub for my authenticated profile (`jbranchaud`)
-using the name of the current directory (`jbranchaud`). It then setup the
-`origin` remote to point to that repo on GitHub. It then pushed the current
-state of `main` up to the remote.
-
- `--public` configures the created repo to be a public, rather than private,
-one.
- `--source=.` tells the command to run for the current directory (I ran this
-from the root of this new project)
- `--remote=origin` tells it what the remote should be called, though `origin`
-is the default, so this wasn't strictly necessary
- `--push` tells the command to push to the remote once it is created and
-configured
-
-See `gh repo create --help` for more details and examples.
@@ -1,31 +0,0 @@
-# List PRs Awaiting Your Review
-
-If you work on a software team or steward an open-source project, then there are
-likely some open PRs that you've been tagged to review. I am usually able to
-catch most review requests as they come up either from the GitHub email
-notifications or by keeping an eye on the PRs tab of active projects. Sometimes
-I get consumed by a task and something slips through the cracks.
-
-There are a couple other ways to quickly check if anything is waiting on my
-review.
-
-From the web UI I can visit the following URL which will show all PRs across all
-projects where my review has been requested:
-
-[https://github.com/pulls/review-requested](https://github.com/pulls/review-requested)
-
-The GitHub CLI (`gh`) can do the same and I can do it right from the terminal
-instead of navigating several clicks within GitHub's web UI.
-
-```bash
-$ gh search prs --review-requested=@me --state=open
-```
-
-That too will list PRs across all projects that are open and awaiting my review.
-
-If that one ends up being a little too noisy, you can also use `gh` to _list_
-just PRs for the current project:
-
-```bash
-$ gh pr list --search "review-requested:@me"
-```
@@ -1,46 +0,0 @@
-# Open File To Specific Line In Browser
-
-Often one of the best ways to point a teammate to a line of code is to share a
-GitHub link to a specific file and line number. Sometimes even a specific
-commit.
-
-For the longest time I would manually open GitHub, navigate to that file, and so
-forth. The `gh` CLI supports this with the `browse` subcommand and it takes way
-less time if you already have the repo in your local filesystem.
-
-For instance, if I want to point you to line 11 of the `zshrc.local` file in my
-`dotfiles` repo, I can run the following command:
-
-```bash
-$ gh browse zshrc.local:11
-```
-
-That would open a browser tab to
-[https://github.com/jbranchaud/dotfiles/blob/main/zshrc.local?plain=1#L11](https://github.com/jbranchaud/dotfiles/blob/main/zshrc.local?plain=1#L11).
-
-If I wanted a range of lines, I could change it from `11` to, say, `11-27`:
-
-```bash
-$ gh browse zshrc.local:11-27
-```
-
-And I would see this in the browser --
-[https://github.com/jbranchaud/dotfiles/blob/main/zshrc.local?plain=1#L11-L27](https://github.com/jbranchaud/dotfiles/blob/main/zshrc.local?plain=1#L11-L27).
-
-Both of these URLs are pointing to the `main` branch. If I instead want to
-reference a specific commit, I can use the `--commit` flag.
-
-```bash
-$ gh browse zshrc.local:11-27 --commit=f2f9e78d4fc784643f725c88f7a5a7a077e7f261
-```
-
-I grabbed that from the latest commit in `git log`. That opens to
-[https://github.com/jbranchaud/dotfiles/blob/f2f9e78d4fc784643f725c88f7a5a7a077e7f261/zshrc.local?plain=1#L11-L27](https://github.com/jbranchaud/dotfiles/blob/f2f9e78d4fc784643f725c88f7a5a7a077e7f261/zshrc.local?plain=1#L11-L27).
-
-Another way of doing that would be to use `git rev-parse HEAD`:
-
-```bash
-$ gh browse zshrc.local:11-27 --commit=$(git rev-parse HEAD)
-```
-
-See `gh browse --help` for more details.
@@ -1,58 +0,0 @@
-# Process JSON Output From gh With jq
-
-The `gh` (GitHub) CLI is useful for accessing data about your profile and
-projects from the terminal. With the `--json` flag, we can access the data in a
-structured way which is useful for scripting.
-
-Here is an example of pulling a list of all my repositories, limiting each
-entity to just the `nameWithOwner` and `description`:
-
-```bash
-❯ gh repo list --limit 1000 --json nameWithOwner,description
-[
-  {
-    "description": "My personal site -- joshbranchaud.com",
-    "nameWithOwner": "jbranchaud/personal-site"
-  },
-  {
-    "description": "Private repo for the NOTES.md of my TIL repo",
-    "nameWithOwner": "jbranchaud/til-notes-private"
-  },
-  ...
-]
-```
-
-If I'm using the `--json` flag, then I can add in the `--jq` flag to apply a
-`jq` query for additional processing of the output.
-
-Here I convert it to a series of tuples:
-
-```bash
-❯ gh repo list --limit 1000 --json nameWithOwner,description \
-  --jq '.[] | [.nameWithOwner, .description]'
-[
-  "jbranchaud/personal-site",
-  "My personal site -- joshbranchaud.com"
-]
-[
-  "jbranchaud/til-notes-private",
-  "Private repo for the NOTES.md of my TIL repo"
-]
-...
-```
-
-Then I can add one more pipe to that `jq` query to turn it into _tab-separated
-values_ using
-[`@tsv`](https://jqlang.org/manual/v1.5/#format-strings-and-escaping):
-
-```bash
-❯ gh repo list --limit 1000 --json nameWithOwner,description \
-  --jq '.[] | [.nameWithOwner, .description] | @tsv'
-jbranchaud/personal-site	My personal site -- joshbranchaud.com
-jbranchaud/til-notes-private	Private repo for the NOTES.md of my TIL repo
-...
-```
-
-This is useful because I can then pipe it to another program, such as an `fzf`
-command like [this repo selector that opens the selected one in the
-browser](https://github.com/jbranchaud/dotfiles/commit/f964ca10c6c4db3475411c2991dc2f1dfd18c818).
@@ -1,32 +0,0 @@
-# Check Ruby Version For Production App
-
-While deploying a fresh Rails app to Heroku recently, I ran into an issue. The
-`it` block argument wasn't working despite being on Ruby 4.0. Or so I thought.
-
-Running the following command reported the Ruby version of that Heroku server
-instance:
-
-```bash
-❯ heroku run -- ruby --version
-Running ruby --version on ⬢ my-app... up, run.3090
-ruby 3.3.9 (2025-07-24 revision f5c772fc7c) [x86_64-linux]
-```
-
-I was on `3.3.9` which must have been the fallback default at the time.
-
-Though I had set the Ruby version in my `.ruby-version` file, I had neglected to
-specify it in the `Gemfile` as well. Once I added it to the `Gemfile` and
-redeployed, my Heroku server instance was running the expected version of Ruby.
-
-```bash
-❯ heroku run -- ruby --version
-Running ruby --version on ⬢ my-app... up, run.5353
-ruby 4.0.0 (2025-12-25 revision 553f1675f3) +PRISM [x86_64-linux]
-```
-
-Note: because [I have set `HEROKU_ORGANIZATION` and
-`HEROKU_APP`](set-default-team-and-app-for-project.md) in my environment
-(`.envrc`) for the local copy of the app, I don't need to specify those when
-running the `heroku run` command above.
-
-See `heroku run --help` for more details.
@@ -1,12 +0,0 @@
-# Hide Overflowing Text For Google Sheets Column
-
-I imported a big CSV into a new Google Sheets document. This included a
-"Description" column with many of the descriptions varying between 50 and 80
-characters. The bottom line is that the description column was flowing over the
-top of the columns next to it. Instead of expanding the width of that column as
-far as the largest description, I wanted to hide the _overflow_.
-
-The way to do this in Google Sheets is to highlight the entire column by
-clicking on the column grouping. Then under the _Format_ menu item is a
-_Wrapping_ submenu. The _Clip_ option is what I was looking for because it clips
-the text that gets shown at the edge of the column.
@@ -1,42 +0,0 @@
-# Filter By Truthy Values With Boolean Function
-
-The `Boolean` function (not to be confused with the `Boolean` constructor)
-evaluates any given value to its [boolean
-coercion](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Boolean#boolean_coercion).
-
-```javascript
-> Boolean(0)
-false
-> Boolean(1)
-true
-> Boolean(null)
-false
-> Boolean([])
-true
-```
-
-One way that this can be put to use is as a _boolean identity function_ for
-passing to other functions like `filter`.
-
-```javascript
-> [0, 1, "", [], "four", null, "six", undefined, 7].filter(Boolean)
-[ 1, [], 'four', 'six', 7 ]
-```
-
-This filters out all the non-truthy values from a list.
-
-Let's say I'm building a list of nav items that will be rendered to the UI for a
-specific user. Based on permissions or feature flags, certain nav items may not
-be available. Those "empty" entries can be filtered out in this way.
-
-```javascript
-nav_items = [
-  { label: "Home", href: "/" },
-  isSystemAdmin && { label: "System", "/system" },
-  featureEnabled(user, "api") && { label: "API", "/api" },
-].filter(Boolean)
-```
-
-If any of those conditional nav items evaluate to `false`, then they will be
-filtered out. The resulting `nav_items` array is a clean list of actual nav
-items I want to render.
@@ -1,34 +0,0 @@
-# Get User's Preferred Language From Browser
-
-A great way to determine a user's preferred language if you aren't able to ask
-them directly is to look at the language setting for their browser's UI.
-
-We can get this from the instance of
-[`Navigator`](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Navigator) in the
-user's JavaScript runtime within the browser.
-
-My browser's UI is set to US English, which I can verify like so:
-
-```javascript
-> navigator.language
-'en-US'
-```
-
-This is useful for all sorts of things like [formatting dates for
-display](basic-date-formatting-without-a-library.md):
-
-```javascript
-> const now = new Date();
-> Intl.DateTimeFormat(navigator.language).format(now)
-'5/14/2026'
-```
-
-Or for [formatting other kinds of units for
-display](formatting-values-with-units-for-display.md):
-
-```javascript
-> const milesFormat =
-    Intl.NumberFormat(navigator.language, { style: "unit", unit: "mile" });
-> milesFormat.format(1500)
-"1,500 mi"
-```
@@ -1,62 +0,0 @@
-# `npm run` Has Some Typo Aliases
-
-The developers of the `npm` CLI know that sometimes we are trying to run
-commands in a hurry. It's easy to be trying to type `npm run` and instead type
-`npm rum` or `npm urn`. No worries though, the command will still work.
-
-If I run `npm help run`, I'll see a manpage that opens with the following:
-
-```
-NPM-RUN(1)                                                                    NPM-RUN(1)
-
-NAME
-       npm-run - Run arbitrary package scripts
-
-   Synopsis
-         npm run <command> [-- <args>]
-
-         aliases: run-script, rum, urn
-
-  ...
-```
-
-Notice it lists a few _aliases_ including `rum` and `urn`.
-
-Here are two examples of me running my test suite with `rum` and then `urn`.
-
-```bash
-❯ npm rum test:run
-
-> test:run
-> vitest run
-
-
- RUN  v3.0.7 /Users/lastword/dev/jbranchaud/still
-
- ✓ app/javascript/utils/urlUtils.test.js (6 tests) 2ms
- ✓ app/javascript/utils/clipboardImage.test.js (20 tests) 3ms
-
- Test Files  2 passed (2)
-      Tests  26 passed (26)
-   Start at  22:07:53
-   Duration  298ms (transform 17ms, setup 0ms, collect 22ms, tests 5ms, environment 270ms, prepare 63ms)
-
-
-❯ npm urn test:run
-
-> test:run
-> vitest run
-
-
- RUN  v3.0.7 /Users/lastword/dev/jbranchaud/still
-
- ✓ app/javascript/utils/urlUtils.test.js (6 tests) 3ms
- ✓ app/javascript/utils/clipboardImage.test.js (20 tests) 3ms
-
- Test Files  2 passed (2)
-      Tests  26 passed (26)
-   Start at  22:07:58
-   Duration  305ms (transform 20ms, setup 0ms, collect 25ms, tests 6ms, environment 269ms, prepare 61ms)
-```
-
-See `npm help run` for more details.
@@ -1,26 +0,0 @@
-# Count Number Of Tokens In A File
-
-Over time you have accumulated a bunch of small directives, corrections, and
-project details in your `CLAUDE.md` or `AGENTS.md` file. The file doesn't seem
-too big, but you are mindful that it is being included in every prompt. How many
-tokens is it eating from the context window?
-
-OpenAI's BPE (Byte Pair Encoding) tokenization library,
-[`tiktoken`](https://github.com/openai/tiktoken), is an open-source Python
-package. If it is installed on our machine, then we can use it as part of the
-following one-liner to check a file:
-
-```bash
-❯ python -c "import tiktoken, sys; print(len(tiktoken.encoding_for_model('gpt-4o').encode(open(sys.argv[1], 'r', encoding='utf-8').read())))" \
-    AGENTS.md
-1018
-```
-
-I ran this against the `AGENTS.md` file in a team project I'm on. It came out to
-1018 tokens. This is a very good approximation based on the tokenizer trained
-for `gpt-4o`. The tokenizers may vary a little from model to model, but the
-differences for our purposes here are going to be negligible.
-
-This one-liner gets the "first" argument to the command, reads it in, and runs
-that string against the tokenizer. The length of the tokenized encoding is then
-printed.
@@ -1,50 +0,0 @@
-# Include A File With Message To `ant`
-
-The [Anthropic CLI tool](https://github.com/anthropics/anthropic-cli) (`ant`)
-allows including files, such as images, directly in the message being sent to
-the model. This is done with the `@` symbol followed by a relative path to the
-image on the file system.
-
-I have a file `parameterized-behavioral-tests.png` in my current directory that
-I'd like to include. In the `content` array of the message I include an object
-of type `image` along with some `source` metadata. Within `source` the image
-file is referenced with the `data` field.
-
-With that set, I then include a `text` object with my prompt asking for alt text
-of this image.
-
-```bash
-❯ ant messages create \
-  --model claude-opus-5 \
-  --max-tokens 1024 \
-  --message '{role: user, content: [
-    {type: image, source: {type: base64, media_type: image/png, data: "@./parameterized-behavioral-tests.png"}},
-    {type: text, text: "Produce a concise, but descriptive alt text for this image."}
-  ]}' \
-  --transform 'content.#(type=="text").text' --raw-output
-
-A hand-drawn style diagram comparing two testing approaches, split by a vertical
-line.
-
-On the left, under the heading "Behavioral Tests," is a single column of six
-rounded rectangular test rows: four outlined in green with green check-mark
-icons (passing) and two outlined in red with red X icons (failing), each
-containing black scribble lines representing text.
-
-On the right, under the heading "Parameterized Behavioral Tests," a bracketed
-list of three purple parameter symbols — a circle, a triangle, and a diamond —
-sits at the top, with arrows pointing down to three separate columns of six test
-rows each. Every row in a column is tagged with its corresponding parameter
-shape on the right edge. The circle column shows all six rows passing (green
-with check marks). The triangle column shows three passing and three failing
-(red with X marks). The diamond column shows five passing and one failing. The
-illustration conveys that a single behavioral test, when parameterized, expands
-into multiple variants whose pass/fail outcomes can differ per parameter.
-```
-
-This is for [the image toward the top of this post on parameterized tests in
-pytest](https://www.visualmode.dev/parameterize-a-fixture-instead-of-a-test-case-with-pytest).
-The description is a bit wordier than I would have liked, but it is spot on. It
-is both visually descriptive and conveys what is being conceptually illustrated.
-
-This whole thing was 3800 input tokens, 328 output tokens, and cost ~$0.02.
@@ -1,43 +0,0 @@
-# Access CoreUtils That Conflict With Unix Utilities
-
-In [another post about GNU CoreUtils](add-a-bunch-of-cli-utilities-with-coreutils.md) I explained how to
-install and use some of the provided utilities. The utilities I referenced were
-`seq` and `realpath` which are novel on MacOS. There are other CoreUtils that
-would conflict with existing system utilities. To avoid the conflicts, [those
-utilities are installed with `g`
-prefix](https://unix.stackexchange.com/a/729136).
