Merge 15337dfd71 into 86972f41cc

See [here](https://github.blog/changelog/2022-10-11-github-actions-deprecating-save-state-and-set-output-commands/) for more explanations:
> We are monitoring telemetry for the usage of these commands and plan to fully disable them on 31st May 2023. Starting 1st June 2023 workflows using save-state or set-output commands via stdout will fail with an error.

.vimrc

@@ -9,3 +9,15 @@ function! CountTILs()
 endfunction
 
 nnoremap <leader>c :call CountTILs()<cr>
+
+augroup DisableMarkdownFormattingForTILReadme
+    autocmd!
+    autocmd BufRead ~/code/til/README.md autocmd! Format
+augroup END
+
+" local til_readme_group = vim.api.nvim_create_augroup('DisableMarkdownFormattingForTILReadme', { clear = true })
+" vim.api.nvim_create_autocmd('BufRead', {
+"   command = 'autocmd! Format',
+"   group = til_readme_group,
+"   pattern = vim.fn.expand '~/code/til/README.md',
+" })

README.md

@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ pairing with smart people at Hashrocket.
 
 For a steady stream of TILs, [sign up for my newsletter](https://crafty-builder-6996.ck.page/e169c61186).
 
-_1463 TILs and counting..._
+_1512 TILs and counting..._
 
 ---
 
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@ _1463 TILs and counting..._
 * [Ack](#ack)
 * [Amplify](#amplify)
 * [Ansible](#ansible)
+* [Astro](#astro)
 * [Brew](#brew)
 * [Chrome](#chrome)
 * [Clojure](#clojure)
@@ -26,6 +27,7 @@ _1463 TILs and counting..._
 * [Deno](#deno)
 * [Devops](#devops)
 * [Docker](#docker)
+* [Drizzle](#drizzle)
 * [Elixir](#elixir)
 * [Gatsby](#gatsby)
 * [Git](#git)
@@ -98,6 +100,11 @@ _1463 TILs and counting..._
 
 - [Loop Over A List Of Dictionaries](ansible/loop-over-a-list-of-dictionaries.md)
 
+### Astro
+
+- [Generate Types For A Content Collection](astro/generate-types-for-a-content-collection.md)
+- [Markdown Files Are Of Type MarkdownInstance](astro/markdown-files-are-of-type-markdown-instance.md)
+
 ### Brew
 
 - [Configure Brew Environment Variables](brew/configure-brew-environment-variables.md)
@@ -150,6 +157,7 @@ _1463 TILs and counting..._
 ### CSS
 
 - [Add Fab Icons To Your Site With FontAwesome 5](css/add-fab-icons-to-your-site-with-fontawesome-5.md)
+- [Add Line Numbers To A Code Block With Counter](css/add-line-numbers-to-a-code-block-with-counter.md)
 - [Animate Smoothly Between Two Background Colors](css/animate-smoothly-between-two-background-colors.md)
 - [Apply Multiple Box Shadows To Single Element](css/apply-multiple-box-shadows-to-single-element.md)
 - [Apply Styles Based On Dark-Mode Preferences](css/apply-styles-based-on-dark-mode-preferences.md)
@@ -202,6 +210,12 @@ _1463 TILs and counting..._
 - [List Running Docker Containers](docker/list-running-docker-containers.md)
 - [Run A Basic PostgreSQL Server In Docker](docker/run-a-basic-postgresql-server-in-docker.md)
 
+### Drizzle
+
+- [Create bigint Identity Column For Primary Key](drizzle/create-bigint-identity-column-for-primary-key.md)
+- [Drizzle Tracks Migrations In A Log Table](drizzle/drizzle-tracks-migrations-in-a-log-table.md)
+- [Get Fields For Inserted Row](drizzle/get-fields-for-inserted-row.md)
+
 ### Elixir
 
 - [All Values For A Key In A Keyword List](elixir/all-values-for-a-key-in-a-keyword-list.md)
@@ -270,6 +284,7 @@ _1463 TILs and counting..._
 - [Auto-Squash Those Fixup Commits](git/auto-squash-those-fixup-commits.md)
 - [Caching Credentials](git/caching-credentials.md)
 - [Change The Start Point Of A Branch](git/change-the-start-point-of-a-branch.md)
+- [Check How A File Is Being Ignored](git/check-how-a-file-is-being-ignored.md)
 - [Checking Commit Ancestry](git/checking-commit-ancestry.md)
 - [Checkout Old Version Of A File](git/checkout-old-version-of-a-file.md)
 - [Checkout Previous Branch](git/checkout-previous-branch.md)
@@ -282,6 +297,7 @@ _1463 TILs and counting..._
 - [Configure Global gitignore File](git/configure-global-gitignore-file.md)
 - [Configuring The Pager](git/configuring-the-pager.md)
 - [Copy A File From Another Branch](git/copy-a-file-from-another-branch.md)
+- [Count All Files Of Specific Type Tracked By Git](git/count-all-files-of-specific-type-tracked-by-git.md)
 - [Create A New Branch With Git Switch](git/create-a-new-branch-with-git-switch.md)
 - [Delete All Untracked Files](git/delete-all-untracked-files.md)
 - [Determine The Hash Id For A Blob](git/determine-the-hash-id-for-a-blob.md)
@@ -319,6 +335,7 @@ _1463 TILs and counting..._
 - [List Untracked Files](git/list-untracked-files.md)
 - [List Untracked Files For Scripting](git/list-untracked-files-for-scripting.md)
 - [Move The Latest Commit To A New Branch](git/move-the-latest-commit-to-a-new-branch.md)
+- [Override The Global Git Ignore File](git/override-the-global-git-ignore-file.md)
 - [Pick Specific Changes To Stash](git/pick-specific-changes-to-stash.md)
 - [Pulling In Changes During An Interactive Rebase](git/pulling-in-changes-during-an-interactive-rebase.md)
 - [Push To A Branch On Another Remote](git/push-to-a-branch-on-another-remote.md)
@@ -380,6 +397,7 @@ _1463 TILs and counting..._
 
 - [Access Go Docs Offline](go/access-go-docs-offline.md)
 - [Build For A Specific OS And Architecture](go/build-for-a-specific-os-and-architecture.md)
+- [Do Something N Times](go/do-something-n-times.md)
 - [Find Executables Installed By Go](go/find-executables-installed-by-go.md)
 - [Not So Random](go/not-so-random.md)
 - [Replace The Current Process With An External Command](go/replace-the-current-process-with-an-external-command.md)
@@ -425,8 +443,12 @@ _1463 TILs and counting..._
 ### Internet
 
 - [Add Emoji To GitHub Repository Description](internet/add-emoji-to-github-repository-description.md)
+- [Add Styled Alerts To GitHub Markdown Documents](internet/add-styled-alerts-to-github-markdown-documents.md)
+- [Analyze Your Website Performance](internet/analyze-your-website-performance.md)
 - [Check Your Public IP Address](internet/check-your-public-ip-address.md)
+- [Digraph Unicode Characters Have A Titlecase](internet/digraph-unicode-characters-have-a-titlecase.md)
 - [Enable Keyboard Shortcuts In Gmail](internet/enable-keyboard-shortcuts-in-gmail.md)
+- [Exclude AI Overview From Google Search](internet/exclude-ai-overview-from-google-search.md)
 - [Exclude Whitespace Changes From GitHub Diffs](internet/exclude-whitespace-changes-from-github-diffs.md)
 - [Figure Out Your Public IP Address](internet/figure-out-your-public-ip-address.md)
 - [Focus The URL Bar](internet/focus-the-url-bar.md)
@@ -436,6 +458,7 @@ _1463 TILs and counting..._
 