-
-A good example of this is `mv` and `gmv`. These are both utilities for moving
-files and largely behave the same. They are a few subtle differences though.
-
-Here is the manpage for the built-in `mv` utility:
-
-```
-NAME
-     mv – move files
-
-SYNOPSIS
-     mv [-f | -i | -n] [-hv] source target
-     mv [-f | -i | -n] [-v] source ... directory
-```
-
-And here is the manpage for `gmv`:
-
-```
-NAME
-       mv - move (rename) files
-
-SYNOPSIS
-       mv [OPTION]... [-T] SOURCE DEST
-       mv [OPTION]... SOURCE... DIRECTORY
-       mv [OPTION]... -t DIRECTORY SOURCE...
-```
-
-There are some different forms and flags available. `gmv` for instance supports
-a `-t` flag which specifies the _target_ directory so that all other listed
-paths are treated as sources of the move. This makes `gmv` easier to use with
-`xargs`, for instance.
-
-Look through `fd '^g' /opt/homebrew/bin/` and you'll notice a bunch of them like
-`gls`, `gln`, `ghead`, `gwhoami`, `gyes`, etc. You can also look through all of
-them in the [`coreutils.json` homebrew formula](https://formulae.brew.sh/api/formula/coreutils.json).
@@ -1,16 +0,0 @@
-# Clean Up Item Layout In Finder Window
-
-Sometimes while doing a bunch of manual drag-n-drop of files and folders in a
-Finder.app window, I'll end up with a visual mess. Compared to other folders,
-nothing is organized on the grid.
-
-I can tell Finder.app to clean that up with the _Clean Up_ menu option.
-
-While focused on the folder that I'm concerned about, I can go to _View_ >
-_Clean Up_ in the top menu. Everything will snap into place.
-
-On the specific Finder.app window, there is also a triple-dot actions menu that
-appears on the top right. The _Clean Up_ action is available there as well.
-
-There is also a _Clean Up By_ option which is a nice way to organize by some
-attribute, such as the type (e.g Folder/File and extension).
@@ -1,21 +0,0 @@
-# Control Which Monitor App Switcher Appears On
-
-For the most part when I hit `cmd+tab` (and `cmd+shift+tab`) to switch between
-apps, the visual switcher UI (which shows a row of the open apps) appears on my
-main monitor. However, sometimes I will be hitting `cmd+tab` and nothing shows
-up on my main monitor. I look to the right at my side monitor and there is the
-app switcher UI.
-
-Why is it appearing over there all of a sudden?
-
-The reason is that the app switcher UI is anchored to the same screen where the
-doc is located. Though the doc defaults to my main monitor, if I access the doc
-from the side monitor, now it is anchored there.
-
-To switch it back, I just have to make the doc slide up on my main monitor by
-running my mouse down to the bottom of that screen.
-
-The switch up was because I accidentally accessed the doc on my side monitor
-without realizing.
-
-[source](https://superuser.com/a/744680)
@@ -1,89 +0,0 @@
-# Read The Lid Angle Sensor For A MacBook
-
-MacOS has a bunch of internal HID (Human Interface Device) data that can surface
-details about all kinds of "devices" that comprise your machine. Some obvious
-ones are the keyboard and trackpad as well as external mice and keyboards. The
-battery and power source details are another which is sometimes integrated into
-tools that display battery status (e.g.
-[`tmux-battery`](https://github.com/tmux-plugins/tmux-battery)), though it uses
-`pmset` directly). And many, many more.
-
-One example I'd never considered is that there is a sensor for the lid angle of
-the laptop that can tell the system whether the lid is open or closed and how
-open it is (i.e. at what angle). There is no public interface for this lid angle
-sensor, but people exploring all the HID devices have found the identifiers that
-correspond to it (e.g.
-[`pybooklid`](https://github.com/tcsenpai/pybooklid/blob/main/pybooklid/macbook_lid.py)).
-
-Here is a minimal script that uses `uv`, `hidapi` (python bindings), and
-`libhidapi` (shared runtime lib for those bindings):
-
-```python
-#!/usr/bin/env -S uv run --quiet --script
-# /// script
-# requires-python = ">=3.10"
-# dependencies = ["hidapi"]
-# ///
-"""Print MacBook lid angle in degrees."""
-import os, sys
-
-if sys.platform == "darwin":
-    brew = "/opt/homebrew/lib"
-    if os.path.exists(brew):
-        os.environ["DYLD_LIBRARY_PATH"] = f"{brew}:{os.environ.get('DYLD_LIBRARY_PATH','')}"
-
-import hid
-
-VENDOR_ID, PRODUCT_ID = 0x05AC, 0x8104
-USAGE_PAGE, USAGE = 0x0020, 0x008A
-REPORT_ID = 1
-
-def read_angle():
-    for info in hid.enumerate(VENDOR_ID, PRODUCT_ID):
-        if info.get("usage_page") == USAGE_PAGE and info.get("usage") == USAGE:
-            d = hid.device()
-            path = info["path"]
-            d.open_path(path if isinstance(path, bytes) else path.encode())
-            try:
-                data = d.get_feature_report(REPORT_ID, 8)
-                if data and len(data) >= 3:
-                    return float((data[2] << 8) | data[1])
-            finally:
-                d.close()
-    return None
-
-if __name__ == "__main__":
-    a = read_angle()
-    if a is None:
-        sys.exit("sensor not available")
-    print(f"{a:.0f}")
-```
-
-These IDs and usage values are the undocumented values that allow the script to
-navigate specifically to the lid angle sensor and specifically to the usage page
-and value that represent the current lid angle reading.
-
-```
-VENDOR_ID, PRODUCT_ID = 0x05AC, 0x8104
-USAGE_PAGE, USAGE = 0x0020, 0x008A
-REPORT_ID = 1
-```
-
-I added [this
-script](https://github.com/jbranchaud/dotfiles/blob/cbc7196607d1d6b25885f5387ca85b658bd765de/bin/lidangle)
-to [my dotfiles](https://github.com/jbranchaud/dotfiles) and made it executable
-(`chmod +x bin/lidangle`) so that I can try it out. I first ran it while it was
-closed and connected to my external monitor (`0`), then I opened it as far as it
-could go (`129`), and then I tried angling it close to what I thought was 90
-degress (`92`, so close).
-
-```bash
-❯ lidangle
-0
-
-❯ lidangle
-129
-
-❯ lidangle
-92
-```
@@ -1,20 +0,0 @@
-# Reveal Location Of File In Finder.app
-
-In the terminal I have the path to an image file. I want to open Finder.app to
-the location of that image file so that I can drag and drop it into a file
-upload area in the browser.
-
-Instead of opening a Finder.app window and navigating directory by directory to
-the location, I can use the `open` command. Using `open` directly with the image
-file will open the image in Preview.app. I want to reveal the directory that the
-image file is in within Finder.app. _Reveal_ is the keyword and the `-R` flag
-does just that.
-
-Here is an example of this that I actually ran when uploading a screenshot that
-went into [this blogmark post](https://still.visualmode.dev/blogmarks/255):
-
-```bash
-$ open -R /Users/lastword/images/tiobe-index-graph-march-2026.png
-```
-
-See `man open` for more details.
@@ -1,41 +0,0 @@
-# Set Default Search Directory For Finder
-
-In MacOS's Finder.app, when I click the Search (magnifying glass) icon and type
-something in, it performs the search across all of "This Mac". This has always
-really bugged me because I'm usually already in the directory that I want to be
-specifically searching in.
-
-A small quality-of-life improvement for me was to update the setting that
-controls this to search in the current directory instead.
-
-This can be done via the Finder.app menu at the bottom of the _Advanced_ section
-in the _Settings_. The three setting options are:
-
- Search This Mac
- Search the Current Folder
- Search the Previous Search Scope
-
-This can also be controlled from the command line using the `defaults write`
-command. The specific setting is called `FXDefaultSearchScope` and the above
-three settings translate to:
-
- `SCev` (Search This Mac)
- `SCcf` (Search the Current Folder)
- `SCsp` (Search the Previous Search Scope)
-
-I can see the current default setting with `defaults read`:
-
-```bash
-❯ defaults read com.apple.finder FXDefaultSearchScope
-SCev
-```
-
-I can then change it to the _Search the Current Folder_ option like so:
-
-```bash
-❯ defaults write com.apple.finder FXDefaultSearchScope -string "SCcf"
-```
-
-All the open Finder windows still hold the original setting. I need to do a
-`killall Finder` to effectively reload them. Now if I try doing a search, it
-should default to the current directory instead of _This Mac_.
@@ -1,45 +0,0 @@
-# Convert Arbitrary Number To Probability With Sigmoid
-
-A sigmoid function is a useful function in statistics and machine learning for
-converting a number in the range of positive and negative real numbers into a
-value between 0 and 1. Sigmoid functions can be a bit more diverse than this,
-but this is a good basic definition.
-
-Wikipedia defines another characteristic of sigmoid functions:
-
-> A sigmoid function is any mathematical function whose graph has a
-> characteristic S-shaped or sigmoid curve.
-
-This S-shape is because it is asymptotic at the ends allowing it to cover all
-real numbers in either direction.
-
-A common sigmoid function and the one used by [PyTorch's `Sigmoid`](https://docs.pytorch.org/docs/2.13/generated/torch.nn.Sigmoid.html)
-is this exponential form -- `σ(x) = 1 / (1 + exp(-x))`.
-
-Here is what this looks like plotted on a graph:
-
-![sigmoid function plotted on a graph](https://cdn.visualmode.dev/images/3cadb482-matplot-sigmoid-function-graph.png)
-
-This function can be used any time we want to convert an arbitrary number into a
-probability. Large negative numbers will approach 0. Large positive numbers will
-approach 1. Numbers near 0 will settle somewhere in the middle.
-
-Here are a few examples run through PyTorch's `sigmoid` function:
-
-```python
-print("σ(-99) => ", torch.sigmoid(torch.tensor(-99.0)))
-print("σ(99) => ", torch.sigmoid(torch.tensor(99.0)))
-print("σ(0.123) => ", torch.sigmoid(torch.tensor(0.123)))
-print("σ(-2) => ", torch.sigmoid(torch.tensor(-2.0)))
-print("σ(1) => ", torch.sigmoid(torch.tensor(1.0)))
-```
-
-which prints out:
-
-```
-σ(-99) =>  tensor(0.)
-σ(99) =>  tensor(1.)
-σ(0.123) =>  tensor(0.5307)
-σ(-2) =>  tensor(0.1192)
-σ(1) =>  tensor(0.7311)
-```
@@ -1,42 +0,0 @@
-# Generate Permutations Of All Valid 9-ball Racks
-
-I wanted to produce a full listing of all valid rack arrangements for the game
-of [9-ball](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nine-ball). The constraints on how a
-9-ball rack can be arranged are, first, that the 1 ball must be placed at the
-head of the diamond and, second, that the 9 ball must be placed at the center of
-the diamond. After that, all other balls (2 through 8) can be placed in any
-arrangement.
-
-Because each of those seven remaining balls can be arranged in distinct
-orderings where each ball is placed once, this is a
-[_permutation_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permutation) problem.
-
-> In elementary combinatorics, the k-permutations, or partial permutations, are
-> the ordered arrangements of k distinct elements selected from a set. When k is
-> equal to the size of the set, these are the permutations in the previous
-> sense.
-
-For this problem, the seven distinct elements can be arranged into `7!` (seven
-factorial) unique permutations. That is, 5040 permutations.
-
-I can use [Ruby's `Array#permutations`
-method](https://docs.ruby-lang.org/en/4.0/Array.html#method-i-permutation) to
-enumerate these 5040 permutations like so:
-
-```ruby
-[2,3,4,5,6,7,8].permutation.map do |perm|
-  [1, *perm[0..2], 9, *perm[3..7]]
-end.to_a
-=> [[1, 2, 3, 4, 9, 5, 6, 7, 8],
- [1, 2, 3, 4, 9, 5, 6, 8, 7],
- [1, 2, 3, 4, 9, 5, 7, 6, 8],
- [1, 2, 3, 4, 9, 5, 7, 8, 6],
- [1, 2, 3, 4, 9, 5, 8, 6, 7],
- [1, 2, 3, 4, 9, 5, 8, 7, 6],
- [1, 2, 3, 4, 9, 6, 5, 7, 8],
- ...
- [1, 8, 7, 6, 9, 5, 3, 2, 4],
- [1, 8, 7, 6, 9, 5, 3, 4, 2],
- [1, 8, 7, 6, 9, 5, 4, 2, 3],
- [1, 8, 7, 6, 9, 5, 4, 3, 2]]
-```
@@ -1,7 +1,8 @@
 # Create Umbrella Task For All Test Tasks

-When I was first sketching out the [`mise` tasks](https://mise.jdx.dev/tasks/running-tasks.html) for a Rails app, I added
-the following two tasks. One is for running all the `rspec` tests. The other is
+When I was first sketching out the [`mise`
+tasks](https://mise.jdx.dev/tasks/running-tasks.html) for a Rails app, I added
+the following two tasks. One is for running all the `rspec` tests. The Other is
 for running all the `vitest` (JavaScript) tests.

 ```toml
@@ -48,4 +49,5 @@ Running `mise run test:all` won't execute its own command, but because it
 depends on all other `test:*` tasks, the tests will get run through those
 dependencies.

-This task naming pattern also allows for calling all tests with `mise run "test:**"`.
+This task naming pattern also allows for calling all tests with `mise run
+"test:**"`.
@@ -1,27 +0,0 @@
-# Look In Ruby Version Dotfile
-
-Newer versions of [`mise`](https://mise.jdx.dev/dev-tools/) specifically only
-look for tool versions in `mise.toml` as well as the asdf `.tool-versions` file.
-A lot of Ruby projects use the `.ruby-version` file to indicate the Ruby version
-of a project. To continue to use the `.ruby-version` file instead of migrating
-to `mise.toml`, you need to tell `mise` that you prefer to use the idiomatic
-version file.
-
-I added the following line to my
-[`~/.config/mise/config.toml`](https://github.com/jbranchaud/dotfiles/commit/8edeb7a9c53500e89e88b4079cbd1859ebebcbda)
-file:
-
-```toml
-idiomatic_version_file_enable_tools = ["ruby"]
-```
-
-Now, whenever `mise` is looking for the specified Ruby version of a project, it
-will also look for `.ruby-version`.
-
-Here is a [full list of idomatic version files supported by
-`mise`](https://mise.jdx.dev/configuration.html#idiomatic-version-files).
-
-See
-[`idiomatic_version_file_enable_tools`](https://mise.jdx.dev/configuration/settings.html#idiomatic_version_file_enable_tools)
-as well as the [Ruby-specific documentation](https://mise.jdx.dev/lang/ruby.html#ruby-version-and-gemfile-support)
-for more details.
@@ -1,37 +0,0 @@
-# Override Your Project Mise File
-
-A project I'm working on has a version-controlled `.mise.toml` file in it. Some
-changes were made to that recently that introduce some env vars that conflict
-with my setup. If I make edits to that file, then I have a modified version of
-`.mise.toml` sitting in my Git working copy.
-
-```
-# .mise.toml
-[env]
-CONFIG_SETTING = "project"
-```
-
-Instead, I can rely on the loading precedence rules of `mise` to override those
-project settings with my individual settings. I can do that with the
-`.mise.local.toml` file which is played on top of any `mise` configuration from
-files further down the precedence chain.
-
-```
-# .mise.local.toml
-[env]
-CONFIG_SETTING = "override"
-```
-
-Assuming I have `mise` setup with my shell environment to automatically load in
-these files, I can now check what takes precedence:
-
-```bash
-$ echo $CONFIG_SETTING
-override
-```
-
-Make sure `.mise.local.toml` is included in the `.gitignore` file to avoid
-checking in your personal environment overrides.
-
-To be sure about what files are loaded and in what order, give `mise cfg` a try.
-I discuss that in more detail in [List The Files Being Loaded By Mise](list-the-files-being-loaded-by-mise.md).
@@ -1,38 +0,0 @@
-# Pick From Tasks Using Interactive Picker
-
-In [Add Mise Tasks For Common Workflow
-Commands](https://www.visualmode.dev/add-mise-tasks-for-common-workflow-commands),
-I wrote about a set of tasks I added as shortcuts for connecting to the `rails console` in various environments.
-
-```toml
-# mise.toml
-[tasks."console:staging"]
-description = "Open a Rails console on staging"
-run = "ssh -t my-app-staging dokku run my-app rails console"
-
-[tasks."console:prod"]
-description = "Open a Rails console on production"
-run = "ssh -t my-app-prod dokku run my-app rails console"
-```
-
-When a project is configured with multiple `mise` tasks like this, we can invoke
-`mise run` without any specific arguments and it will prompt you with an
-interactive picker. The picker will populate with all the tasks like so:
-
-```bash
-❯ mise run
-Tasks
-Select a task to run
-❯ console:prod     Open a Rails console on production
-  console:staging  Open a Rails console on staging
-/
-esc clear filter • enter confirm
-```
-
-We can navigate between the options with the arrow keys (and if we exit _filter_
-mode by hitting `esc`, then `j/k` also work to move down and up). While in
-_filter_ mode, we can type into the prompt which will filter the list of
-commands down to just the partial matches.
-
-Once we're targeting the task we want to run, we hit `enter` and the task is
-executed.
@@ -1,29 +0,0 @@
-# Search Through Bin Paths For Tool Locations
-
-The `mise bin-paths` command will list all the bin paths that are managed by
-`mise`. When you tell `mise` to install a tool, it installs a specific version
-at a location where its binaries can be made accessible on the system path.
-
-While `mise ls` is useful for seeing what is installed by `mise` and at what
-version, the `bin-paths` command can tell you where those tool installations
-with their binaries are located.
-
-Combine this with `grep` or `rg` to narrow down the results to tools by a
-specific name:
-
-```bash
-❯ mise bin-paths | rg 'neovim'
-/Users/lastword/.local/share/mise/installs/npm-neovim/5.4.0/bin
-/Users/lastword/.local/share/mise/installs/pipx-neovim-remote/2.5.1/bin
-/Users/lastword/.local/share/mise/installs/neovim/0.11.6/bin
-```
-
-I can then look in one of these directories to see the one or more binaries that
-they include. For instance, here is what is in the `node` bin path:
-
-```bash
-❯ ls /Users/lastword/.local/share/mise/installs/node/22.22.0/bin
- ./   ../   claude@   corepack@   node*   npm*   npx@
-```
-
-See `mise bin-paths --help` for more details.
@@ -1,29 +0,0 @@
-# Avoid Vulnerabilities In New Package Versions
-
-It seems like every week there is a new supply chain attack where malicious code
-is embedded in a popular, widely-used OSS package. This week's is
-[axios](https://www.stepsecurity.io/blog/axios-compromised-on-npm-malicious-versions-drop-remote-access-trojan).
-
-The [`pnpm` package manager](https://pnpm.io/) has a nice feature that helps
-avoid installing these vulnerable package versions in the first place.
-
-> To reduce the risk of installing compromised packages, you can delay the
-> installation of newly published versions. In most cases, malicious releases
-> are discovered and removed from the registry within an hour.
-
-The [`minimumReleaseAge` config option](https://pnpm.io/settings#minimumreleaseage) tells `pnpm` to not install
-a dependency (including transitive ones) until it has been released for at least
-that many minutes.
-
-For instance, if you wanted to set this to 72 hours, then you'd set this option
-to `4320` minutes like so:
-
-```
-$ pnpm config set minimum-release-age 4320 -g
-```
-
-The global flag (`-g`) will set that in your global config location, e.g.
-`$XDG_CONFIG_HOME/pnpm/rc`. You could also add it specifically to your project
-in the `pnpm-workspace.yaml` file.
-
-[source](https://bsky.app/profile/styfle.dev/post/3miekuyeyrs2w)
@@ -1,44 +0,0 @@
-# Compute Median Instead Of Average
-
-One of the first aggregate functions we might use in PostgreSQL, besides `sum`,
-is `avg`.
-
-```sql
-select avg(book_count) as average_books_read
-from (
-  select users.id, count(books.id) as book_count
-  from users
-  left join books
-    on books.user_id = users.id
-  where books.read_in_year = 2025
-  group by users.id
-) as user_book_counts;
-```
-
-This computes the average of the set of values which sums them all up
-and divides by the count. The average (maybe you've heard this also called the
-_mean_) is not always the best way to understand data, especially when there are
-outliers.
-
-Instead, we might want to compute the _median_ value of our set of data. There
-is no easily identifiable `median` aggregate function. Instead, we can use
-`percentile_cont` with a value of `0.5`. This gets us the 50th percentile of our
-set of data which is the definition of the _median_.
-
-```sql
-select percentile_cont(0.5) within group (
-  order by book_count
-) as median_books_read
-from (
-  select users.id, count(books.id) as book_count
-  from users
-  left join books on books.user_id = users.id and books.read_in_year = 2025
-  group by users.id
-) as user_book_counts;
-```
-
-The full syntax for `percentile_cont` is `percentile_cong(precision) within
-group (order by ...)` because this is an aggregiate that has to work with an
-ordered-set of data.
-
-[source](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/functions-aggregate.html)
@@ -1,96 +0,0 @@
-# Sequence Side-Effect When Rolling Back Inserts
-
-What is so powerful about the transaction guarantees of a system like PostgreSQL
-is that I can make all kinds of changes (big or small) within a transaction,
-then roll it back, and it's like nothing ever happened.
-
-This is useful if I want to dry-run an crucial update statement in the
-production environment. I can gauge how many rows I expect to be impacted, run
-the update in a transaction, inspect the state of the table, and rollback if
-needed. It's like the changes never happened.
-
-Rolled back transactions aren't completely free of side-effects. They can leave
-a trace. In this case, that trace is increments to a sequence like you'd find
-attached to a primary key. Each `insert` of a row into a table with an
-autoincrementing sequence will have an effect on that sequence.
-
-First, I'll create a fresh table and check the state of the sequence.
-
-```sql
-> create table books (id bigserial primary key, title text not null, author text not null);
-CREATE TABLE
-
-> select * from books_id_seq;
-┌────────────┬─────────┬───────────┐
-│ last_value │ log_cnt │ is_called │
-├────────────┼─────────┼───────────┤
-│          1 │       0 │ f         │
-└────────────┴─────────┴───────────┘
-(1 row)
-```
-
-Now, I'll start a transaction, do some inserts, and again check the state of the
-sequence.
-
-```sql
-> begin;
-BEGIN
-
-> insert into books (title, author) values ('Python in a Nutshell', 'Martelli et al'), ('Build an LLM', 'Sebastian Raschka'), ('The Joy of Abstraction', 'Eugenia Cheng');
-INSERT 0 3
-
-> select * from books;
-┌────┬────────────────────────┬───────────────────┐
-│ id │         title          │      author       │
-├────┼────────────────────────┼───────────────────┤
-│  1 │ Python in a Nutshell   │ Martelli et al    │
-│  2 │ Build an LLM           │ Sebastian Raschka │
-│  3 │ The Joy of Abstraction │ Eugenia Cheng     │
-└────┴────────────────────────┴───────────────────┘
-(3 rows)
-
-> select * from books_id_seq;
-┌────────────┬─────────┬───────────┐
-│ last_value │ log_cnt │ is_called │
-├────────────┼─────────┼───────────┤
-│          3 │      30 │ t         │
-└────────────┴─────────┴───────────┘
-(1 row)
-```
-
-I will now rollback the transaction. I expect `books` to be empty again. But
-what happens to the state of `books_id_seq`?
-
-```sql
-> rollback;
-ROLLBACK
-
-> select * from books;
-┌────┬───────┬────────┐
-│ id │ title │ author │
-├────┼───────┼────────┤
-└────┴───────┴────────┘
-(0 rows)
-
-> select * from books_id_seq;
-┌────────────┬─────────┬───────────┐
-│ last_value │ log_cnt │ is_called │
-├────────────┼─────────┼───────────┤
-│          3 │      30 │ t         │
-└────────────┴─────────┴───────────┘
-(1 row)
-```
-
-Despite rolling back, the state of `books_id_seq` remains with a `last_value` of
-`3`. This is because a sequence is used outside of transaction isolation.
-Multiple concurrent transactions may both need sequence values. Instead of them
-blocking on each other, the sequence can always be accessed. The tradeoff is
-that the `last_value` of a sequence is always marching forward and gaps will
-happen when transactions are rolled back.
-
-This is normal and expected behavior. It is something to be aware of if you have
-a high-volume system that is doing a ton of inserting and rolling back (I've
-worked on systems that do this). However, the solution there is more to do with
-picking `bigint` (`bigserial`) for your sequence-backed column. That would
-reasonably eliminate concern for running out of sequence values. Or use UUIDs
-instead.
@@ -1,34 +0,0 @@
-# Access Most Recent Return Value In REPL
-
-One of my favorite features of Ruby's `irb` and `pry` are that you can use `_`
-to reference the most recent return value. Often as we use an interpreter or
-REPL, we end up with _intermediate_ values. That is, we've execute some kind of
-statement which returned a value and we now want to use that resulting value in
-our next statement. Python also supports `_`.
-
-Let's say I've run a statement that took a while to process, but I forgot to
-assign it to a variable. Instead of re-running the whole thing, I can create a
-variable that references the previous return value using `_`.
-
-```python
->>> BytePairEncoding.train_bpe(long_text)
-{'merge_rules': [...], 'vocab': {...}}
->>> result = _
->>> list(result.keys())
-['merge_rules', 'vocab']
-```
-
-Even if I don't necessarily want to assign it a variable, it can be nice to
-reference the previous value as I continue with what I'm doing:
-
-```python
->>> result['merge_rules'][0][1]
-256
->>> result['vocab'][_]
-b'e '
-```
-
-Notice how the value from the first statement gets used as part of a `dict`
-access.
-
-[source](https://docs.python.org/3/tutorial/introduction.html#numbers)
@@ -1,35 +0,0 @@
-# Access SQLite Result Values By Name With Row Factory
-
-The default shape of a result from executing a row-returning statement with
-`sqlite3` is a tuple. Whose values can be accessed positionally.
-
-```python
->>> res = conn.execute("select * from projects;")
->>> res.fetchone()
-(1, 'py-vmt', '2026-07-25 14:53:44', '2026-07-25 14:53:44')
-```
-
-If I want something a bit nicer, I can enable [_Row Factory_
-results](https://docs.python.org/3/library/sqlite3.html#how-to-create-and-use-row-factories)
-for my connection. The values on a _row_ can be accessed by name as well as
-positionally.
-
-```python
->>> conn.row_factory = sqlite3.Row
->>> res = conn.execute("select * from projects;")
->>> res.fetchone()
-<sqlite3.Row object at 0x1019e3c40>
->>> r1 = _
->>> r1
-<sqlite3.Row object at 0x1019e3c40>
->>> r1["name"]
-'py-vmt'
->>> r1["id"]
-1
->>> r1[1]
-'py-vmt'
-```
-
-[I used Row Factory on a project
-recently](https://github.com/jbranchaud/py-vmt/pull/9/changes) and I think it
-made for an improvement in the readability of the code.
@@ -1,44 +0,0 @@
-# Access Variables Outside Loop Scope
-
-Here is a function that loops over a list to find the first occurrence of a
-falsy value.
-
-```python
-def find_false(self):
-    for item in self.items:
-        item_type = type(item)
-        print(f"Current item: {item} ({item_type})")
-        if not item:
-            break
-
-    print(f"First false item: {item} ({item_type})")
-```
-
-Notice how at the end of the function, outside of the loop, I am able to access
-both `item` (defined in the loop definition) and `item_type` (defined within the
-loop's body).
-
-Both of these variables are defined, by the loop, in _function scope_ and are
-accessible anywhere in the function after they have been defined.
-
-The title of this TIL is a bit of a misnomer because Python doesn't have the
-concept of a _loop scope_. There are two levels of scope in Python --
-module/global scope and function scope.
-
-I spend most of my time writing Ruby which also has _block scope_, so Python's
-simplified two-level scoping took me by surprise.
-
-Though the code sample above is contrived, this function scope assignment can be
-taken advantage of with loop definitions in scenarios where you want to know
-what the last `item` defined was before the loop terminated.
-
-```python
-for submission in submissions:
-    if passes(submission, criteria):
-        break
-else:
-    raise ValueError("No submissions that meet given criteria")
-
-print(f"Submit first passing submission: {submission.id}")
-submit(submission)
-```
@@ -1,61 +0,0 @@
-# Annotate Return Type On Enum Function
-
-I defined the following `StrEnum` class to capture the canonical set of valid
-values for a _storage format_ in
-[`py-vmt`](https://github.com/jbranchaud/py-vmt). It includes a `default`
-function that can be called to get what the system considers the default storage
-format.
-
-```python
-class StorageFormat(StrEnum):
-    SQLITE = "sqlite"
-    JSON = "json"
-
-    @staticmethod
-    def default():
-        return StorageFormat.SQLITE
-```
-
-This works, but what is missing is a type annotation for the return value of
-`default`.
-
-I'd like to use `StorageFormat` as the return type annotation. However, the
-annotations are eagerly evaluated at the time the function definition is being
-processed. The `StorageFormat` class is not fully evaluated at that point and so
-isn't available.
-
-Instead, what I can do is quote `StorageFormat` as a string to make it a
-_forward reference_.
-
-```python
-class StorageFormat(StrEnum):
-    SQLITE = "sqlite"
-    JSON = "json"
-
-    @staticmethod
-    def default() -> "StorageFormat":
-        return StorageFormat.SQLITE
-```
-
-The string type annotation will be lazily evaluated at a later time when
-`StorageFormat` fully exists. This is behavior that is slated to be deprecated.
-And it is no longer needed as of [Python 3.14 which lazily evaluates all
-annotations by default
-now](https://docs.python.org/3/reference/compound_stmts.html#annotations).
-
-If I want to be more specific with the above annotation, I can import [`Literal`
-from `typing`](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html#typing.Literal) and
-then wrap a specific enum value.
-
-```python
-class StorageFormat(StrEnum):
-    SQLITE = "sqlite"
-    JSON = "json"
-
-    @staticmethod
-    def default() -> "Literal[StorageFormat.SQLITE]":
-        return StorageFormat.SQLITE
-```
-
-Now it will specifically enforce `SQLITE` rather than accepting `SQLITE` or
-`JSON`.
@@ -1,47 +0,0 @@
-# Another Way To Mark Keyword-Only Dataclass Fields
-
-In [Configure Other Attributes Of Dataclass
-Field](configure-other-attributes-of-dataclass-field), I showed how the
-[`dataclasses.field`](https://docs.python.org/3/library/dataclasses.html#dataclasses.field)
-constructor function can be used. One of the parameters I demonstrated was
-`kw_only`. Each field constructed with `kw_only=True` will be required to be
-passed as a keyword-only parameter when constructing an instance of that
-`dataclass`.
-
-Another way to specify keyword-only parameters with `dataclass` fields is to
-segment them with `KW_ONLY`. This sentinel value can be included as a
-pseudo-field where all fields that come after it are treated as keyword-only.
-
-Translating the example from that other post would look like this:
-
-```python
-from dataclasses import dataclass, field, KW_ONLY
-from datetime import datetime
-
-@dataclass
-class Session:
-    start_time: datetime
-    project_name: str
-    _: KW_ONLY
-    tags: list[str] = field(default_factory=list, kw_only=True)
-    end_time: datetime | None = None
-
-    # ...
-
-sesh1 = Session(start1, "my-project", tags=["pytorch", "numpy"])
-sesh2 = Session(start2, "other-project", end_time=datetime.now())
-```
-
-The field whose value is `KW_ONLY` is only used to signal that keyword-only
-boundary. It does not itself become a field of the dataclass.
-
-On the one hand I like this approach because it feels closer to [the way this is
-signaled in standard function definition
-syntax](force-remaining-arguments-to-be-named.md).
-
-```python
-def build_session(start_time, project_name, *, tags, end_time=None)
-```
-
-On the other hand, it feels like magic `dataclass` syntax whereas the
-`kw_only=True` parameter is more explicit.