 ### Java
 
+- [Ensure Resources Always Get Closed](java/ensure-resources-always-get-closed.md)
 - [Install Java On Mac With Brew](java/install-java-on-mac-with-brew.md)
 - [Run A Hello World Program In Eclipse](java/run-a-hello-world-program-in-eclipse.md)
 
@@ -495,6 +518,7 @@ _1463 TILs and counting..._
 - [List Top-Level NPM Dependencies](javascript/list-top-level-npm-dependencies.md)
 - [Load And Use Env Var In Node Script](javascript/load-and-use-env-var-in-node-script.md)
 - [Make The Browser Editable With Design Mode](javascript/make-the-browser-editable-with-design-mode.md)
+- [Make Truly Deep Clone With Structured Clone](javascript/make-truly-deep-clone-with-structured-clone.md)
 - [Matching A Computed Property In Function Args](javascript/matching-a-computed-property-in-function-args.md)
 - [Matching Multiple Values In A Switch Statement](javascript/matching-multiple-values-in-a-switch-statement.md)
 - [Mock A Function With Return Values Using Jest](javascript/mock-a-function-with-return-values-using-jest.md)
@@ -505,6 +529,7 @@ _1463 TILs and counting..._
 - [Open Global npm Config File](javascript/open-global-npm-config-file.md)
 - [Parse A Date From A Timestamp](javascript/parse-a-date-from-a-timestamp.md)
 - [Pre And Post Hooks For Yarn Scripts](javascript/pre-and-post-hooks-for-yarn-scripts.md)
+- [Prevent Hidden Element From Flickering On Load](javascript/prevent-hidden-element-from-flickering-on-load.md)
 - [Purge Null And Undefined Values From Object](javascript/purge-null-and-undefined-values-from-object.md)
 - [Random Cannot Be Seeded](javascript/random-cannot-be-seeded.md)
 - [Reach Into An Object For Nested Data With Get](javascript/reach-into-an-object-for-nested-data-with-get.md)
@@ -686,6 +711,7 @@ _1463 TILs and counting..._
 - [A Better Null Display Character](postgres/a-better-null-display-character.md)
 - [Add Foreign Key Constraint Without A Full Lock](postgres/add-foreign-key-constraint-without-a-full-lock.md)
 - [Add ON DELETE CASCADE To Foreign Key Constraint](postgres/add-on-delete-cascade-to-foreign-key-constraint.md)
+- [Add Unique Constraint Using Existing Index](postgres/add-unique-constraint-using-existing-index.md)
 - [Adding Composite Uniqueness Constraints](postgres/adding-composite-uniqueness-constraints.md)
 - [Aggregate A Column Into An Array](postgres/aggregate-a-column-into-an-array.md)
 - [Assumed Radius Of The Earth](postgres/assumed-radius-of-the-earth.md)
@@ -705,6 +731,7 @@ _1463 TILs and counting..._
 - [Compute Hashes With pgcrypto](postgres/compute-hashes-with-pgcrypto.md)
 - [Compute The Levenshtein Distance Of Two Strings](postgres/compute-the-levenshtein-distance-of-two-strings.md)
 - [Compute The md5 Hash Of A String](postgres/compute-the-md5-hash-of-a-string.md)
+- [Concatenate Strings With A Separator](postgres/concatenate-strings-with-a-separator.md)
 - [Configure The Timezone](postgres/configure-the-timezone.md)
 - [Constructing A Range Of Dates](postgres/constructing-a-range-of-dates.md)
 - [Convert A String To A Timestamp](postgres/convert-a-string-to-a-timestamp.md)
@@ -735,6 +762,7 @@ _1463 TILs and counting..._
 - [Duplicate A Local Database](postgres/duplicate-a-local-database.md)
 - [Edit Existing Functions](postgres/edit-existing-functions.md)
 - [Enable Logging Of Database Activity](postgres/enable-logging-of-database-activity.md)
+- [Enforce Uniqueness On Column Expression](postgres/enforce-uniqueness-on-column-expression.md)
 - [Escaping A Quote In A String](postgres/escaping-a-quote-in-a-string.md)
 - [Escaping String Literals With Dollar Quoting](postgres/escaping-string-literals-with-dollar-quoting.md)
 - [Export Query Results To A CSV](postgres/export-query-results-to-a-csv.md)
@@ -748,6 +776,7 @@ _1463 TILs and counting..._
 - [Force SSL When Making A psql Connection](postgres/force-ssl-when-making-a-psql-connection.md)
 - [Generate A UUID](postgres/generate-a-uuid.md)
 - [Generate Modern Primary Key Columns](postgres/generate-modern-primary-key-columns.md)
+- [Generate Random Alphanumeric Identifier](postgres/generate-random-alphanumeric-identifier.md)
 - [Generate Random UUIDs Without An Extension](postgres/generate-random-uuids-without-an-extension.md)
 - [Generate Series Of Numbers](postgres/generate-series-of-numbers.md)
 - [Generating UUIDs With pgcrypto](postgres/generating-uuids-with-pgcrypto.md)
@@ -787,11 +816,13 @@ _1463 TILs and counting..._
 - [Max Identifier Length Is 63 Bytes](postgres/max-identifier-length-is-63-bytes.md)
 - [Open Heroku Database In Postico From Terminal](postgres/open-heroku-database-in-postico-from-terminal.md)
 - [pg Prefix Is Reserved For System Schemas](postgres/pg-prefix-is-reserved-for-system-schemas.md)
+- [Postgres Does Not Support Unsigned Integers](postgres/postgres-does-not-support-unsigned-integers.md)
 - [Prepare, Execute, And Deallocate Statements](postgres/prepare-execute-and-deallocate-statements.md)
 - [Pretty Print Data Sizes](postgres/pretty-print-data-sizes.md)
 - [Pretty Printing JSONB Rows](postgres/pretty-printing-jsonb-rows.md)
 - [Prevent A Query From Running Too Long](postgres/prevent-a-query-from-running-too-long.md)
 - [Print The Query Buffer In psql](postgres/print-the-query-buffer-in-psql.md)
+- [Put Unique Constraint On Generated Column](postgres/put-unique-constraint-on-generated-column.md)
 - [Remove Not Null Constraint From A Column](postgres/remove-not-null-constraint-from-a-column.md)
 - [Renaming A Sequence](postgres/renaming-a-sequence.md)
 - [Renaming A Table](postgres/renaming-a-table.md)
@@ -813,6 +844,7 @@ _1463 TILs and counting..._
 - [Survey Of User-Defined Ordering Of Records](postgres/survey-of-user-defined-ordering-of-records.md)
 - [Switch Non-Castable Column Type With Using Clause](postgres/switch-non-castable-column-type-with-using-clause.md)
 - [Switch The Running Postgres Server Version](postgres/switch-the-running-postgres-server-version.md)
+- [Table Names Are Treated As Lower-Case By Default](postgres/table-names-are-treated-as-lower-case-by-default.md)
 - [Temporarily Disable Triggers](postgres/temporarily-disable-triggers.md)
 - [Temporary Tables](postgres/temporary-tables.md)
 - [Terminating A Connection](postgres/terminating-a-connection.md)
@@ -855,6 +887,9 @@ _1463 TILs and counting..._
 
 - [Access Instance Variables](python/access-instance-variables.md)
 - [Create A Dummy DataFrame In Pandas](python/create-a-dummy-dataframe-in-pandas.md)
+- [Dunder Methods](python/dunder-methods.md)
+- [Override The Boolean Context Of A Class](python/override-the-boolean-context-of-a-class.md)
+- [Store And Access Immutable Data In A Tuple](python/store-and-access-immutable-data-in-a-tuple.md)
 - [Test A Function With Pytest](python/test-a-function-with-pytest.md)
 - [Use pipx To Install End User Apps](python/use-pipx-to-install-end-user-apps.md)
 
@@ -898,6 +933,7 @@ _1463 TILs and counting..._
 - [Count The Number Of Records By Attribute](rails/count-the-number-of-records-by-attribute.md)
 - [Create A Custom Named References Column](rails/create-a-custom-named-references-column.md)
 - [Create A Join Table With The Migration DSL](rails/create-a-join-table-with-the-migration-dsl.md)
+- [Create Table With bigint Id As Primary Key](rails/create-table-with-bigint-id-as-primary-key.md)
 - [Creating Records of Has_One Associations](rails/creating-records-of-has-one-associations.md)
 - [Custom Validation Message](rails/custom-validation-message.md)
 - [Customize Paths And Helpers For Devise Routes](rails/customize-paths-and-helpers-for-devise-routes.md)
@@ -907,6 +943,7 @@ _1463 TILs and counting..._
 - [Demodulize A Class Name](rails/demodulize-a-class-name.md)
 - [Different Ways To Add A Foreign Key Reference](rails/different-ways-to-add-a-foreign-key-reference.md)
 - [Disambiguate Where In A Joined Relation](rails/disambiguate-where-in-a-joined-relation.md)
+- [Empty find_by Returns First Record](rails/empty-find-by-returns-first-record.md)
 - [Ensure A Rake Task Cannot Write Data](rails/ensure-a-rake-task-cannot-write-data.md)
 - [Ensure Migrations Use The Latest Schema](rails/ensure-migrations-use-the-latest-schema.md)
 - [Ensure Record Saved With after_commit Callback](rails/ensure-record-saved-with-after-commit-callback.md)
@@ -954,6 +991,7 @@ _1463 TILs and counting..._
 - [Parse Request Params In Rack::Attack Block](rails/parse-request-params-in-rack-attack-block.md)
 - [Perform SQL Explain With ActiveRecord](rails/perform-sql-explain-with-activerecord.md)
 - [Polymorphic Path Helpers](rails/polymorphic-path-helpers.md)
+- [Prefer select_all Over execute For Read Queries](rails/prefer-select-all-over-execute-for-read-queries.md)
 - [Pretend Generations](rails/pretend-generations.md)
 - [Prevent Writes With A Sandboxed Rails Console](rails/prevent-writes-with-a-sandboxed-rails-console.md)
 - [Query A Single Value From The Database](rails/query-a-single-value-from-the-database.md)
@@ -981,6 +1019,8 @@ _1463 TILs and counting..._
 - [Select Value For SQL Counts](rails/select-value-for-sql-counts.md)
 - [Serialize With fast_jsonapi In A Rails App](rails/serialize-with-fast-jsonapi-in-a-rails-app.md)
 - [Set A Timestamp Field To The Current Time](rails/set-a-timestamp-field-to-the-current-time.md)
+- [Set DateTime To Include Time Zone In Migrations](rails/set-datetime-to-include-time-zone-in-migrations.md)
+- [Set Default As SQL Function In Migration](rails/set-default-as-sql-function-in-migration.md)
 - [Set default_url_options For Entire Application](rails/set-default-url-options-for-entire-application.md)
 - [Set Schema Search Path](rails/set-schema-search-path.md)
 - [Set Statement Timeout For All Postgres Connections](rails/set-statement-timeout-for-all-postgres-connections.md)
@@ -1173,6 +1213,7 @@ _1463 TILs and counting..._
 - [Enumerate A Pairing Of Every Two Sequential Items](ruby/enumerate-a-pairing-of-every-two-sequential-items.md)
 - [Evaluating One-Off Commands](ruby/evaluating-one-off-commands.md)
 - [Exclude Values From An Array](ruby/exclude-values-from-an-array.md)
+- [Execute Several Commands With Backtick Heredoc](ruby/execute-several-commands-with-backtick-heredoc.md)
 - [Exit A Process With An Error Message](ruby/exit-a-process-with-an-error-message.md)
 - [Expect A Method To Be Called And Actually Call It](ruby/expect-a-method-to-be-called-and-actually-call-it.md)
 - [Extract A Column Of Data From A CSV File](ruby/extract-a-column-of-data-from-a-csv-file.md)
@@ -1182,6 +1223,7 @@ _1463 TILs and counting..._
 - [Find The Min And Max With A Single Call](ruby/find-the-min-and-max-with-a-single-call.md)
 - [Finding The Source of Ruby Methods](ruby/finding-the-source-of-ruby-methods.md)
 - [Format A Hash Into A String Template](ruby/format-a-hash-into-a-string-template.md)
+- [Forward All Arguments To Another Method](ruby/forward-all-arguments-to-another-method.md)
 - [Generate A Signed JWT Token](ruby/generate-a-signed-jwt-token.md)
 - [Generate Ruby Version And Gemset Files With RVM](ruby/generate-ruby-version-and-gemset-files-with-rvm.md)
 - [Get Info About Your RubyGems Environment](ruby/get-info-about-your-ruby-gems-environment.md)
@@ -1208,6 +1250,7 @@ _1463 TILs and counting..._
 - [Navigate Back In The Browser With Capybara](ruby/navigate-back-in-the-browser-with-capybara.md)
 - [Next And Previous Floats](ruby/next-and-previous-floats.md)
 - [Or Operator Precedence](ruby/or-operator-precedence.md)
+- [Output Bytecode For A Ruby Program](ruby/output-bytecode-for-a-ruby-program.md)
 - [Override The Initial Sequence Value](ruby/override-the-initial-sequence-value.md)
 - [Parallel Bundle Install](ruby/parallel-bundle-install.md)
 - [Parse JSON Into An OpenStruct](ruby/parse-json-into-an-open-struct.md)
@@ -1322,6 +1365,7 @@ _1463 TILs and counting..._
 - [Kill The Current Session](tmux/kill-the-current-session.md)
 - [List All Key Bindings](tmux/list-all-key-bindings.md)
 - [List Sessions](tmux/list-sessions.md)
+- [Open New Splits To The Current Directory](tmux/open-new-splits-to-the-current-directory.md)
 - [Open New Window With A Specific Directory](tmux/open-new-window-with-a-specific-directory.md)
 - [Organizing Windows](tmux/organizing-windows.md)
 - [Paging Up And Down](tmux/paging-up-and-down.md)
@@ -1351,6 +1395,7 @@ _1463 TILs and counting..._
 - [Generate An Initial tsconfig File](typescript/generate-an-initial-tsconfig-file.md)
 - [Generate Inferred Type From Zod Schema](typescript/generate-inferred-type-from-zod-schema.md)
 - [Get The Return Type Of An Async Function](typescript/get-the-return-type-of-an-async-function.md)
+- [Ignore All Errors In A TypeScript File](typescript/ignore-all-errors-in-a-typescript-file.md)
 - [Interfaces With The Same Name Are Merged](typescript/interfaces-with-the-same-name-are-merged.md)
 - [Narrow The Type Of An Array To Its Values](typescript/narrow-the-type-of-an-array-to-its-values.md)
 - [Re-Export An Imported Type](typescript/re-export-an-imported-type.md)
@@ -1378,6 +1423,7 @@ _1463 TILs and counting..._
 - [Command Line Length Limitations](unix/command-line-length-limitations.md)
 - [Compare Two Variables In A Bash Script](unix/compare-two-variables-in-a-bash-script.md)
 - [Configure cd To Behave Like pushd In Zsh](unix/configure-cd-to-behave-like-pushd-in-zsh.md)
+- [Convert JPEG To PNG With ffmpeg](unix/convert-jpeg-to-png-with-ffmpeg.md)
 - [Convert SVG To Favicon](unix/convert-svg-to-favicon.md)
 - [Copying File Contents To System Paste Buffer](unix/copying-file-contents-to-system-paste-buffer.md)
 - [Copying Nested Directories With Ditto](unix/copying-nested-directories-with-ditto.md)
@@ -1418,10 +1464,12 @@ _1463 TILs and counting..._
 - [Generate Random 20-Character Hex String](unix/generate-random-20-character-hex-string.md)
 - [Get A List Of Locales On Your System](unix/get-a-list-of-locales-on-your-system.md)
 - [Get Matching Filenames As Output From Grep](unix/get-matching-filenames-as-output-from-grep.md)
+- [Get The SHA256 Hash For A File](unix/get-the-sha256-hash-for-a-file.md)
 - [Get The Unix Timestamp](unix/get-the-unix-timestamp.md)
 - [Global Substitution On The Previous Command](unix/global-substitution-on-the-previous-command.md)
 - [Globbing For All Directories In Zsh](unix/globbing-for-all-directories-in-zsh.md)
 - [Globbing For Filenames In Zsh](unix/globbing-for-filenames-in-zsh.md)
+- [Gracefully Exit A Script With Trap](unix/gracefully-exit-a-script-with-trap.md)
 - [Grep For Files Without A Match](unix/grep-for-files-without-a-match.md)
 - [Grep For Files With Multiple Matches](unix/grep-for-files-with-multiple-matches.md)
 - [Grep For Multiple Patterns](unix/grep-for-multiple-patterns.md)
@@ -1448,6 +1496,7 @@ _1463 TILs and counting..._
 - [List The Stack Of Remembered Directories](unix/list-the-stack-of-remembered-directories.md)
 - [Load Env Vars In Bash Script](unix/load-env-vars-in-bash-script.md)
 - [Look Through All Files That Have Been Git Stashed](unix/look-through-all-files-that-have-been-git-stashed.md)
+- [Make Direnv Less Noisy](unix/make-direnv-less-noisy.md)
 - [Map A Domain To localhost](unix/map-a-domain-to-localhost.md)
 - [Negative Look-Ahead Search With ripgrep](unix/negative-look-ahead-search-with-ripgrep.md)
 - [Occupy A Local Port With Netcat](unix/occupy-a-local-port-with-netcat.md)
@@ -1487,6 +1536,7 @@ _1463 TILs and counting..._
 - [Switch Versions of a Brew Formula](unix/switch-versions-of-a-brew-formula.md)
 - [Tell direnv To Load The Env File](unix/tell-direnv-to-load-the-env-file.md)
 - [Touch Access And Modify Times Individually](unix/touch-access-and-modify-times-individually.md)
+- [Undo Changes Made To Current Terminal Prompt](unix/undo-changes-made-to-current-terminal-prompt.md)
 - [Undo Some Command Line Editing](unix/undo-some-command-line-editing.md)
 - [Unrestrict Where ripgrep Searches](unix/unrestrict-where-ripgrep-searches.md)
 - [Update Package Versions Known By asdf Plugin](unix/update-package-versions-known-by-asdf-plugin.md)
@@ -1648,6 +1698,7 @@ _1463 TILs and counting..._
 - [Swap Occurrences Of Two Words](vim/swap-occurrences-of-two-words.md)
 - [Swapping Split Windows](vim/swapping-split-windows.md)
 - [Swap The Position Of Two Split Windows](vim/swap-the-position-of-two-split-windows.md)
+- [Switch Moving End Of Visual Selection](vim/switch-moving-end-of-visual-selection.md)
 - [Tabs To Spaces](vim/tabs-to-spaces.md)
 - [The Vim Info File](vim/the-vim-info-file.md)
 - [Toggle Absolute And Relative Paths In BufExplorer](vim/toggle-absolute-and-relative-paths-in-bufexplorer.md)
@@ -1689,14 +1740,18 @@ _1463 TILs and counting..._
 