@@ -1,76 +0,0 @@
-# Argument Defaults Are Evaluated When Function Is Defined
-
-When you define a function with any arguments that have default values, those
-default values are evaluated and stored at the time that the function is defined
-(i.e. when it is evaluated by the interpreter). This might feel counter
-intuitive if you are coming from another language, like Ruby, where these kinds
-of defaults are evaluated at call time. This is unremarkable for scalar values
-like `4` or `"fallback"`. It's much more interesting when your defaults are
-function calls.
-
-What if our default is something like `datetime.now()`?
-
-Here I've defined a `Timer` class that has a `start` and `stop` method. The
-`stop` method can be called with a specific `datetime` value otherwise it falls
-back to `datetime.now()` -- but when is _now_?
-
-```python
-from datetime import datetime, timezone
-import time
-
-
-class Timer:
-    def __init__(self):
-        self._start = None
-        self._stop = None
-
-    def start(self):
-        self._start = datetime.now(timezone.utc)
-        self._stop = None
-
-    def stop(self, at=datetime.now(timezone.utc)):
-        print(f"now: {datetime.now(timezone.utc)}")
-        print(f" at: {at}")
-        self._stop = at
-
-        elapsed = self._stop - self._start
-        return elapsed
-```
-
-Here I instantiate a timer, call `start`, sleep for 5 seconds, and then call
-`stop`.
-
-```python
-timer = Timer()
-timer.start()
-
-time.sleep(5)
-
-print(f"Elapsed: {timer.stop()}")
-```
-
-Here is what gets printed to `stdout`:
-
-```
-now: 2026-05-22 00:45:05.654878+00:00
- at: 2026-05-22 00:45:00.649699+00:00
-Elapsed: -1 day, 23:59:59.999875
-```
-
-Notice that the actual _now_ (when the `stop` method is running) is about 5
-seconds after the value of `at`. That is because `at`, which takes on the
-default argument value, is `datetime.now()` as evaluated at the time the
-function is interpreted. It is for that same reason that `self._stop` ends up
-being just a hair earlier than the call to `start` which sets `self._start`.
-Which explains why the _elapsed_ time is a negative value.
-
-To avoid this awkwardness all together, set the default as `None` and then
-override `None` at the start of the function:
-
-```python
-def stop(self, at = None):
-    if at == None:
-        at = datetime.now(timezone.utc)
-
-    # ...
-```
@@ -1,38 +0,0 @@
-# Assert Is Only A Development Check
-
-The `assert` keyword is used in Python to write a statement that will check some
-assertion and raise an error if it isn't met. This is only meant to be used as a
-check during development because it can be easily optimized out of the code.
-
-```python
-stuff = None
-
-assert stuff, "We need to have some stuff to proceed"
-
-print(f"We have {stuff or 'something'}!")
-```
-
-If I execute this code with `python`, it will raise on that second line of code.
-
-```bash
-❯ python assert_example.py
-Traceback (most recent call last):
-  File "/Users/lastword/dev/jbranchaud/py-vmt/assert_example.py", line 3, in <module>
-    assert stuff, "We need to have some stuff to proceed"
-           ^^^^^
-AssertionError: We need to have some stuff to proceed
-```
-
-This `assert` statement will be stripped out of the compiled bytecode if the
-`-O` (capital o) flag is used. Notice how running the same file with that flag
-does not lead to an `AssertionError`.
-
-```python
-❯ python -O assert_example.py
-We have something!
-```
-
-If I want to make sanity checks for situations that would be caused by a bug in
-the code, an `assert` statement can be a good candidate. However, if I am making
-runtime checks like validating user input, then an `if` statement and raising
-something like a `ValueError` is better.
@@ -1,47 +0,0 @@
-# Avoid Modification With Frozen Dataclass
-
-The `@dataclass` decorator can be set as _frozen_ to prevent modification of
-values on instances of that `dataclass`.
-
-Without making it frozen, I can easily subvert validations by changing the value
-of attributes after the `__post_init__` validations are called.
-
-```python
->>> config = BPEConfig(300, []) # passes validations
->>> config.vocab_size = 22 # this is invalid, wish this was prevented
-```
-
-Here is the updated `@dataclass` declaration with `frozen=True` passed as a
-parameter.
-
-```python
-from dataclasses import dataclass
-from typing import ClassVar
-
-@dataclass(frozen=True)
-class BPEConfig:
-    BASE_VOCAB_SIZE: ClassVar[int] = 256
-
-    vocab_size: int
-    special_tokens: list[str]
-
-    def __post_init__(self):
-        if self.vocab_size < self.BASE_VOCAB_SIZE:
-            msg = f"vocab_size ({self.vocab_size}) must be greater than or equal to BASE_VOCAB_SIZE ({self.BASE_VOCAB_SIZE})"
-            raise ValueError(msg)
-```
-
-Now I am prevented from modifying a scalar value like `vocab_size` after the
-instance has been created.
-
-```python
->>> config = BPEConfig(300, [])
->>> config.vocab_size = 22
-Traceback (most recent call last):
-  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
-  File "<string>", line 4, in __setattr__
-dataclasses.FrozenInstanceError: cannot assign to field 'vocab_size'
-```
-
-This doesn't prevent you from modifying the contents of attributes that are
-`list` or `dict` types.
@@ -1,26 +0,0 @@
-# BasedPyright Will Use Pyright Config
-
-I was transitioning my [`py-vmt` project](https://github.com/jbranchaud/py-vmt)
-from `pyright` to `basedpyright` for Python type checking. That's because Zed
-uses `basedpyright` by default and `pyright` doesn't work in Cursor, whereas
-`basedpyright` does. I wanted to unify around one set of type check tooling.
-
-I swapped out `pyright` for `basedpyright` in my dev dependencies, updated what
-was being called in my `Taskfile.yml`, and GitHub workflow action.
-
-What I didn't have to change, though, was the `tool.pyright` config heading in
-my `pyproject.toml`. For aesthetics I could have changed it to
-`tool.basedpyright`. However, `basedpyright` knows to look for either config, so
-I can leave that one as is.
-
-```toml
-[tool.pyright]
-include = ["src", "tests"]
-typeCheckingMode = "basic"
-```
-
-If I introduce a `pyrightconfig.json` file to the project, which is also
-supported by `basedpyright`, it will take precedence over the settings in
-`pyproject.toml`.
-
-[source](https://docs.basedpyright.com/v1.24.0/configuration/config-files/)
@@ -1,50 +0,0 @@
-# Check If Package Is Installed With Pip
-
-I recently installed PyTorch, but when I tried using it, I was getting an error
-about `numpy` not being installed. I was kind of surprised by that because I
-thought I would have already had that.
-
-I wanted to check, so I asked with `pip show`:
-
-```bash
-❯ python3 -m pip show numpy
-WARNING: Package(s) not found: numpy
-```
-
-I can even list everything that is installed with `pip` using `pip list` like
-so:
-
-```bash
-❯ python3 -m pip list
-Package            Version   Build
------------------ --------- -----
-certifi            2026.1.4
-cffi               2.0.0
-charset-normalizer 3.4.4
-click              8.3.1
-commonmark         0.9.1
-cryptography       46.0.3
-docutils           0.22.4
-filelock           3.24.2
-fsspec             2026.2.0
-idna               3.11
-Jinja2             3.1.6
-...
-```
-
-I then installed `numpy` (`python3 -m pip install numpy`) and how I can use `pip
-show` again to confirm that.
-
-```bash
-❯ python3 -m pip show numpy
-Name: numpy
-Version: 2.4.2
-Summary: Fundamental package for array computing in Python
-Home-page: https://numpy.org
-Author: Travis E. Oliphant et al.
-Author-email:
-License-Expression: BSD-3-Clause AND 0BSD AND MIT AND Zlib AND CC0-1.0
-Location: /Users/lastword/.local/share/mise/installs/python/3.12.12/lib/python3.12/site-packages
-Requires:
-Required-by:
-```
@@ -1,53 +0,0 @@
-# Check Precondition Before Click Arg Parsing
-
-When setting up various [Click](https://click.palletsprojects.com/en/stable/)
-subcommands with options, I ran into an issue with the order of some validation
-checks. I was putting the same precondition validation logic at the beginning of
-several subcommands. I was also putting callback validations on specific options
-to those subcommands. Ideally the option validations could rely on those
-precondition validations. However, the option callbacks run before anything in
-the body of the subcommands.
-
-The solution was to move those preconditions out of the subcommand body
-(simplifying the subcommand) and into a `click.Command` subclass.
-
-To demonstrate that, I'll first show the `click.Command` subclass:
-
-```python
-class RequireActiveSessionCommand(click.Command):
-    def parse_args(self, ctx, args):
-        if ctx.obj.active_session is None:
-            msg = "No active session being tracked. Start a session first."
-            raise click.UsageError(msg)
-
-        return super().parse_args(ctx, args)
-```
-
-The only thing this subclass overrides is `parse_args` where it gets ahead of
-the standard arg parsing logic to first check the precondition. In this case, I
-check that there is an active session. If there isn't, then I can raise a
-`click.UsageError`. Otherwise, it delegates back to the super-class
-implementation of `parse_args`.
-
-This subclass then gets used for the commands that need to enforce this
-precondition. Two prime examples of that are the `stop` and `cancel` subcommands.
-
-```python
-@cli.command(cls=RequireActiveSessionCommand)
-@click.option("--at", help='Hours previous to end the timer, e.g. "2 hours ago"', callback=validate_stop_at)
-@pass_cli
-def stop(cli_ctx: CliContext, at: datetime) -> None:
-    # ... implementation omitted
-
-@cli.command(cls=RequireActiveSessionCommand)
-@pass_cli
-def cancel(cli_ctx: CliContext):
-    # ... implementation omitted
-```
-
-Other subcommands, like `start` and `status` that don't need to enforce this
-precondition use the `@cli.command()` decorator without passing in a custom
-subclass.
-
-This example is pulled directly from [this commit](https://github.com/jbranchaud/py-vmt/commit/505109b7a4013e05f085cded666c6b1ac7c3c250)
-of my [`py-vmt` time tracker tool](https://github.com/jbranchaud/py-vmt).
@@ -1,54 +0,0 @@
-# Combine StrEnum With Pydantic For Union Type
-
-I want a [Pydantic](https://pydantic.dev/docs/validation/latest/get-started/)
-model that I can use to verify the shape and values of user-provided config
-file. Let's say, for now, the only config value supported by the file is
-`storage_format` and it can be one of three values (`json`, `sqlite`,
-`inmemory`).
-
-I can start with a
-[`StrEnum`](https://docs.python.org/3/library/enum.html#enum.StrEnum) class to
-represent the set of valid values for the storage format field.
-
-```python
-from enum import StrEnum
-from typing import Literal
-
-class StorageFormat(StrEnum):
-    SQLITE = "sqlite"
-    JSON = "json"
-    INMEMORY = "inmemory"
-
-    @classmethod
-    def default(cls) -> Literal[StorageFormat.SQLITE]:
-        return cls.SQLITE
-```
-
-Notice I've also provided a class method called `default` for serving up a
-fallback default value.
-
-Here is the corresponding Pydantic `CliConfig` model which uses the
-`StorageFormat` string enum class as the type signature for its `storage_format`
-field.
-
-```python
-from pydantic import BaseModel
-
-class CliConfig(BaseModel):
-    storage_format: StorageFormat = StorageFormat.default()
-```
-
-For `storage_format` to be valid in the context of `CliConfig`, it must be one
-of the values defined by that `StrEnum`. I get auto-complete, I get type
-checking, and I can validate a config file I've just read into memory (in this
-case, using
-[`model_validate_json`](https://pydantic.dev/docs/validation/dev/api/pydantic/base_model/#pydantic.BaseModel.model_validate_json)).
-
-```python
-def _read_config(self) -> CliConfig:
-    if self.exists():
-        raw_json = self.config_file.read_text()
-        return CliConfig.model_validate_json(raw_json)
-
-    return CliConfig()
-```
@@ -1,71 +0,0 @@
-# Commit Writes From Executed SQLite Statements
-
-Let's look at a method that uses a
-[`sqlite3`](https://docs.python.org/3/library/sqlite3.html) connection to
-execute a couple statements against a SQLite database.
-
-```python
-def write_session_with_project(self, session, *, active=False) -> None:
-    # Delete the current active session if there is one
-    self.conn.execute("""
-        delete from sessions where active = 1;
-    """)
-
-    # Upsert (find or create) the project based on `session.project_name`
-    cursor = self.conn.execute(
-        """
-        insert into projects (name) values (:project_name)
-        on conflict (name) do update set name = excluded.name
-        returning id;
-    """,
-        {"project_name": session.project_name},
-    )
-    project_id = cursor.fetchone()[0]
-
-    # ...
-
-    self.conn.commit()
-```
-
-The first `conn.execute` call is going to implicitly start a database
-transaction before executing the statement. Subsequent statements are going to
-take place within that transaction. To apply all the changes in the transaction
-I have to eventually run `conn.commit()`. If there isn't an issue committing all
-the changes and nothing else raised before I committed, then those changes will
-all be applied atomically.
-
-I will need to do my own exception handling with a try/catch that handles any
-rollback.
-
-I'd rather not have to manage those extra pieces which is the kind of thing
-context managers typically help with. Let's improve upon this with the
-[Connection context manager](https://docs.python.org/3/library/sqlite3.html#how-to-use-the-connection-context-manager):
-
-```python
-def write_session_with_project(self, session, *, active=False) -> None:
-    with self.conn:
-        # Delete the current active session if there is one
-        self.conn.execute("""
-            delete from sessions where active = 1;
-        """)
-
-        # Upsert (find or create) the project based on `session.project_name`
-        cursor = self.conn.execute(
-            """
-            insert into projects (name) values (:project_name)
-            on conflict (name) do update set name = excluded.name
-            returning id;
-        """,
-            {"project_name": session.project_name},
-        )
-        project_id = cursor.fetchone()[0]
-
-        # ...
-```
-
-I get the same transactional behavior as before for everything in the context
-manager body. However, now the `commit` is handled and if an exception occurs
-the `rollback` is handled as well.
-
-Note: the connection context manager will still re-propagate an exception that
-occurred, so I may need to handle that with a try/catch somewhere.
@@ -1,63 +0,0 @@
-# Configure Other Attributes Of Dataclass Field
-
-I have a basic [`dataclass`](https://docs.python.org/3/library/dataclasses.html)
-defined with a few fields that looks like this:
-
-```python
-from dataclasses import dataclass
-from datetime import datetime
-
-@dataclass
-class Session:
-    start_time: datetime
-    project_name: str
-    tags: list[str]
-    end_time: datetime | None = None
-
-    # ...
-
-new_session = Session(start_time, "my-project", [])
-```
-
-This syntax lets me define the fields that make up arguments to the underlying
-`__init__` function. This only gets me so far though. What if I want `tags` to
-have a default value of `[]`? What if I want to force those optional fields
-(`tags` and `end_time`) to be keyword-only arguments?
-
-To take the field definitions of my `dataclass` a bit further, I need the
-[`field` function](https://docs.python.org/3/library/dataclasses.html#dataclasses.field)
-which lets me configure more aspects of each field.
-
-```python
-from dataclasses import dataclass, field
-from datetime import datetime
-
-@dataclass
-class Session:
-    start_time: datetime
-    project_name: str
-    tags: list[str] = field(default_factory=list, kw_only=True)
-    end_time: datetime | None = field(default=None, kw_only=True)
-
-    # ...
-
-sesh1 = Session(start1, "my-project", tags=["pytorch", "numpy"])
-sesh2 = Session(start2, "other-project", end_time=datetime.now())
-```
-
-If I were to say the default value of `tags` is simply a `[]`, then the
-`dataclass` definition gets evaluated with a reference to that specific instance
-of an empty list. Every new `Session` I create would share and mutate that same
-list. For this reason, `dataclass` detects and warns you away from that.
-
-Instead, I specify `list` as the `default_factory` for `tags`. Each new
-`Session` where `tags` is not provided will be factory'd a new empty list.
-
-For scalar values, like `None`, I can use the `default` parameter instead like
-I've done for `end_time`.
-
-As for marking certain fields as keyword-only, the `kw_only` parameter can be
-overridden with `True`.
-
-See [the docs for `field`](https://docs.python.org/3/library/dataclasses.html#dataclasses.field)
-for all the other configurable options.
@@ -1,40 +0,0 @@
-# Control Passing Of Time In Tests
-
-While it is nice to be able to write pure functional code, our software still
-lives in the real world and may have to relate to or depend on the passing of
-time. In order to test this kind of code, we need time to behave in a reliable,
-deterministic way. One of the best ways to create a testing environment where
-that is true is to bring in tooling that hijacks time.
-
-The [`freezegun` module](https://github.com/spulec/freezegun) is a great tool
-for that job. We can use it to freeze time at a specific testable point, advance
-time a specific amount, and much more.
-
-Here is an example from the tests for [my CLI-based time tracking
-app](https://github.com/jbranchaud/py-vmt/blob/acb26e4840279d936a12f16c505ca7e75e9a6d20/tests/src/py_vmt/test_cli.py#L21)
-where I freeze time before starting a session. That gives me a chance to assert
-about the exact start time that is output by the command. Then I can advance
-time a little and assert that the `status` command outputs the correct thing.
-
-```python
-import datetime
-from freezegun import freeze_time
-
-# some other test setup omitted ...
-
-initial_datetime = datetime.datetime(
-    2026, 3, 14, 15, 5, 11, 0, datetime.timezone.utc
-)
-with freeze_time(initial_datetime) as frozen_datetime:
-    # start a session
-    start_result = runner.invoke(cli, ["start", "my-project"])
-    output = "Started tracking 'my-project' at 10:05AM"
-    assert output in start_result.output
-
-    frozen_datetime.tick(delta=datetime.timedelta(minutes=30))
-
-    # check status
-    status_result = runner.invoke(cli, ["status"])
-    output = "Tracking 'my-project' for 30m (since 10:05AM)"
-    assert output in status_result.output
-```
@@ -1,44 +0,0 @@
-# Create A Range Of Descending Values
-
-A typical use of `range` looks something like this:
-
-```python
->>> list(range(1, 5))
-[1, 2, 3, 4]
-```
-
-Which is equivalent to this one where we give a `step` value of `1`.
-
-```python
->>> list(range(1, 5, 1))
-[1, 2, 3, 4]
-```
-
-If we try to create a _negative range_, that is, a range of values in decreasing
-order, we get an empty list.
-
-```python
->>> list(range(0, -7))
-[]
-```
-
-That's because the `step` value still defaults to `1`. And there are no positive
-steps between `0` and `-7`. So, let's give `range` a `step` value of `-1`.
-
-```python
->>> list(range(0,-7, -1))
-[0, -1, -2, -3, -4, -5, -6]
-```
-
-One practical use case of a negative range like this is using a list
-comprehension to transform it into a list of the _last seven days_.
-
-```python
->>> from datetime import datetime, timedelta
->>> [datetime.now().date() + timedelta(days=days) for days in range(0,-7, -1)]
-[datetime.date(2026, 3, 19), datetime.date(2026, 3, 18), datetime.date(2026, 3, 17), datetime.date(2026, 3, 16), datetime.date(2026, 3, 15), datetime.date(2026, 3, 14), datetime.date(2026, 3, 13)]
-```
-
-Of course this could have been written with a positive range and then
-subtracting the `timedelta`. I like that I have the option of doing this in
-whatever way makes the code most readable.
@@ -1,46 +0,0 @@
-# Dedent Common Whitespace From Multiline String
-
-I'm adding tests to cover some custom logic in the _usage_ messages that are
-produced by Click [in a CLI I'm building](https://github.com/jbranchaud/py-vmt).
-The usage output is a mutliline string formatted with some indentation. On top
-of that, I'm putting it in a Python test file with some additional syntactical
-indentation.
-
-If this was Ruby, I would reach for the `<<~` heredoc syntax. The closest
-equivalent to that in Python is
-[`textwrap.dedent`](https://docs.python.org/3/library/textwrap.html#textwrap.dedent).
-
-> Remove any common leading whitespace from every line in text.
->
-> This can be used to make triple-quoted strings line up with the left edge of
-> the display, while still presenting them in the source code in indented form.
-
-```python
-import textwrap
-
-def test_base_help_message():
-    runner = BetterCliRunner()
-
-    help_result = runner.invoke(cli, ["--help"])
-    output = textwrap.dedent("""\
-        Usage: vmt [OPTIONS] COMMAND [ARGS]...
-
-        Options:
-          -v, --verbose  See extra output when running commands
-          --help         Show this message and exit.
-
-        Commands:
-          cancel
-          log
-          start
-          status
-          stop
-    """)
-    assert output in help_result.output
-```
-
-Before adding in `textwrap.dedent`, the test was failing because of bits of
-extra whitespace that wasn't matching up with the actual CLI output.
-
-Note: the leading `\` after the opening `"""` is needed to remove the leading
-newline that would otherwise be included.
@@ -1,46 +0,0 @@
-# Deduplicate A List Into A Tuple
-
-A `list` is not hashable which means you can't use it for things like `dict`
-keys or cache keys. Instead you need to convert it into something like a `set`
-or a `tuple`.
-
-Here is an example list:
-
-```python
->>> l1 = [3,4,1,2,5,4,1]
-```
-
-Turning this list into a `set` or `frozenset` is straightforward:
-
-```python
->>> set(l1)
-{1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
->>> frozenset(l1)
-frozenset({1, 2, 3, 4, 5})
-```
-
-If you're trying to preserve the order after deduplicating, then you'll want to
-use a `tuple` instead of a `set`. In order to deduplicate while maintaining the
-ordering, you can exploit the fact that `dict` keys maintain their order. A
-`list` can be transformed into the keys of a `dict` with
-[`dict.fromkeys`](https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#dict.fromkeys):
-
-```python
->>> dict.fromkeys(l1)
-{3: None, 4: None, 1: None, 2: None, 5: None}
-```
-
-And here is your `tuple` which extracts the keys of the `dict`:
-
-```python
->>> tuple(dict.fromkeys(l1))
-(3, 4, 1, 2, 5)
-```
-
-By comparison, here is the `tuple` transformed directly from the `list` without
-deduplication.
-
-```python
->>> tuple(l1)
-(3, 4, 1, 2, 5, 4, 1)
-```
@@ -1,60 +0,0 @@
-# Define Sequence Of Tests With Parametrize Decorator
-
-I have a function that I want to test across a bunch of different inputs. That
-way I can make sure the logic of that function handles all the different
-scenarios I have in mind.
-
-While working on [`py-vmt`](https://github.com/jbranchaud/py-vmt), I started by
-writing a big single test function with a sequence of variable assignments and
-`assert` statements. Here's my starting point:
-
-```python
-def test_format_time_delta_everything():
-    # less than a minute
-    thirty_seconds = timedelta(seconds=30)
-    assert "30s" == format_time_delta(thirty_seconds)
-
-    # one minute exactly
-    one_minute = timedelta(seconds=60)
-    assert "1m" == format_time_delta(one_minute)
-
-    # more than a minute
-    assert "1m30s" == format_time_delta(one_minute + thirty_seconds)
-
-    # bunch of minutes and seconds
-    delta = timedelta(minutes=24, seconds=8)
-    assert "24m8s" == format_time_delta(delta)
-
-    # one hour exactly
-    one_hour = timedelta(hours=1)
-    assert "1h" == format_time_delta(one_hour)
-
-    # more than one hour
-    assert "1h24m" == format_time_delta(one_hour + delta)
-```
-
-I knew I would eventually need to break it up into individual test functions,
-but I couldn't bare to start there because it seemed quite repetitive.
-
-There is another way to approach this without all the duplication. Pytest comes
-with [a "parametrize" decorator](https://docs.pytest.org/en/stable/example/parametrize.html). This is
-used to define a set of test data (and expected values) that will get passed
-one-by-one to the test function as parameters.
-
-```python
-@pytest.mark.parametrize("input,expected", [
-    (timedelta(seconds=30), "30s"),
-    (timedelta(seconds=60), "1m"),
-    (timedelta(seconds=90), "1m30s"),
-    (timedelta(minutes=24, seconds=8), "24m8s"),
-    (timedelta(hours=1), "1h"),
-    (timedelta(hours=1, minutes=24, seconds=8), "1h24m"),
-])
-def test_format_time_delta(input, expected):
-    assert format_time_delta(input) == expected
-```
-
-I ditch all of the duplication this way. I define a list of tuples that
-represent my input values and expected values. Then the body of the test can be
-minimal. And I get a separate test execution for each parameter tuple making it
-easier to see fine-grained pass/fail results.
@@ -1,42 +0,0 @@
-# Define Typed Class Interface With Protocol
-
-In [`py-vmt`](https://github.com/jbranchaud/py-vmt) I am defining different
-storage access layers for the CLI to use. I want a consistent interface that the
-core CLI logic can depend on regardless of whether it is a JSON file or a SQLite
-database. To achieve that I can define a class of unimplemented functions that
-inherits from
-[`typing.Protocol`](https://typing.python.org/en/latest/spec/protocol.html).
-
-```python
-from typing import Protocol
-
-class SessionRepository(Protocol):
-    def active_session(self) -> Session | None: ...
-    def write_active_session(self, session) -> None: ...
-    def append_session(self, session) -> None: ...
-    def all_sessions(self) -> list[Session]: ...
-    def clear_active_session(self) -> None: ...
-```
-
-Notice that none of these have default implementations. The `...` indicates that
-class implementing this protocol will define the implementation of those
-functions.
-
-Now, my `CliContext` class, which needs some kind of `SessionRepository` to
-function can indicate as much in `__init__`.
-
-```python
-class CliContext:
-    def __init__(self, verbose: bool, repo: SessionRepository | None = None) -> None:
-        self.verbose: bool = verbose
-        self.active_session: Session | None = None
-        self.repo: SessionRepository = repo or JsonRepository()
-        self.active_session = self.repo.active_session()
-```
-
-If `JsonRepository` doesn't define all of the methods specified in the protocol,
-then a type error will occur wherever it clashes with `SessionRepository`. Now
-as I implement `SqliteRepository` I have a standard interface to build against
-that I know I can seamlessly swap in.
-
-[source](https://typing.python.org/en/latest/reference/protocols.html#simple-user-defined-protocols)
@@ -1,53 +0,0 @@
-# Easy Key-Value Aggregates With defaultdict
-
-The `collections` module has the `defaultdict` object that can be used to
-aggregate values tied to a key. What sets this apart from simply using a `dict`
-is that we get the base value for free. So if our aggregate value is a list,
-then we get `[]` by default for each new key. In the same way, we'd get `0` if
-it was constructed with `int`.
-
-Here is the counter example from [Keep A Tally With
-collections.Counter](keep-a-tally-with-collections-counter.md)
-
-```python
-from collections import defaultdict
-
-def get_pair_counts(token_ids: list[int]) -> Counter:
-    """Count how often each adjacent pair appears"""
-    counts = defaultdict(int)
-    for i in range(len(token_ids) - 1):
-        pair = (token_ids[i], token_ids[i + 1])
-        counts[pair] += 1
-    return counts
-```
-
-We never have to initially set a key to `0`. If the key is not yet present, then
-`int()` (the zero-value constructor) is used as the `__missing__` value.
-
-We can do the same with `list`:
-
-```python
->>> import collections
->>> stuff = collections.defaultdict(list)
->>> stuff['alpha'].append(1)
->>> stuff['alpha']
-[1]
->>> stuff['beta']
-[]
-```
-
-In the same way, this uses `list()` as the `__missing__` value to start of each
-key with an `[]`.
-
-I find this so handy because in other languages I've typically had to do
-something more like this:
-
-```python
-words_by_length = {}
-for item in items:
-    if len(item) not in words_by_length:
-        words_by_length[len(item)] = []
-    words_by_length[len(item)].append(item)
-```
-
-This is much clunkier.
@@ -1,24 +0,0 @@
-# Enable Pyright Type Checking In Cursor
-
-In most ways [Cursor](https://cursor.com/), a clone of VS Code, behaves like VS
-Code and uses the same extensions as VS Code. It even offers to clone all your
-existing extensions and setup from VS Code when you first install it.
-
-However, the Pyright type checking setup that I had in VS Code stopped working
-when I opened up the same Python project in Cursor. It seems that to get Pyright
-to reliably work with forks of VS Code, you need to use a compatible fork like
-[Based Pyright](https://docs.basedpyright.com/latest/).
-
-Once I installed _Based Pyright_ from the extension marketplace, I was able to
-enable it in `.vscode/settings.json`:
-
-```json
-{
-    ...,
-    "basedpyright.analysis.typeCheckingMode": "basic"
-}
-```
-
-I may have needed to restart Cursor at this point, I cannot remember exactly.
-However, once this setup was in place the helpful type checking errors started
-appearing as red squiggles.
@@ -1,47 +0,0 @@
-# Escape Curly Braces Within Formatted String
-
-Python's
-[_f-string_](https://docs.python.org/3/reference/lexical_analysis.html#f-strings)
-allows you to interpolate values into a string literal like so:
-
-```python
->>> amount = 25
->>> print(f"Price: ${amount}")
-Price: $25
-```
-
-The `{` and `}` are betting special treatment when `f` precedes the string
-literal. So, what if the resulting string is supposed to have literal `{` and
-`}` characters in it?
-
-```python
->>> f"JSON opens and closes with curlies: {...}"
-'JSON opens and closes with curlies: Ellipsis'
-```
-
-I need a way of escaping them. The trick is to double them up.
-
-```python
->>> f"JSON opens and closes with curlies: {{...}}"
-'JSON opens and closes with curlies: {...}'
-```
-
-A more practical example of where this is useful is in formatting an expected
-string of JSON in a test:
-
-```python
-info_result = runner.invoke(cli, ["info", "--json"])
-output = textwrap.dedent(f"""
-{{
-    "config_file": "{config_file}",
-    "data_dir": "{data_dir}",
-    "version": "{VMT_VERSION}",
-    "schema_version": 1
-}}
-""").strip()
-assert output in info_result.output
-```
-
-I'm doing some interpolation at various points in the string literal, but the
-outer curly braces are meant to be literal, the opening and closing of the JSON
-object.
@@ -1,44 +0,0 @@
-# Experiment With SQLite Queries In Memory
-
-Instead of connecting
-[`sqlite3`](https://docs.python.org/3/library/sqlite3.html) to a real file
-(database) like so:
-
-```python
-db_file: Path = data_dir / "sessions.db"
-conn: Connection = sqlite3.connect(db_file)
-```
-
-I can point it to `":memory:"`:
-
-```python
-conn: Connection = sqlite3.connect(":memory:")
-```
-
-One way this can be useful is when experimenting with some DDL (schema-modifying
-SQL statements), e.g. creating a table, adding a column, and so forth.
-
-```python
->>> import sqlite3
->>> conn = sqlite3.connect(":memory:")
->>> conn.execute("""
-... create table projects (
-...     id integer primary key,
-...     name text not null unique,
-...     created_at text not null default (datetime('now')),
-...     updated_at text not null default (datetime('now'))
-... );
-... """)
-<sqlite3.Cursor object at 0x105d6e2c0>
->>> conn.execute("insert into projects (name) values ('TIL'), ('py-vmt'), ('Pool League Pro');")
-<sqlite3.Cursor object at 0x105d6e340>
->>> result = conn.execute("select * from projects;")
->>> rows = result.fetchall()
->>> rows
-[(1, 'TIL', '2026-08-01 23:59:56', '2026-08-01 23:59:56'), (2, 'py-vmt', '2026-08-01 23:59:56', '2026-08-01 23:59:56'), (3, 'Pool League Pro', '2026-08-01 23:59:56', '2026-08-01 23:59:56')]
-```
-
-This does not create any sort of on-disk version of the database. Two separate
-connections created this way will be independent in-memory database instances.
-This is technically more of [a SQLite feature](https://sqlite.org/inmemorydb.html) than a Python one, but it was in a
-Python context that I found this most useful.