 ### Workflow
 
+- [Add Hotkeys For Specific Raycast Extensions](workflow/add-hotkeys-for-specific-raycast-extensions.md)
+- [Add Subscriber To Kit Form Via API](workflow/add-subscriber-to-kit-form-via-api.md)
 - [Add Subtitles To Existing Mux Video Asset](workflow/add-subtitles-to-existing-mux-video-asset.md)
 - [Access 1Password Credential From CLI](workflow/access-1password-credential-from-cli.md)
 - [Change Window Name In iTerm](workflow/change-window-name-in-iterm.md)
+- [Configure Email Redirect With Cloudflare](workflow/configure-email-redirect-with-cloudflare.md)
 - [Convert An ePub Document To PDF On Mac](workflow/convert-an-epub-document-to-pdf-on-mac.md)
 - [Create A Local Sanity Dataset Backup](workflow/create-a-local-sanity-dataset-backup.md)
 - [Create A Public URL For A Local Server](workflow/create-a-public-url-for-a-local-server.md)
 - [Enable Dev Tools For Safari](workflow/enable-dev-tools-for-safari.md)
 - [Forward Stripe Events To Local Server](workflow/forward-stripe-events-to-local-server.md)
+- [Get URL For GitHub User Profile Photo](workflow/get-url-for-github-user-profile-photo.md)
 - [Get Your Public IP Address](workflow/get-your-public-ip-address.md)
 - [Import A Github Project Into CodeSandbox](workflow/import-a-github-project-into-codesandbox.md)
 - [Interactively Kill A Process With fkill](workflow/interactively-kill-a-process-with-fkill.md)
@@ -1704,6 +1759,7 @@ _1463 TILs and counting..._
 - [Prune The Excess From node_modules](workflow/prune-the-excess-from-node-modules.md)
 - [Rotate An Image To Be Oriented Upright](workflow/rotate-an-image-to-be-oriented-upright.md)
 - [See Overlaps For A Set Of Time Zones](workflow/see-overlaps-for-a-set-of-time-zones.md)
+- [Send A Message To A Discord Channel](workflow/send-a-message-to-a-discord-channel.md)
 - [Set Recurring Reminders In Slack](workflow/set-recurring-reminders-in-slack.md)
 - [Toggle Between Stories In Storybook](workflow/toggle-between-stories-in-storybook.md)
 - [Update asdf Plugins With Latest Package Versions](workflow/update-asdf-plugins-with-latest-package-versions.md)
@@ -1739,6 +1795,7 @@ _1463 TILs and counting..._
 
 - [Add To The Path Via Path Array](zsh/add-to-the-path-via-path-array.md)
 - [Link A Scalar To An Array](zsh/link-a-scalar-to-an-array.md)
+- [Use A Space To Exclude Command From History](zsh/use-a-space-to-exclude-command-from-history.md)
 