@@ -1,61 +0,0 @@
-# Force Remaining Arguments To Be Named
-
-When the _positional argument collector_ (`*`) is used in a function definition,
-all the arguments that follow it must now be explicitly named when invoking that
-function. This is regardless of whether you are collecting positional arguments
-into a named tuple (e.g. `*rest`) or are using the empty/dummy version (`*`).
-
-A friend recently recommended I use this syntax to force some configuration
-values (often booleans) to be explicitly named at call sites.
-
-Here is an example of this in my [`py-vmt` project](https://github.com/jbranchaud/py-vmt):
-
-```python
-class CliContext:
-    def __init__(self, *, verbose: bool, repo: SessionRepository | None = None) -> None:
-        self.verbose: bool = verbose
-        self.active_session: Session | None = None
-        self.repo: SessionRepository = repo or JsonRepository()
-        self.active_session = self.repo.active_session()
-```
-
-Notice that right after `self` is the `*` which means that both `verbose` and
-`repo` must be named arguments.
-
-Here is a corresponding call site:
-
-```python
-    ctx.obj = CliContext(verbose=True)
-```
-
-Now when I initialize `CliContext`, there is no choice for me to pass in an
-unnamed argument of `True`. It has to be paired with `verbose`. Above I've
-excluded `repo` because that falls back to a default value. If I were to include
-it, it would have to be named.
-
-The same applies to this scenario where I'm collecting the positional arguments.
-
-```python
-def build_identifier(first, *rest, delimiter="/"):
-    if rest is None:
-        return first
-
-    return delimiter.join([first, *rest])
-```
-
-```python
->>> print(build_identifier("taco"))
-taco
->>> print(build_identifier("taco", "bell", "mas", delimiter="-"))
-taco-bell-mas
->>> print(build_identifier("taco", "bell", "mas", "-"))
-taco/bell/mas/-
-```
-
-Notice in the third example where I don't use a named argument for the
-delimiter. It instead gets swept up in the collection of positional arguments.
-
-This language of _positional argument collector_ I got from [Python in a
-Nutshell, 4th
-Edition](https://www.oreilly.com/library/view/python-in-a/9781098113544/) (see
-pg. 96).
@@ -1,44 +0,0 @@
-# Generate Sample PDFs With ReportLab
-
-The `reportlab` package has a `pdfgen` module that provides a `Canvas` API for
-programmatically constructing a PDF.
-
-I recently needed the most basic use of this to quickly construct a sample PDF
-that I could use as I experimented with [different `qpdf`
-commands](/workflow/remove-pages-from-a-pdf.md). I wanted to generate a 10-page
-PDF where each page included a large font number in the center. This way I could
-clearly see what was the first, second, third, and so on pages. Then I could
-quickly verify that the `qpdf` manipulations I was doing were working as
-expected.
-
-I was able to do this without any setup or install. Using a `uv` one-liner (does
-a 10-line heredoc count as a one-liner?), I generated a PDF with some basic
-canvas rendering on each page.
-
-```python
-❯ uv run --with reportlab python - <<'EOF'
-from reportlab.pdfgen import canvas
-N, W, H = 10, 612, 792
-c = canvas.Canvas("test.pdf", pagesize=(W, H))
-for i in range(1, N + 1):
-    c.setFont("Helvetica-Bold", 220)
-    c.drawCentredString(W / 2, H / 2 - 80, str(i))
-    c.setFont("Helvetica", 28)
-    c.drawCentredString(W / 2, 100, f"page {i} of {N}")
-    c.showPage()
-c.save()
-EOF
-```
-
-The `--with` makes the `reportlab` package available to the command being run.
-The command being run is `python` which evaluates that block of heredoc text.
-
-Within the heredoc, I import `canvas` from the `reportlab` package that has been
-made available. I then create an in-memory PDF of a standard size. Then for-loop
-10 times to build each page of the PDF with a big number in the middle and a
-smaller `page x of N` lower down on the page. Finally, I save the PDF which
-writes it to the directory I executed this whole command from.
-
-I had Claude help with the `canvas` API, however there are some decent
-[`reportlab.pdfgen` docs
-here](https://docs.reportlab.com/reportlab/userguide/ch2_graphics/).
@@ -1,64 +0,0 @@
-# Get Absolute Seconds From `timedelta` Object
-
-The [`timedelta` object provided by
-`datetime`](https://docs.python.org/3/library/datetime.html#timedelta-objects)
-is a useful built-in concept for representing a duration of time.
-
-```python
->>> from datetime import timedelta
->>> diff = timedelta(hours=1, minutes=1, seconds=6)
->>> diff.seconds
-3666
-```
-
-It is pretty minimal though. There are only a couple things you can inspect
-about it -- `days`, `seconds` (as I did in the snippet above), and
-`microseconds`.
-
-And perhaps that is enough to hint at the issue I recently ran into with it --
-specifically that you can access both `days` and `seconds`.
-
-Let's look at what happens when I have a `timedelta` with more than a day worth
-of seconds.
-
-```python
->>> diff = timedelta(seconds=(3600 * 24 + 1))
->>> diff.seconds
-1
->>> diff.days
-1
-```
-
-I thought `seconds` was going to produce `86401` instead of `1`. The reason is
-because any amount of duration over a day gets converted into the `days` value
-and its the remaining time smaller than a day that is represented by `seconds`.
-
-In my [original implementation of
-`format_time_delta`](https://github.com/jbranchaud/py-vmt/blob/c14eaa56cf5f5c6d0120a95f04f95a6c87443e1c/src/py_vmt/time_helpers.py#L11-L14),
-I was trying to build a relative time string by converting `seconds` into hours,
-minutes, and seconds. That approach falls apart as soon as the delta is greater
-than a day.
-
-```python
-def format_time_delta(diff) -> str:
-    hours, remainder = divmod(diff.seconds, 3600)
-    minutes, remainder = divmod(remainder, 60)
-    seconds = remainder
-
-    # ...
-```
-
-Instead, I needed to reach for [the `total_seconds()` function](https://docs.python.org/3/library/datetime.html#datetime.timedelta.total_seconds).
-This gives "the total number of seconds contained in the duration" and is
-described as equivalent to `diff / timedelta(seconds=1)`.
-
-Here is the [updated version of `format_time_delta`](https://github.com/jbranchaud/py-vmt/blob/ec1875a9d73552f5481e3945ddf522e94d0cc018/src/py_vmt/time_helpers.py?plain=1#L11-L16):
-
-```python
-def format_time_delta(diff: timedelta) -> str:
-    total_seconds = int(diff.total_seconds())
-
-    hours, remainder = divmod(total_seconds, 3600)
-    minutes, remainder = divmod(remainder, 60)
-    seconds = remainder
-```
@@ -1,42 +0,0 @@
-# Get Quotient And Remainder In One Operation
-
-While writing some custom code to transform a number of seconds into the
-constituent hours, minutes, and seconds, I found myself needing to get both the
-quotient and remainder from a division between two numbers.
-
-```python
->>> import math
->>> math.floor(3666 / 3600)
-1
->>> 3666 % 3600
-66
-```
-
-Instead, I can use Python's built-in
-[`divmod`](https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html#divmod) function to
-compute both values in one statement.
-
-```python
->>> divmod(3666, 3600)
-(1, 66)
-```
-
-The result is a tuple with the first value being my quotient (in this case, the
-number of hours) and the remainder (the remaining number of seconds).
-
-This kind of operation is known as [Euclidian
-Division](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euclidean_division).
-
-Here is a snippet of some actual code where I use this in
-[`py-vmt`](https://github.com/jbranchaud/py-vmt/blob/b9eae8b258e9fd720cfa3bb63b601225df352051/src/py_vmt/time_helpers.py#L14-L16):
-
-```python
-def format_time_delta(diff: timedelta) -> str:
-    total_seconds = int(diff.total_seconds())
-
-    hours, remainder = divmod(total_seconds, 3600)
-    minutes, remainder = divmod(remainder, 60)
-    seconds = remainder
-
-    # ...
-```
@@ -1,51 +0,0 @@
-# Globally Install CLI Tool With UV
-
-When I add a tool like [`ruff`](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff) to my project
-with [`uv`](https://docs.astral.sh/uv/):
-
-```bash
-❯ uv add --dev ruff
-```
-
-Then I can run that tool within that project using `uv`:
-
-```bash
-❯ uv run ruff format
-```
-
-However if I want to be able to run that tool via its binary directly,
-especially outside the context of that project, then I need to instead install
-it globally.
-
-This can be done with `uv` using the `tool install` subcommand:
-
-```bash
-❯ uv tool install ruff
-Resolved 1 package in 192ms
-Installed 1 package in 4ms
- + ruff==0.15.20
-Installed 1 executable: ruff
-```
-
-Now I can run `ruff` directly from anywhere:
-
-```bash
-❯ ruff config line-length
-The line length to use when enforcing long-lines violations (like `E501`)
-and at which `isort` and the formatter prefers to wrap lines.
-
-...
-```
-
-The `ruff` binary gets symlinked into my `.local/bin/` directory which is coming
-from the `uv` tool directory.
-
-```bash
-❯ which ruff
-/Users/lastword/.local/bin/ruff
-
-❯ readlink -n /Users/lastword/.local/bin/ruff
-/Users/lastword/.local/share/uv/tools/ruff/bin/ruff
-```
-
-See `uv tool install --help` for more details.
@@ -1,81 +0,0 @@
-# Initialize A PyTorch Tensor
-
-A _tensor_ is an n-dimensional array that takes on a specified shape and holds
-scalars, typically floats, in each of its positions.
-[PyTorch](https://pytorch.org/) has a comprehensive suite of tools for working
-with tensors. To work with tenors, the first thing I need to do is initialize
-one. Here are a handful of ways to create a 2-dimensional tensor (a matrix)
-depending on various needs.
-
-Here is a 3x4 matrix full of zeros:
-
-```python
->>> torch.zeros(torch.Size((3, 4)))
-tensor([[0., 0., 0., 0.],
-        [0., 0., 0., 0.],
-        [0., 0., 0., 0.]])
-```
-
-Here is a 3x4 matrix full of ones:
-
-```python
->>> torch.ones(3,4)
-tensor([[1., 1., 1., 1.],
-        [1., 1., 1., 1.],
-        [1., 1., 1., 1.]])
-```
-
-And here is a 3x4 matrix full of a specific other value:
-
-```python
->>> torch.full((3,4), 13.0)
-tensor([[13., 13., 13., 13.],
-        [13., 13., 13., 13.],
-        [13., 13., 13., 13.]])
-```
-
-PyTorch is very flexible. I can specify the shape of the `tensor` with
-positional arguments or a tuple for the dimensions. I can even construct a
-`torch.Size` object.
-
-Here is an arguably more useful example where the matrix is seeded with random
-values in the range `[0,1)` using
-[`torch.rand`](https://docs.pytorch.org/docs/2.13/generated/torch.rand.html):
-
-```python
->>> torch.rand(torch.Size((3,4)))
-tensor([[0.4148, 0.8045, 0.3093, 0.3363],
-        [0.0120, 0.7161, 0.1108, 0.5510],
-        [0.4805, 0.9430, 0.2852, 0.0966]])
-```
-
-These could be used as starting weights in a training process that then get
-tweaked over time.
-
-There are other random tensor functions like
-[`torch.randint`](https://docs.pytorch.org/docs/2.13/generated/torch.randint.html)
-and
-[`torch.randn`](https://docs.pytorch.org/docs/2.13/generated/torch.randn.html).
-
-How about a [random permutation](https://docs.pytorch.org/docs/2.13/generated/torch.randperm.html)
-of integers `[0,12)` reshaped into a 3x4 matrix:
-
-```python
->>> torch.randperm(12).reshape(3,4)
-tensor([[ 0,  3,  1, 11],
-        [ 7,  8,  9,  4],
-        [10,  5,  6,  2]])
-```
-
-And though there are many other ways to initialize a tensor, the last one I will
-show is
-[`torch.eye`](https://docs.pytorch.org/docs/2.13/generated/torch.eye.html) which
-creates a matrix with ones down the diagonal.
-
-```python
->>> torch.eye(4)
-tensor([[1., 0., 0., 0.],
-        [0., 1., 0., 0.],
-        [0., 0., 1., 0.],
-        [0., 0., 0., 1.]])
-```
@@ -1,17 +0,0 @@
-# Install With PIP For Specific Interpreter
-
-The `pip` module can be invoked for any of its commands, such as install, using
-a specific Python interpreter like so:
-
-```bash
-$ python3 -m pip install black
-```
-
-This avoid ambiguity between the version of Python I am using and version of the
-package manager I'm using.
-
-Similarly if I need to upgrade `pip`, I can do the following:
-
-```bash
-$ python3 -m pip install --upgrade pip
-```
@@ -1,27 +0,0 @@
-# Iterate First N Items From Enumerable
-
-As I'm working through the 2nd chapter of [Build a Large Language Model (from
-scratch)](https://still.visualmode.dev/blogmarks/227), I came across a code
-example processing a dictionary of words. This example used a for loop to print
-out each dictionary entry until an index of 50 was reached on then it did a
-`break`.
-
-This struck me as an odd way to grab and process N items from a list. I did some
-searching and found `itertools` which provides
-[`islice`](https://docs.python.org/3/library/itertools.html#itertools.islice).
-
-```python
-from itertools import islice
-
-# preprocess words from a file into a word list
-all_words = ... # not shown here
-
-vocab = {token: integer for integer, token in enumerate(all_words)}
-for item in islice(enumerate(vocab.items()), 50):
-    print(item)
-```
-
-The `islice` function is a better approach because the intention (to grab the
-first 50 things) is encoded in the function call rather than buried in a loop
-body. It also has equivalent memory efficiency to the original example because
-it lazily processes the list of `vocab` items.
@@ -1,34 +0,0 @@
-# Iterate Over A Dictionary
-
-Let's say we have a `dict` that contains counts of occurrences for each word in
-some sample text:
-
-```python
-words_frequency = {
-    "the": 4,
-    "a": 3,
-    "dog": 1,
-    "bone": 1,
-    "wants": 1,
-    ...
-}
-```
-
-Here is how we can iterate over the `dict`, accessing both the keys and values:
-
-```python
-for word, count in word_frequency.items():
-    print(f"- {word} appears {count} time{'' if count == 1 else 's'}")
-```
-
-Using the
-[`items()`](https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#dict.items) method,
-we're able to access both _key_ and _value_ with the for loop as it iterates.
-
-Another approach is to loop directly on the `dict` which implicitly surfaces the
-_key_ for iteration. This can then be used to get the value from the `dict`:
-
-```python
-for word in word_frequency:
-    print(f"- {word}: {word_frequency[word]}
-```
@@ -1,30 +0,0 @@
-# Join A List Of Strings
-
-Though joining a list of strings in Python is a basic task, I wanted to write
-about it because it is backward from how it is done in Ruby (which trips me up
-every single time).
-
-So, in Ruby I would do the following:
-
-```ruby
-> character = ["Gimli", "Dwarf", "Fighter", "Lvl 23"]
-=> ["Gimli", "Dwarf", "Fighter", "Lvl 23"]
-> character.join(" ~ ")
-=> "Gimli ~ Dwarf ~ Fighter ~ Lvl 23"
-```
-
-Notice that I call
-[`join`](https://docs.ruby-lang.org/en/master/Array.html#method-i-join) on the
-list of strings, passing it the specific separator that I want to use.
-
-Python does it the other way around:
-
-```python
->>> character = ["Gimli", "Dwarf", "Fighter", "Lvl 23"]
->>> " ~ ".join(character)
-'Gimli ~ Dwarf ~ Fighter ~ Lvl 23'
-```
-
-The separator is the object that I call
-[`join`](https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str.join) on, passing
-it the list of strings that I want to join.
@@ -1,40 +0,0 @@
-# Keep A Tally With collections.Counter
-
-Python's `collections` module comes with a
-[`Counter`](https://docs.python.org/3/library/collections.html#collections.Counter)
-object which is a specialized dict subclass focussed on tallying counts of keys.
-
-> It is a collection where elements are stored as dictionary keys and their
-> counts are stored as dictionary values. Counts are allowed to be any integer
-> value including zero or negative counts.