 ## Usage
 

astro/generate-types-for-a-content-collection.md

@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+# Generate Types For A Content Collection
+
+Let's say I'm using Astro to publish posts via markdown. One of the best ways
+to do that is as a _Content Collection_. The posts will live in `src/content`
+probably under a `posts` directory. Plus a config file will define the
+collection and specify validations for the frontmatter.
+
+```typescript
+// src/content/config.ts
+import { defineCollection, z } from 'astro:content';
+
+const postsCollection = defineCollection({
+  schema: z.object({
+    title: z.string(),
+    description: z.string(),
+    tags: z.array(z.string())
+  })
+});
+
+export const collections = {
+  'posts': postsCollection,
+};
+```
+
+When I first add this to my project and get the collection, it won't know what
+the types are.
+
+```astro
+---
+import { getCollection } from "astro:content";
+
+export async function getStaticPaths() {
+  const blogEntries = await getCollection("posts");
+  //    ^^^ any
+
+  return blogEntries.map((entry) => ({
+    params: { slug: entry.slug },
+    props: { entry },
+  }));
+}
+---
+```
+
+I can tell Astro to generate a fresh set of types for things like content
+collections by running the [`astro sync`
+command](https://docs.astro.build/en/reference/cli-reference/#astro-sync).
+
+```bash
+$ npm run astro sync
+```
+
+This updates auto-generated files under the `.astro` directory which get pulled
+in to your project's `env.d.ts` file.
+
+All of these types will also be synced anytime I run `astro dev`, `astro
+build`, or `astro check`.

astro/markdown-files-are-of-type-markdown-instance.md

@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+# Markdown Files Are Of Type MarkdownInstance
+
+One of the things Astro excels at is rendering markdown files as HTML pages in
+your site. And at some point we'll want to access a listing of those markdown
+files in order to do something like display a list of them on an index page.
+For that, we'll use
+[`Astro.glob()`](https://docs.astro.build/en/reference/api-reference/#astroglob).
+
+```typescript
+---
+const allPosts = await Astro.glob("../posts/*.md");
+---
+
+<ul>
+  {allPosts.map(post => {
+    return <Post title={post.frontmatter.title} slug={post.frontmatter.slug} />
+  })}
+</ul>
+```
+
+This looks great, but we'll run into a type error on that first line:
+`'allPosts' implicitly has type 'any'`. We need to declare the type
+of these post instances that are being read-in by Astro.
+
+These are of [type
+`MarkdownInstance`](https://docs.astro.build/en/reference/api-reference/#markdown-files).
+That's a generic though, so we need to tell it a bit more about the shape of a
+post.
+
+```typescript
+import type { MarkdownInstance } from "astro";
+
+export type BarePost = {
+  layout: string;
+  title: string;
+  slug: string;
+  tags: string[];
+};
+
+export type Post = MarkdownInstance<BarePost>;
+```
+
+We can then update that first line:
+
+```typescript
+const allPosts: Post[] = await Astro.glob("../posts/*.md");
+```
+
+Alternatively, you can specify the generic on `glob`:
+
+```typescript
+const allPosts = await Astro.glob<BarePost>("../posts/*.md");
+```

css/add-line-numbers-to-a-code-block-with-counter.md

@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+# Add Line Numbers To A Code Block With Counter
+
+The
+[`counter`](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/CSS_counter_styles/Using_CSS_counters)
+feature in CSS is a stateful feature that allows you to increment and display a
+number based on elements' locations in the document. This feature is useful for
+adding numbers to headings and lists, but it can also be used to add line
+numbers to a code block.
+
+We need to initialize the counter to start using it. This will give it a name
+and default it to the value 0. We'll tie this to a `pre` tag which wraps our
+lines of code.
+
+```css {{ title: 'globals.css' }}
+pre.shiki {
+  counter-reset: line-number;
+}
+```
+
+Then we need to increment the counter for every line of code that appears in
+the code block
+
+```css {{ title: 'globals.css' }}
+pre.shiki .line {
+  counter-increment: line-number;
+}
+```
+
+Last, we need to display these incrementing `line-number` values _before_ each
+line.
+
+```css {{ title: 'globals.css }}
+pre.shiki .line:not(:last-of-type)::before {
+  content: counter(line-number);
+  /*
+   * plus any styling and spacing of the numbers
+   */
+}
+```
+
+This essentially attaches an element to the front (`::before`) of the line
+whose content is the current value of `line-number`. It is applied to all but
+the last `.line` because [shiki](https://shiki.matsu.io/) includes an empty
+`.line` at the end.
+
+Here is [the real-world example of
+this](https://github.com/pingdotgg/uploadthing/blob/4954c9956c141a25a5405991c34cc5ce8d990085/docs/src/styles/tailwind.css#L13-L37)
+that I referenced for this post.
+
+Note: the counter can be incremented, decremented, or even explicitly set to a
+specific value.

drizzle/create-bigint-identity-column-for-primary-key.md

@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+# Create bigint Identity Column For Primary Key
+
+Using the Drizzle ORM with Postgres, here is how we can create a table that
+uses a [`bigint` data
+type](https://orm.drizzle.team/docs/column-types/pg#bigint) as a primary key
+[identity
+column](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/ddl-identity-columns.html).
+
+```typescript
+import {
+  pgTable,
+  bigint,
+  text,
+  timestamp,
+} from "drizzle-orm/pg-core";
+
+// Users table
+export const users = pgTable("users", {
+  id: bigint({ mode: 'bigint' }).primaryKey().generatedAlwaysAsIdentity(),
+  email: text("email").unique().notNull(),
+  name: text("name").notNull(),
+  createdAt: timestamp("created_at").defaultNow().notNull(),
+});
+```
+
+There are a couple key pieces here:
+
+1. We import `bigint` so that we can declare a column of that type.
+2. We specify that it is a primary key with `.primaryKey()`.
+3. We declare its default value as `generated always as identity` via
+   `.generatedAlwaysAsIdentity()`.
+
+Note: you need to specify the `mode` for `bigint` or else you will see a
+`TypeError: Cannot read properties of undefined (reading 'mode')` error.
+
+If we run `npx drizzle-kit generate` the SQL migration file that gets
+generated will contain something like this:
+
+```sql
+--> statement-breakpoint
+CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS "users" (
+  "id" bigint PRIMARY KEY GENERATED ALWAYS AS IDENTITY (sequence name "users_id_seq" INCREMENT BY 1 MINVALUE 1 MAXVALUE 9223372036854775807 START WITH 1 CACHE 1),
+  "email" text NOT NULL,
+  "name" text NOT NULL,
+  "created_at" timestamp DEFAULT now() NOT NULL,
+  CONSTRAINT "users_email_unique" UNIQUE("email")
+);
+```

drizzle/drizzle-tracks-migrations-in-a-log-table.md

@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+# Drizzle Tracks Migrations In A Log Table
+
+When I generate (`npx drizzle-kit generate`) and apply (`npx drizzle-kit
+migrate`) schema migrations against my database with Drizzle, there are SQL
+files that get created and run.
+
+How does Drizzle know which SQL files have been run and which haven't?
+
+Like many SQL schema migration tools, it uses a table in the database to record
+this metadata. Drizzle defaults to calling this table `__drizzle_migrations`
+and puts it in the `drizzle` schema (which is like a database namespace).
+
+Let's take a look at this table for a project with two migrations:
+
+```sql
+postgres> \d drizzle.__drizzle_migrations
+                                  Table "drizzle.__drizzle_migrations"
+   Column   |  Type   | Collation | Nullable |                         Default
+------------+---------+-----------+----------+----------------------------------------------------------
+ id         | integer |           | not null | nextval('drizzle.__drizzle_migrations_id_seq'::regclass)
+ hash       | text    |           | not null |
+ created_at | bigint  |           |          |
+Indexes:
+    "__drizzle_migrations_pkey" PRIMARY KEY, btree (id)
+
+postgres> select * from drizzle.__drizzle_migrations;
+ id |                               hash                               |  created_at
+----+------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------
+  1 | 8961353bf66f9b3fe1a715f6ea9d9ef2bc65697bb8a5c2569df939a61e72a318 | 1730219291288
+  2 | b75e61451e2ce37d831608b1bc9231bf3af09e0ab54bf169be117de9d4ff6805 | 1730224013018
+(2 rows)
+```
+
+Notice that Drizzle stores each migration record as [a SHA256 hash of the
+migration
+file](https://github.com/drizzle-team/drizzle-orm/blob/526996bd2ea20d5b1a0d65e743b47e23329d441c/drizzle-orm/src/migrator.ts#L52)
+and a timestamp of when the migration was run.
+
+[source](https://orm.drizzle.team/docs/drizzle-kit-migrate#applied-migrations-log-in-the-database)

drizzle/get-fields-for-inserted-row.md

@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+# Get Fields For Inserted Row
+
+With Drizzle, we can insert a row with a set of values like so:
+
+```typescript
+await db
+  .insert(todoItems)
+  .values({
+    title,
+    userId,
+    description,
+  })
+```
+
+The result of this is `QueryResult<never>`. In other words, nothing useful is
+coming back to us from the database.
+
+Sometimes an insert is treated as a fire-and-forget (as long as it succeeds) or
+since we know what data we are inserting, we don't need the database to
+response. But what about values that are generated or computed by the database
+-- such as an id from a sequence, timestamp columns that default to `now()`, or
+generated columns.
+
+To get all the fields of a freshly inserted row, we can tack on [the
+`returning()` function](https://orm.drizzle.team/docs/insert#insert-returning)
+(which likely adds something like [`returning
+*`](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/dml-returning.html)) to the insert
+query under the hood).
+
+```typescript
+await db
+  .insert(todoItems)
+  .values({
+    title,
+    userId,
+    description,
+  })
+  .returning()
+```
+
+This will have a return type of `Array<type todoItems>` which means that for
+each inserted row we'll have all the fields (columns) for that row.
+
+Alternatively, if we just need the generated ID for the new row(s), we can use
+a partial return like so:
+
+```typescript
+await db
+  .insert(todoItems)
+  .values({
+    title,
+    userId,
+    description,
+  })
+  .returning({ id: todoItems.id })
+```

git/check-how-a-file-is-being-ignored.md

@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+# Check How A File Is Being Ignored
+
+There are a few places on your machine where you can specify the files that git
+should ignore. The most common is a repository's `.gitignore` file. The other
+places those excludes are specified can be more obscure. Fortunately, `git
+check-ignore` is a command that can show you specifically where.
+
+For instance, let's check why my `notes.md` file is being ignored.
+
+```bash
+$ git check-ignore -v .DS_Store
+.git/info/exclude:7:notes.md   notes.md
+```
+
+At some point I added it to my repo's `.git/info/exclude` file. The `-v` flag
+(_verbose_) when included with `check-ignore` tells me the file location.
+
+How about these pesky `.DS_Store` directories? How are those being ignored?
+
+```bash
+$ git check-ignore -v .DS_Store
+/Users/jbranchaud/.gitignore:3:.DS_Store        .DS_Store
+```
+
+Ah yes, I had added it to my _global exclude file_ which I've configured in
+`~/.gitconfig` to be the `~/.gitignore` file.
+
+See `man git-check-ignore` for more details.

git/count-all-files-of-specific-type-tracked-by-git.md

@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+# Count All Files Of Specific Type Tracked By Git
+
+I want to get a count of all the markdown files in my [TIL
+repo](https://github.com/jbranchaud/til). Since all the files I care about are
+tracked by `git`, I can use `git ls-files` to get a listing of all files. That
+command on its own lists all files tracked by your git repository. Though there
+are many other flags we can apply, that will do for my purposes.
+
+By giving `git ls-files` a pattern to match against, I can turn up just, for
+instance, markdown files (`*.md`). I can pipe that to `wc -l` to get a count
+rather than exploding my terminal with a list of file names.
+
+```bash
+❯ git ls-files '*.md' | wc -l
+    1503
+```
+
+That command includes `README.md` and `CONTRIBUTING.md`, but really I only want
+to count the markdown files that constitute a TIL. Those all happen to be
+nested under a single directory. So I can tweak the glob pattern like so:
+
+```bash
+❯ git ls-files '*/*.md' | wc -l
+    1501
+```
+
+See `man git-ls-files` for more details.

git/override-the-global-git-ignore-file.md

@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+# Override The Global Git Ignore File
+
+One of the places that `git` looks when deciding whether to pay attention to or
+ignore a file is in your global _ignore_ file. By default, `git` will look for
+this file at `$XDG_CONFIG_HOME/git/ignore` or `$HOME/.config/git/ignore`.
+
+I don't have `$XDG_CONFIG_HOME` set on my machine, so it will fall back to the
+config directory under `$HOME`.
+
+I may have to create the `git` directory and `ignore` file.
+
+```bash
+$ mkdir $HOME/.config/git
+$ touch $HOME/.config/git/ignore
+```
+
+Then I can add file and directories to exclude to that `ignore` file just like
+I would any other `.gitignore` file.
+
+If I'd prefer for the global _ignore_ file to live somewhere else, I can
+specify that location and filename in my `$HOME/.gitconfig` file.
+
+```
+[core]
+	excludesFile = ~/.gitignore
+```
+
+Setting this will override the default, meaning the default file mentioned
+above will be ignored ("now you know how it feels, ignore file!"). In this
+case, I'll need to create the `.gitignore` file in my home directory and add
+any of my ignore rules.
+
+[source](https://git-scm.com/docs/gitignore)