-
-I used it recently while doing an exploratory implementation of a Byte-Pair
-Encoding (BPE):
-
-```python
-from collections import Counter
-
-def get_pair_counts(token_ids: list[int]) -> Counter:
-    """Count how often each adjacent pair appears"""
-    counts = Counter()
-    for i in range(len(token_ids) - 1):
-        pair = (token_ids[i], token_ids[i + 1])
-        counts[pair] += 1
-    return counts
-```
-
-Here I'm able to count the number of occurrences of each pair of bytes from the
-input text. A tuple of `int` values is hashable, so they work great as keys for
-a `Counter`.
-
-The count value of any key will default to `0`. That makes it straightforward to
-increment from there as you iterating over occurrences.
-
-```python
->>> counts = Counter()
->>> counts['hello']
-0
->>> count['hello'] += 1
->>> count['hello']
-1
-```
@@ -1,81 +0,0 @@
-# Lint And Format Project With Ruff
-
-[Ruff](https://docs.astral.sh/ruff/) is "an extremely fast Python linter and
-code formatter, written in Rust." I recently added it to my [`py-vmt` CLI project](https://github.com/jbranchaud/py-vmt) and here are some of the commands
-I used right out of the box.
-
-First, I use `uv` and so I installed it like so:
-
-```bash
-❯ uv add --dev ruff
-```
-
-First, I checked for linting errors. There were a bunch. The output looked like
-this:
-
-```bash
-❯ uv run ruff check
-F841 Local variable `frozen_datetime` is assigned to but never used
-  --> tests/src/py_vmt/test_cli.py:88:43
-   |
-86 |         2026, 3, 14, 15, 5, 11, 0, datetime.timezone.utc
-87 |     )
-88 |     with freeze_time(initial_datetime) as frozen_datetime:
-   |                                           ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-89 |         # cancel session without one started
-90 |         cancel_result = runner.invoke(cli, ["cancel"])
-   |
-help: Remove assignment to unused variable `frozen_datetime`
-
-...
-
-Found 11 errors.
-[*] 2 fixable with the `--fix` option (7 hidden fixes can be enabled with the `--unsafe-fixes` option).
-```
-
-Some of them could be automatically fixed, so I dealt with those first using the
-`--fix` flag.
-
-```bash
-❯ uv run ruff check --fix
-```
-
-The remaining lint issues I had to deal with manually. Once I had addressed all
-of them I got this message:
-
-```bash
-❯ uv run ruff check
-All checks passed!
-```
-
-With the lint issues out of the way, the next stuff was to use `ruff` to apply
-consistent auto-formatting across the entire project. Because I hadn't been
-using any auto-formatter up to this point on this project, I can expect the diff
-to be significant.
-
-I can start with a dry run using the `--check` flag. This gives a summary of how
-much formatting churn there is going to be.
-
-```bash
-❯ uv run ruff format --check
-Would reformat: src/py_vmt/cli.py
-Would reformat: src/py_vmt/session.py
-Would reformat: src/py_vmt/time_helpers.py
-Would reformat: tests/src/py_vmt/test_cli.py
-Would reformat: tests/src/py_vmt/test_session.py
-Would reformat: tests/src/py_vmt/test_time_helpers.py
-6 files would be reformatted, 3 files already formatted
-```
-
-I'm using git and I have a clean working copy, so there is no real harm in just
-going for it either.
-
-```bash
-❯ uv run ruff format
-6 files reformatted, 3 files left unchanged
-```
-
-That makes all the formatting changes and I can use `git diff` to browse through
-them before eventually committing them.
-
-See `uv run ruff check --help` and `uv run ruff format --help` for more details.
@@ -1,35 +0,0 @@
-# Load A File Into The Python REPL
-
-I opened up a Python REPL to try some things out.
-
-```
-$ python3
->>> import math
->>> math.floor(5/2)
-2
-```
-
-Now, I want to reference a Python file I've been working on so that I can
-manually test the behavior of what I'm building. To do this, I can import a file
-by its name in the same way that I would import any module. Then I can use that
-namespace for class and method references. Crucially, the file should exist in
-the same directory the REPL was started from.
-
-First, here is the file:
-
-```python
-# bpe.py
-class BytePairEncoding:
-    def text_to_bytes(text: str) -> list[int]:
-        """Convert a string to a list of byte values (0-255)"""
-        return list(text.encode("utf-8"))
-```
-
-Now to use it from the REPL:
-
-```
-$ python
->>> import bpe
->>> bpe.BytePairEncoding.text_to_bytes("Gimme some bytes!")
-[71, 105, 109, 109, 101, 32, 115, 111, 109, 101, 32, 98, 121, 116, 101, 115, 33]
-```
@@ -1,41 +0,0 @@
-# Look Inside Pytest tmp_path
-
-In [Isolate and Debug File Side-Effects with Pytest
-`tmp_path`](https://www.visualmode.dev/isolate-and-debug-file-side-effects-with-pytest-tmp-path),
-I wrote about how I use
-[`tmp_path`](https://docs.pytest.org/en/stable/reference/reference.html#std-fixture-tmp_path)
-in a Pytest fixture to test [my `py-vmt` CLI](https://github.com/jbranchaud/py-vmt). During testing of the CLI interface
-via [`click`'s testing utilities](https://click.palletsprojects.com/en/stable/testing/), `vmt` creates,
-modifies, and reads from files. Isolating that behavior with the `tmp_path`
-fixture is useful because it prevents individual test cases from conflicting
-with one another.
-
-Here is what the fixture looks like at the top of my test file:
-
-```python
-# auto fixture for all test cases that monkeypatches the platform dirs to a tmp
-# path so that test side-effects don't persist between runs
-@pytest.fixture(autouse=True)
-def use_tmp_platform_dirs(tmp_path, monkeypatch):
-    data_dir = tmp_path / "data"
-    config_dir = tmp_path / "config"
-    data_dir.mkdir()
-    config_dir.mkdir()
-    monkeypatch.setattr(CliContext, "get_data_dir", staticmethod(lambda: data_dir))
-    monkeypatch.setattr(CliContext, "get_config_dir", staticmethod(lambda: config_dir))
-```
-
-The root of the temp directory is located at `tempfile.gettempdir()` and the
-directories from there are organized with this structure:
-
-```
-{temproot}/pytest-of-{user}/pytest-{num}/{testname}/
-```
-
-So, in the case of `vmt`, I can find the `config` and `data` dirs for a specific
-test run here:
-
-```bash
-❯ ls /var/folders/zc/q6gnvbgx6kq77828jn38716r0000gn/T/pytest-of-lastword/pytest-2/test_start_status_stop_flow0
-config data
-```
@@ -1,45 +0,0 @@
-# Make Dataclass Sortable By Specific Field
-
-One way to sort a list of some `dataclass` is to define the `key` parameter when
-calling `sort` or `sorted` like I discussed in [Sort a List of Dataclass
-Instances](sort-a-list-of-dataclass-instances.md):
-
-```python
-for date in sessions_grouped_by_day.keys():
-    sessions_grouped_by_day[date].sort(
-        key=lambda session: session.start_time.time()
-    )
-```
-
-But then that lambda for `key` needs to be defined everywhere you sort.
-
-If the dataclass has a single, specific field that acts as a natural proxy for
-sort order, then you can define that in the `dataclass` implementation with the
-`__lt__` method.
-
-As long as a class defines the _less than_ dunder method, it will be sortable.
-
-Here is what that looks like for this `Session` dataclass:
-
-```python
-from dataclasses import dataclass
-from datetime import datetime, timezone
-
-@dataclass
-class Session:
-    start_time: datetime
-    project_name: str
-    end_time: datetime | None = None
-
-    def __lt__(self, other):
-        if not isinstance(other, Session):
-            return NotImplemented
-        return self.start_time < other.start_time
-
-    # more methods below ...
-```
-
-This implementation of `__lt__` tells the sorting methods that _this_ (`self`)
-instance of `Session` can be compared to some `other` instance of `Session` by
-comparing their `start_time` values to see which is less than. The guard at the
-beginning makes sure only instances of `Session` are being compared.
@@ -1,48 +0,0 @@
-# Make Secure Temp File For Atomic Write
-
-Two types of failure modes that can occur while writing to a shared file on the
-file system are 1) a corrupted file due to a crash mid-write and 2) another
-process reading a partial file mid-write.
-
-One way I've handled this in [`py-vmt`](https://github.com/jbranchaud/py-vmt) is
-to perform the write operations on a secure temp file and then use the OS-level
-atomic `rename` operation. I do this by [creating a
-`contextmanager`](https://docs.python.org/3/library/contextlib.html#contextlib.contextmanager)
-that uses
-[`tempfile.mkstemp`](https://docs.python.org/3/library/tempfile.html#tempfile.mkstemp)
-and [`os.replace`](https://docs.python.org/3/library/os.html#os.replace).
-
-Here is what the `contextmanager` looks like:
-
-```python
-from contextlib import contextmanager
-from pathlib import Path
-import os, tempfile
-
-@contextmanager
-def atomic_write(path: Path):
-    # write to a tmp file in the same directory, then atomically swap it
-    fd, temp_file_path = tempfile.mkstemp(dir=path.parent, suffix=".tmp")
-    try:
-        with os.fdopen(fd, "w") as file:
-            yield file
-        os.replace(temp_file_path, path)
-    except BaseException:
-        os.unlink(temp_file_path)
-        raise
-```
-
-This explicitly creates a secure temp file in the same directory as the given
-path with `.tmp` as the suffix. I then open the file descriptor using the
-`os.fdopen` context manager (which will manage closing the file descriptor for
-me). The `@contextmanager` decorator plus the `yield file` are what allow this
-to be used as a `with` block. Once any file operations are done, then I use
-`os.replace` to atomically swap out the original file with the temp file.
-
-Here is how I use it to write updates to JSON data files:
-
-```python
-def write_active_session(self, session: Session) -> None:
-    with atomic_write(self.active_session_file) as file:
-        json.dump(session.marshal(), file)
-```
@@ -1,61 +0,0 @@
-# Override Timezone That All Tests Run In
-
-I was building out the initial functionality of a Python project in my local dev
-env. I was writing tests along the way to guard against regressions. Many of the
-tests assert things about time, durations, and formatted timestamps. All was
-well.
-
-Then I was getting the project setup on GitHub with a CI workflow to run the
-test suite. And a ton of tests were failing. It was all the tests dealing with
-time. They were all off by 5 hours.
-
-I recognized that time difference immediately. That's the difference between my
-time here in Chicago and UTC. When I run the tests locally, they are all
-formatted the timezone setting on my machine -- `America/Chicago`. Whereas when
-I run them in this CI environment, they were suddenly being formatted to `UTC`.
-
-What I needed to do was explicitly set the timezone that all the tests would
-always run in, regardless of environment.
-
-I added the following to my `conftest.py` file:
-
-```python
-import os
-import time
-
-
-# Set the timezone that all tests run in
-os.environ["TZ"] = "America/Chicago"
-time.tzset()
-```
-
-First, I set the timezone (`TZ`) in `os.environ` to `America/Chicago`. That's a
-copy of the executing environment that Python makes when it starts up.
-
-Second, because `TZ` may be tied to some cached info under the hood, I have to
-also run `time.tzset()`.
-
-> Initialize, or reinitialize, the local timezone to the value stored in
-> os.environ[‘TZ’]. The TZ environment variable should be specified in standard
-> Unix timezone format as documented in the tzset man page (eg. ‘US/Eastern’,
-> ‘Europe/Amsterdam’).
-
-Now, all of my tests run reliably in `America/Chicago`.
-
-To demonstrate all of this from the Python repl, here is an example:
-
-```python
->>> from datetime import datetime
->>> import os
->>> import time
->>> os.environ["TZ"] = "America/Los_Angeles"
->>> time.tzset()
->>> datetime.now()
-datetime.datetime(2026, 8, 15, 14, 3, 19, 373682)
->>> os.environ["TZ"] = "America/Chicago"
->>> time.tzset()
->>> datetime.now()
-datetime.datetime(2026, 8, 15, 16, 3, 33, 322803)
-```
-
-Notice the two hour difference between those two.
@@ -1,62 +0,0 @@
-# Parse Relative Time To datetime Object
-
-I was looking for an out-of-the-box solution for parsing natural language,
-relative time strings (e.g. `'33 minutes ago'`) into valid `datetime` objects.
-The best library for this is
-[`dateparser`](https://dateparser.readthedocs.io/en/latest/).
-
-While it is as easy to use this as _import_ then _parse_:
-
-```python
->>> import dateparser
->>> dateparser.parse('33 minutes ago')
-datetime.datetime(2026, 3, 7, 23, 19, 9, 17855)
-```
-
-There is more to it if we need to deal with timezones.
-
-In my use case, I wanted to my `datetime` object to be timezone-aware and I
-wanted to store it in `UTC`.
-
-As is, the above simple `datetime` object is not `tzaware`, meaning it doesn't
-have any `tzinfo` attached to it.
-
-```python
->>> dateparser.parse('33 minutes ago').tzinfo is not None
-False
-```
-
-We need to pass some additional settings during `parse`.
-
-```python
->>> settings = {'RETURN_AS_TIMEZONE_AWARE': True}
->>> dateparser.parse('33 minutes ago', settings=settings)
->>> _
-datetime.datetime(2026, 3, 8, 9, 53, 36, 225099, tzinfo=zoneinfo.ZoneInfo(key='America/Chicago'))
->>> settings['TO_TIMEZONE'] = 'UTC'
->>> dateparser.parse('33 minutes ago', settings=settings)
->>> _
-datetime.datetime(2026, 3, 8, 14, 54, 47, 34041, tzinfo=<StaticTzInfo 'UTC'>)
-```
-
-The first step to getting a `datetime` object that is `tzaware` is to set
-`RETURN_AS_TIMEZONE_AWARE` to `True`. That picks up the locale setting of the
-system it is running on -- in my case, I'm in Chicago.
-
-I said I wanted to store this as UTC though. That means I need to pass an
-additional setting `TO_TIMEZONE` with a value of `'UTC'` which will translate
-the `datetime` from my local time to UTC -- notice the 5 hour difference from
-`9` to `14`.
-
-Storing `datetime` details like this with timezone info _as_ UTC is nice because
-it keeps everything consistent at the storage layer and then at the presentation
-layer I can always convert it right back to the local timezone with
-`astimezone`.
-
-```python
->>> _.astimezone()
-datetime.datetime(2026, 3, 8, 9, 54, 47, 34041, tzinfo=datetime.timezone(datetime.timedelta(days=-1, seconds=68400), 'CDT'))
-```
-
-See the [`datetime` docs](https://docs.python.org/3/library/datetime.html) for
-more details.
@@ -1,35 +0,0 @@
-# Publish A Package To A Test Env As A Dry Run
-
-As I was preparing to register a new Python package with PyPI and release my
-first version cut, I felt like there were a lot of unknowns. Is my package's
-name going to be valid? How will the package appear in PyPI? Did I configure
-everything correctly? Etc.
-
-It turns out that PyPI has a great way of answering a lot of these questions.
-There is a [`test.pypi.org`](https://test.pypi.org/) site that parrots the
-publishing flow of `pypi.org`. This makes for a great target to do a dry-run
-publishing of a package.
-
-First, I had to go through the same registration flow and 2FA setup as when I
-registered with `pypi.org`.
-
-Second, I deviated from my tag and CI-triggered publishing flow by instead doing
-a one-off run of the `uv publish` command. That requires an API token which I
-generated in the web UI for `test.pypi.org`. I added that to my env as
-`TEST_PYPI_TOKEN`.
-
-I then ran the following command:
-
-```bash
-❯ uv publish --publish-url https://test.pypi.org/legacy/ --token "$TEST_PYPI_TOKEN"
-```
-
-When this first ran for [`py-vmt`](https://github.com/jbranchaud/py-vmt), I got
-an error back from the publishing API telling me the package name is too similar
-to an existing package. I then had to make a few updates across the project to
-rename the published package name to `visualmode-tracker`. Running the `uv
-publish` command again worked with the updated name.