github-actions/capture-an-output-value-for-use-in-a-later-step.md

@@ -23,11 +23,11 @@ version from my `.tool-versions` file with a step that uses `set-output`.
   - name: Read Node.js version to install from `.tool-versions`
     id: nodejs
     run: >-
-      echo "::set-output name=NODE_VERSION::$(
+      echo "NODE_VERSION=$(
         cat .tool-versions |
         grep nodejs |
         sed 's/nodejs \(.*\)$/\1/'
-      )"
+      )" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
 ```
 
 `echo` runs the command in the string which sets `NODE_VERSION` as an output
@@ -45,4 +45,4 @@ This output value can be referenced in a later step.
 `steps` has a reference to the `nodejs` step (note the `id` above) which then
 has `outputs` like the `NODE_VERSION`.
 
-[source](https://docs.github.com/en/actions/reference/workflow-commands-for-github-actions#using-workflow-commands-to-access-toolkit-functions)
+[source](https://docs.github.com/en/actions/using-workflows/workflow-commands-for-github-actions#setting-an-output-parameter)

go/do-something-n-times.md

@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+# Do Something N Times
+
+With Go 1.23 there is a new for-range syntax that makes looping a bit easier
+and more compact.
+
+Instead of needing to set up our 3-part for-loop syntax, we can say we want to
+do something `N` times with `for range N`.
+
+```go
+for range n {
+	// do something
+}
+```
+
+Let's look at an actual, runnable example:
+
+```go
+package main
+
+import "fmt"
+import "math/rand"
+import "time"
+
+func main() {
+	rand.Seed(time.Now().UnixNano()) 
+
+	food := []string{"taco", "burrito", "torta", "enchilada", "tostada"}
+
+	for range 5 {
+		randomIndex := rand.Intn(len(food))
+		fmt.Println(food[randomIndex])
+	}
+}
+```
+
+The output is random and might look something like this:
+
+```bash
+$ go run loop.go
+taco
+burrito
+tostada
+taco
+enchilada
+```
+
+I appreciate this syntax addition because it feels very akin to Ruby's `#times`
+method:
+
+```ruby
+5.times do
+  # do something
+end
+```
+
+[source](https://eli.thegreenplace.net/2024/ranging-over-functions-in-go-123/)

internet/add-styled-alerts-to-github-markdown-documents.md

@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+# Add Styled Alerts To GitHub Markdown Documents
+
+The GFM (GitHub Flavored Markdown) variant of markdown adds some nice features
+to our GitHub-rendered markdown documents.
+
+One such feature that has been around for a couple years, but which I only just
+learned about, are these styled alerts. There are five of them each with a
+different color and icon to help convey meaning.
+
+```
+> [!NOTE]
+> Useful information that users should know, even when skimming content.
+
+> [!TIP]
+> Helpful advice for doing things better or more easily.
+
+> [!IMPORTANT]
+> Key information users need to know to achieve their goal.
+
+> [!WARNING]
+> Urgent info that needs immediate user attention to avoid problems.
+
+> [!CAUTION]
+> Advises about risks or negative outcomes of certain actions.
+```
+
+I just added the following to the top of one of my project's READMEs to help me
+remember that it is not under active development.
+
+```
+> [!WARNING]
+> This repo is not under active development, you might be looking for
+> [til-visualmode-dev](https://github.com/jbranchaud/til-visualmode-dev).
+```
+
+Visit the GitHub docs for
+[Alerts](https://docs.github.com/en/get-started/writing-on-github/getting-started-with-writing-and-formatting-on-github/basic-writing-and-formatting-syntax#alerts)
+to see examples of how these render.
+
+[source](https://docs.github.com/en/get-started/writing-on-github/getting-started-with-writing-and-formatting-on-github/basic-writing-and-formatting-syntax#alerts)

internet/analyze-your-website-performance.md

@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+# Analyze Your Website Performance
+
+The [PageSpeed Insights](https://pagespeed.web.dev/) tool from Google is a
+great way to quickly get actionable insights about where to improve your
+website and app's _Performance_, _Accessibility_, and _SEO_.
+
+To see how your public site or app does, grab its URL and analyze it at
+[PageSpeed Insights](https://pagespeed.web.dev/).
+
+It will take a minute to run on either Mobile or Desktop (make sure to check
+both) and then will output four headline numbers (out of 100) for each of the
+categories.
+
+You can then dig in to each category to see what recommendations they make for
+improving your score.
+
+This can also be run directly from Chrome devtools which is useful if you want
+to see how a locally running site is doing. You can run the analysis from the
+_Lighthouse_ tab of devtools. Note: if the _Performance_ score looks bad, it
+might be that you are running a non-optimized dev server that isn't reflective
+of how your site would do in production.

internet/digraph-unicode-characters-have-a-titlecase.md

@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+# Digraph Unicode Characters Have a Titlecase
+
+Coming from primarily being exposed to the US American alphabet, I'm familiar
+with characters that I type into the computer having one of two cases. Either
+it is lowercase by default (`c`) or I can hit the shift key to produce the
+uppercase version (`C`).
+
+Unicode, which has broad support for character encoding across most languages,
+has a couple characters that are called _digraphs_. These are single code
+points, but look like they are made up of two characters.
+
+A good example of this is `dž`. And if that character were to appear in an all
+uppercase word, then it would display as `DŽ`.
+
+But what if it appears at the beginning of a capitalized word?
+
+That's where _titlecase_ comes into the picture -- `Dž`.
+
+From [wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BE):
+
+> Note that when the letter is the initial of a capitalised word (like Džungla
+> or Džemper, or personal names like Džemal or Džamonja), the ž is not
+> uppercase. Only when the whole word is written in uppercase, is the Ž
+> capitalised.
+
+(I find it odd that wikipedia's article on this digraph code point is using
+separate characters instead of the digraph.)
+
+[source](https://devblogs.microsoft.com/oldnewthing/20241031-00/?p=110443)

internet/exclude-ai-overview-from-google-search.md

@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+# Exclude AI Overview From Google Search
+
+At the top of most Google searches these days is a section of text that takes a
+moment to appear, presumably because it is being generated in the moment. This
+is Google's _AI Overview_. These are sometimes useful summaries of the article
+you are about to click on anyway. Other times the overview is no good, it takes
+up a bunch of screen real estate, and may even [10x the energy consumed by a
+regular
+search](https://www.reddit.com/r/technology/comments/1dsvefb/googles_ai_search_summaries_use_10x_more_energy/).
+
+If you want to exclude the _AI Overview_, tack on a `-ai` when writing out your
+search query.
+
+[source](https://www.yahoo.com/tech/turn-off-ai-overview-results-170014202.html)

java/ensure-resources-always-get-closed.md

@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+# Ensure Resources Always Get Closed
+
+Java has a construct known as _try-with-resource_ that allows us to always
+ensure opened resources get closed. This is safer than similar cleanup in the
+`finally` block which could still leave a memory leak if an error occurs in
+that block.
+
+To use the _try-with-resource_ construct, instantiate your opened resource in
+parentheses with the `try`.
+
+```java
+try (BufferedReader reader = new BufferedReader(new FileReader(filename))) {
+  // ...
+}
+```
+
+The resource will be automatically closed when the try/catch block completes.
+
+Here is a full example:
+
+```java
+import java.io.BufferedReader;
+import java.io.FileReader;
+import java.io.IOException;
+
+public class FileReaderExample {
+    public static void main(String[] args) {
+        String fileName = "example.txt";
+        
+        try (BufferedReader reader = new BufferedReader(new FileReader(fileName))) {
+            String line;
+            int lineCount = 0;
+            
+            while ((line = reader.readLine()) != null && lineCount < 5) {
+                System.out.println(line);
+                lineCount++;
+            }
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            System.out.println("An error occurred while reading the file: " + e.getMessage());
+        }
+    }
+}
+```
+
+You can even specify multiple resources in one `try`. The above does that, but
+this will make it more obvious:
+
+```java
+try (FileReader fr = new FileReader(filename);
+     BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(fr)) {
+  // ...
+}
+```
+
+[source](https://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/essential/exceptions/tryResourceClose.html)

javascript/make-truly-deep-clone-with-structured-clone.md

@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+# Make Truly Deep Clone With Structured Clone
+
+There are a lot of ways to make a copy of an object. They are all hacks and
+they all fail in certain circumstances. Using the spread trick only gives you a
+shallow copy where references to nested objects and arrays can still be
+updated. The `JSON.stringify` trick has to make things like dates into strings,
+so it is lossy.
+
+There is however now a dedicated method for deep copies with broad support
+called
+[`structuredClone`](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Window/structuredClone).
+It is available on `window`. Let's take a look at it and see how it comparse to
+the spread operator trick.
+
+```javascript
+> // some data setup
+
+> const data = { one: 1, two: 2, rest: [3,4,5] }
+
+> const obj = { hello: 'world', taco: 'bell', data }
+
+> const shallowObj = { ...obj }
+
+> const deepObj = structuredClone(obj)
+
+> // let's modify the original `data.rest` array
+
+> data.rest.push(6)
+4
+> data
+{ one: 1, two: 2, rest: [ 3, 4, 5, 6 ] }
+
+> // now let's see who was impacted by that mutation
+
+> obj
+{
+  hello: 'world',
+  taco: 'bell',
+  data: { one: 1, two: 2, rest: [ 3, 4, 5, 6 ] }
+}
+
+> shallowObj
+{
+  hello: 'world',
+  taco: 'bell',
+  data: { one: 1, two: 2, rest: [ 3, 4, 5, 6 ] }
+}
+
+> deepObj
+{
+  hello: 'world',
+  taco: 'bell',
+  data: { one: 1, two: 2, rest: [ 3, 4, 5 ] }
+}
+```
+
+The `shallowObj` from the spread operator copy was mutated even though we
+didn't intend for that. The `deepObj` from `structuredClone` was a true deep
+copy and was unaffected.
+
+[source](https://www.builder.io/blog/structured-clone)

javascript/prevent-hidden-element-from-flickering-on-load.md

@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+# Prevent Hidden Element From Flickering On Load
+
+Here is what it might look like to use [Alpine.js](https://alpinejs.dev/) to
+sprinkle in some JavaScript for controlling a dropdown menu.
+
+```html
+<div x-data="{ profileDropdownOpen: false }">
+  <button
+    type="button"
+    @click="profileDropdownOpen = !profileDropdownOpen"
+  >
+    <!-- some inner html -->
+  </button>
+  <div x-show="profileDropdownOpen" role="menu">
+    <a href="/profile" role="menuitem">Your Profile</a>
+    <a href="/sign-out" role="menuitem">Sign Out</a>
+  </div>
+</div>
+```
+
+Functionally that will work. You can click the button to toggle the menu open
+and closed.
+
+What you might notice, however, when you refresh the page is that the menu
+flickers open as the page first loads and then disappears. This is a quirk of
+the element being rendered before Alpine.js is loaded and the
+[`x-show`](https://alpinejs.dev/directives/show) directive has a chance to take
+effect.
+
+To get around this, we can _cloak_ any element with an `x-show` directive that
+should be hidden by default.
+
+```html
+<div x-data="{ profileDropdownOpen: false }">
+  <button
+    type="button"
+    @click="profileDropdownOpen = !profileDropdownOpen"
+  >
+    <!-- some inner html -->
+  </button>
+  <div x-cloak x-show="profileDropdownOpen" role="menu">
+    <a href="/profile" role="menuitem">Your Profile</a>
+    <a href="/sign-out" role="menuitem">Sign Out</a>
+  </div>
+</div>
+```
+
+This addition needs to be paired with some custom CSS to hide any _cloaked_
+elements.
+
+```css
+[x-cloak] { display: none !important; }
+```
+
+[source](https://alpinejs.dev/directives/cloak)

postgres/add-unique-constraint-using-existing-index.md

@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+# Add Unique Constraint Using Existing Index
+
+Adding a unique constraint to an existing column on a production table can
+block updates. If we need to avoid this kind of locking for the duration of
+index creation, then we can first create the index concurrently and then use
+that existing index to back the unique constraint.
+
+```sql
+create index concurrently users_email_idx on users (email);
+
+-- wait for that to complete
+
+alter table users
+  add constraint unique_users_email unique using index users_email_idx;
+```
+
+First, we concurrently create the index. The time this takes will depend on how
+large the table is. That's the blocking time we are avoiding with this
+approach. Then once that completes we can apply a unique constraint using that
+preexisting index.
+
+Note: if a non-unique value exists in the table for that column, adding the
+constraint will fail. You'll need to deal with that _duplicate_ value first.
+
+[source](https://dba.stackexchange.com/questions/81627/postgresql-9-3-add-unique-constraint-using-an-existing-unique-index)

postgres/between-symmetric.md

@@ -4,7 +4,9 @@ PostgreSQL's `between` construct allows you to make a comparison _between_
 two values (numbers, timestamps, etc.).
 