-
-I was then able to go into the web UI and verify everything looked as expected.
-
-I now have the confidence to publish this thing for real to `pypi.org`.
@@ -1,76 +0,0 @@
-# Reclassify Certain Packages As Dev Dependencies
-
-When I first started working on [py-vmt](https://github.com/jbranchaud/py-vmt),
-I wasn't differentiating certain test packages as _dev_ dependencies as opposed
-to standard, production dependencies. This can lead to bloated installs across a
-variety of distribution channels.
-
-Notice that I have everything treated as production dependencies:
-
-```bash
-❯ uv tree --no-dev
-Resolved 18 packages in 2ms
-py-vmt v0.1.0
-├── click v8.3.1
-├── dateparser v1.3.0
-│   ├── python-dateutil v2.9.0.post0
-│   │   └── six v1.17.0
-│   ├── pytz v2026.1.post1
-│   ├── regex v2026.2.28
-│   └── tzlocal v5.3.1
-├── freezegun v1.5.5
-│   └── python-dateutil v2.9.0.post0 (*)
-├── platformdirs v4.9.4
-├── pytest v9.0.2
-│   ├── iniconfig v2.3.0
-│   ├── packaging v26.0
-│   ├── pluggy v1.6.0
-│   └── pygments v2.19.2
-└── types-dateparser v1.3.0.20260211
-(*) Package tree already displayed
-```
-
-`pytest`, `freezegun`, and `types-dateparser` are better suited as _dev_
-dependencies.
-
-I can reclassify them by moving them from `dependencies` into a `dev` dependency
-group in `pyproject.toml`:
-
-```toml
-dependencies = ["click>=8.3.1", "dateparser>=1.3.0", "platformdirs>=4.9.4"]
-[dependency-groups]
-dev = ["freezegun>=1.5.5", "pytest>=9.0.2", "types-dateparser>=1.3.0.20260211"]
-```
-
-I only had `dependencies` before, so I had to add `[dependency-groups]` and `dev = []` to my `pyproject.toml` file.
-
-I can then tell `uv` to sync up the installation and virtualenv based on the new
-organization of the dependencies.
-
-```bash
-❯ uv sync
-warning: Skipping installation of entry points (`project.scripts`) because this project is not packaged; to install entry points, set `tool.uv.package = true` or define a `build-system`
-Resolved 18 packages in 518ms
-```
-
-Now when I check the `--no-dev` tree of dependencies, it's just the essentials:
-
-```bash
-❯ uv tree --no-dev
-Resolved 18 packages in 1ms
-py-vmt v0.1.0
-├── click v8.3.1
-├── dateparser v1.3.0
-│   ├── python-dateutil v2.9.0.post0
-│   │   └── six v1.17.0
-│   ├── pytz v2026.1.post1
-│   ├── regex v2026.2.28
-│   └── tzlocal v5.3.1
-└── platformdirs v4.9.
-```
-
-Another way to achieve this would have been to run `uv remove` and `uv add` with
-the relevant sets of package names. In retrospect, I would have preferred using
-that approach in the first place. If you're wanting to be pinned to specific
-versions of certain packages, you'd have to be a little more careful to get this
-right.
@@ -1,93 +0,0 @@
-# Register SQLite Adapter To Serialize Datetimes
-
-SQLite doesn't have a datetime or timestamp data type, so that information has
-to be stored as `text` or a unix epoch `int`. That means when using Python's
-`sqlite3` module to perform writes I need to tell it what shape to write a
-datetime value.
-
-I could manually convert `datetime` values everywhere they are involved in
-_write_ operations.
-
-```python
-# Prepare `sessions` insert payload
-session_data = {
-    "active": 1 if active else 0,
-    "project_id": project_id,
-    "start_time": datetime.isoformat(session.start_time),
-    "end_time": None,
-}
-
-if session.end_time:
-    session_data["end_time"] = datetime.isoformat(session.end_time)
-
-# Insert the new active session
-cursor = self.conn.execute(
-    """
-    insert into sessions (active, project_id, start_time, end_time)
-    values (:active, :project_id, :start_time, :end_time)
-    returning id;
-""",
-    session_data,
-)
-```
-
-I've used `datetime.isoformat` above which formats `datetime` objects like so:
-
-```python
->>> datetime.now().isoformat()
-'2026-08-28T11:52:04.709907'
-```
-
-I'd like to make two improvements.
-
-1. I want these `datetime` values to be formatted instead like `2026-08-28T18:15:27.213Z`.
-2. I want `datetime` values to be serialized automatically in the specific shape
-   without having to manually convert them everywhere.
-
-I can achieve both of these things by [registering an adapter with `sqlite3`](https://docs.python.org/3/library/sqlite3.html#how-to-register-adapter-callables)
-that handles the serialize of `datetime` objects.
-
-First, I define a function that can perform the `datetime` to `str` conversion.
-I decided to put this in `db.py` where I have some other database-specific
-functions.
-
-```python
-from datetime import datetime, timezone
-
-def to_db(dt: datetime) -> str:
-    if dt.tzinfo is None or dt.utcoffset() is None:
-        raise ValueError(f"Unable to store naive datetime: {dt!r}")
-    dt = dt.astimezone(timezone.utc)
-    return f"{dt:%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%S}.{dt.microsecond // 1000:03d}Z"
-```
-
-Then I register the adapter before creating the connection that gets used for
-database interactions.
-
-```python
-import sqlite3
-from datetime import datetime
-from pathlib import Path
-from sqlite3 import Connection
-
-def initialize_conn(db_file: Path) -> Connection:
-    # register adapters
-    sqlite3.register_adapter(datetime, to_db)
-
-    conn: Connection = sqlite3.connect(db_file)
-    conn.row_factory = sqlite3.Row
-
-    return conn
-```
-
-Then I can run write operations with `datetime` objects knowing they will be
-correctly serialized.
-
-```python
-with self.conn:
-    query = "update sessions set active = :active, end_time = :end_time where active = 1;"
-    self.conn.execute(
-        query,
-        {"active": 0, "end_time": session.end_time},
-    )
-```
@@ -1,55 +0,0 @@
-# Resurface Exceptions Swallowed By Click Under Test
-
-The testing utilities provided by
-[Click](https://click.palletsprojects.com/en/stable/) are generally very nice to
-work with. One particular aspect of makes the testing feedback loop almost
-non-existent. Click stashes any actual exceptions that occur during a run of the
-`CliRunner` and instead shows an opaque failed assertion.
-
-Here is the primary output of a failing test I'm dealing with for
-[`py-vmt`](https://github.com/jbranchaud/py-vmt):
-
-```bash
-tests/src/py_vmt/test_cli.py:61: AssertionError
-======================================== short test summary info ========================================
-FAILED tests/src/py_vmt/test_cli.py::test_start_status_stop_flow[sqlite] - assert "Tracking 'my-project' for 30m (since 10:05AM)" in '• Not tracking\n'
-=========================================== 1 failed in 0.07s ===========================================
-```
-
-What I'd rather see when this test fails is something a little closer to the
-root cause of the failure, like this:
-
-```bash
-        result = cursor.execute(fetch_active_session_sql)
-        if result.fetchone() is None:
-            return None
->       _id, _active, project_name, start_time, end_time = result.fetchone()
-        ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-E       TypeError: cannot unpack non-iterable NoneType object
-
-src/py_vmt/cli.py:46: TypeError
-======================================= short test summary info ========================================
-FAILED tests/src/py_vmt/test_cli.py::test_start_status_stop_flow[sqlite] - TypeError: cannot unpack non-iterable NoneType object
-========================================== 1 failed in 0.11s ===========================================
-```
-
-That's more like it. `TypeError: cannot unpack non-iterable NoneType object` and
-a specific pointer to the line where this happened is way more helpful.
-
-To get this improvement in my test failure output, I had to create a small
-wrapper around `CliRunner` that re-raises the exception I care about. I add this
-in my `conftest.py` in the same directory as my `test_cli.py` file.
-
-```python
-from click.testing import CliRunner
-
-class BetterCliRunner(CliRunner):
-    def invoke(self, *args, **kwargs):
-        result = super().invoke(*args, **kwargs)
-        if result.exception and not isinstance(result.exception, SystemExit):
-            raise result.exception
-        return result
-```
-
-Then in `test_cli.py` I import the `BetterCliRunner` class and replace all
-instantiations of `CliRunner()` with `BetterCliRunner()`.
@@ -1,48 +0,0 @@
-# Select Implementation With Class Registry
-
-I am working on [supporting multiple storage formats (JSON and
-SQLite)](https://github.com/jbranchaud/py-vmt/pull/1) for my [`py-vmt`
-project](https://github.com/jbranchaud/py-vmt). While SQLite will be the default
-storage format, the CLI can be configured via a `config.json` file to use
-another supported `storage_format` (e.g. JSON).
-
-When the `CliContext` is initialized, I need to determine which will be used so
-that I can use the correct _repository_ implementation for reads, writes, etc. I
-decided to use a simplified _Class Registry Pattern_ to build the correct
-implementation without a messy chain of conditionals.
-
-```python
-class CliContext:
-    def __init__(self) -> None:
-        self.config = self.read_config()
-        self.repo = self._initialize_configured_repo()
-        # ...
-
-    # ...
-
-    _REPOS: dict[str, type[SessionRepository]] = {
-        "json": JsonRepository,
-        "sqlite": SqliteRepository,
-    }
-
-    def _initialize_configured_repo(self) -> SessionRepository:
-        default_format = "sqlite"
-        format = self.config.get("storage_format", default_format)
-        try:
-            return self._REPOS[format]()
-        except KeyError:
-            raise ValueError(f"Unknown storage_format: {format!r}")
-```
-
-I define a `dict` called `_REPOS` that registers each of the repository
-implementations that I support. Notice each value is a `SessionRepository`
-class. Then the `_initialize_configured_repo` function (which is called in
-`__init__`) initializes the correct repository implementation. It first tries to
-grab the `storage_format` from the config, then pulls that out of `_REPOS`, and
-then tags on `()` to initialize it. If I have a bad config, a `KeyError` will
-be raised which I will re-raise as a `ValueError`.
-
-Some class registries support decorators or have a whole mechanism registering
-and unregistering classes. I don't need anything quite that sophisticated, so I
-stuck to a hard-coded dict. If I add support for more storage formats, I can add
-their repository classes to the registry.
@@ -1,62 +0,0 @@
-# Set Up Pyright Type Checking In GitHub
-
-As I get into more of a PR workflow with my development of
-[`py-vmt`](https://github.com/jbranchaud/py-vmt), I need to set up some basic CI
-checks in GitHub. For starters I want the same `pyright` type checking that I
-have locally to be run in CI for consistency.
-
-Though my editor is set up to do Pyright type checking as I work locally, I can
-also manually run it with:
-
-```bash
-$ uv run pyright
-```
-
-Pyright will look for the `tool.pyright` section in my `pyproject.toml` file
-which currently looks like the following:
-
-```toml
-[tool.pyright]
-include = ["src", "tests"]
-```
-
-I can get this same type checking in CI for PRs by adding the following
-`.github/workflows/typecheck.yml` file:
-
-```yaml
-name: pyright
-
-on:
-  pull_request:
-  push:
-    branches: [main]
-
-jobs:
-  typecheck:
-    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
-
-      - name: Install uv
-        uses: astral-sh/setup-uv@v3
-        with:
-          enable-cache: true
-
-      - name: Set up Python
-        run: uv python install
-
-      - name: Install dependencies
-        run: uv sync --all-extras --dev
-
-      - name: Run pyright
-        run: uv run pyright
-```
-
-This adds a single `typecheck` job that installs `uv`, `python`, and my project
-dependencies, and then runs `uv run pyright` (just like I do locally) to perform
-type checking. If `pyright` discovers any type errors, the job will fail and I
-can view the output of the job to see what needs fixing. Once I have dealt with
-everything, the job will quietly pass with a green check mark.
-
-Here is [the PR](https://github.com/jbranchaud/py-vmt/pull/2) where I added this
-CI job.
@@ -1,38 +0,0 @@
-# Skip Specific Pytest Test Cases
-
-While using a failing test case to build a small new feature for
-[`py-vmt`](https://github.com/jbranchaud/py-vmt), I realized I needed to do some
-refactoring first. It wasn't significant enough to warrant stashing my current
-changes and switching to a different branch, so I kept all the changes around. I
-did find the initial failing test distracting from the refactoring I was trying
-to do. To temporarily shelve that failure, I can use a Pytest decorator to mark
-it as _skipped_.
-
-```python
-@pytest.mark.skip(reason="not yet implemented")
-def test_log_recent_activity():
-    runner = CliRunner()
-
-    # set up the data dir file with some existing session entries
-    initial_datetime = datetime.datetime(
-        2026, 3, 14, 15, 5, 11, 0, datetime.timezone.utc
-    )
-    with freeze_time(initial_datetime) as frozen_datetime:
-        # ...
-```
-
-The [`@pytest.mark.skip` decorator](https://docs.pytest.org/en/stable/how-to/skipping.html#skipping-test-functions)
-tells the Pytest runner to skip of that specific test case instead of executing
-it. In the test runner output, I'll see an `s` rather than a `.` or `F` and the
-summary will include it in a count of skipped tests:
-
-```
-=========================== 3 failed, 4 passed, 1 skipped in 0.09s ===========================
-```
-
-Another way to think about this is to mark this test case as _expected to fail_
-with `@pytest.mark.xfail`. That will display as an `x` and show up in the summary as:
-
-```
-=========================== 3 failed, 4 passed, 1 xfailed in 0.11s ===========================
-```
@@ -1,52 +0,0 @@
-# Sort A List Of Dataclass Instances
-
-Sorting lists of scalar values (integers, strings, floats, even booleans) in
-Python is simple because the natural ordering of the list elements will be used.
-We can call `sorted` on the list and it _just works_.
-
-```python
->>> items = ["orange", "apple", "banana", "mango"]
->>> sorted(items)
-['apple', 'banana', 'mango', 'orange']
-```
-
-However, if we have a list of non-scalar values, it is a little more complex. We
-have to give `sorted` some help with knowing how to sort things that don't have
-a natural ordering.
-
-Let's take this `dataclass` that represents a time-based `Session` as an
-example.
-
-```python
-from dataclasses import dataclass
-from datetime import datetime, timezone
-
-@dataclass
-class Session:
-    start_time: datetime
-    project_name: str
-    end_time: datetime | None = None
-
-    # plus several methods ...
-```
-
-If I have a list of `Session` instances that I want to sort, I have to give
-`sorted` a `key` to sort on. In the case of these `Session` instances, we'll
-pass a `lambda` that can be evaluated to determine the sort value (which needs
-to be sortable). `datetime` instances are sortable and I want to sort these
-sessions based on their `start_time` values.
-
-Here is a snippet from my `py_vmt` CLI where I make sure that each list of
-sessions in this day-by-day `dict` is sorted based on the `start_time`:
-
-```python
-for date in sessions_grouped_by_day.keys():
-    sessions_grouped_by_day[date].sort(
-        key=lambda session: session.start_time.time()
-    )
-```
-
-`sort` (and `sorted`) translates each item in the list to the values produced
-by the lambda and then sorts them by those values.
-
-[source](https://docs.python.org/3/howto/sorting.html)
--- a/Show More
+++ b/Show More
Author	SHA1	Message	Date
copilot-swe-agent[bot]andjbranchaud	c58bfbb37f	Reorder commands: commit before pull --rebase Co-authored-by: jbranchaud <694063+jbranchaud@users.noreply.github.com>	2026-01-01 00:18:25 +00:00
copilot-swe-agent[bot]andjbranchaud	9b5af6a535	Simplify pull command to use configured upstream Co-authored-by: jbranchaud <694063+jbranchaud@users.noreply.github.com>	2026-01-01 00:17:23 +00:00
copilot-swe-agent[bot]andjbranchaud	62d194f492	Add git pull --rebase to notes:push task Co-authored-by: jbranchaud <694063+jbranchaud@users.noreply.github.com>	2026-01-01 00:16:23 +00:00
copilot-swe-agent[bot]	7a7a0faf94	Initial plan	2026-01-01 00:14:07 +00:00