 ```sql
-> select * from generate_series(1,10) as numbers(a) where numbers.a between 3 and 6;
+> select *
+  from generate_series(1,10) as numbers(a)
+  where numbers.a between 3 and 6;
  a
 ---
  3
@@ -17,7 +19,9 @@ If you supply an empty range by using the larger of the two values first, an
 empty set will result.
 
 ```sql
-> select * from generate_series(1,10) as numbers(a) where numbers.a between 6 and 3;
+> select *
+  from generate_series(1,10) as numbers(a)
+  where numbers.a between 6 and 3;
  a
 ---
 ```
@@ -26,7 +30,9 @@ Tacking `symmetric` onto the `between` construct is one way to avoid this
 issue.
 
 ```sql
-> select * from generate_series(1,10) as numbers(a) where numbers.a between symmetric 6 and 3;
+> select *
+  from generate_series(1,10) as numbers(a)
+  where numbers.a between symmetric 6 and 3;
  a
 ---
  3
@@ -39,3 +45,5 @@ issue.
 > that the argument to the left of AND be less than or equal to the argument
 > on the right. If it is not, those two arguments are automatically swapped,
 > so that a nonempty range is always implied.
+
+[source](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/functions-comparison.html#:~:text=BETWEEN%20SYMMETRIC%20is%20like%20BETWEEN,nonempty%20range%20is%20always%20implied.)

postgres/concatenate-strings-with-a-separator.md

@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+# Concatenate Strings With A Separator
+
+I was putting together an example of using a generated column that concatenates
+string values from a few other columns. I used manual concatenation with the
+`||` operator like so:
+
+```sql
+create table folders (
+  id integer generated always as identity primary key,
+  user_id integer not null,
+  name text not null,
+  parent_folder_id integer references folders(id),
+  path text generated always as (
+    user_id::text || ':' || lower(name) || ':' || coalesce(parent_folder_id::text, '0')
+  ) stored
+);
+```
+
+Instead of doing that manual concatenation for the `path` generated column, I
+can use
+[`concat_ws`](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/functions-string.html).
+
+```sql
+create table folders (
+  id integer generated always as identity primary key,
+  user_id integer not null,
+  name text not null,
+  parent_folder_id integer references folders(id),
+  path text generated always as (
+    concat_ws(
+      ':',
+      user_id::text,
+      lower(name),
+      coalesce(parent_folder_id::text, '0')
+    )
+  ) stored
+);
+```
+
+The first argument to `concat_ws` is the separator I want to use. The remaining
+arguments are the strings that should be concatenated with that separator.
+
+One other things that is nice about `concat_ws` is that it will ignore `null`
+values that it receives.
+
+```sql
+> select concat_ws(':', 'one', 'two', null, 'three');
++---------------+
+| concat_ws     |
+|---------------|
+| one:two:three |
++---------------+
+```

postgres/enforce-uniqueness-on-column-expression.md

@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+# Enforce Uniqueness On Column Expression
+
+When creating a table for, say `users`, where you will store `email` addresses,
+you'll likely want to enforce uniqueness on the that `email` field. And because
+people have all sorts of ways of entering their emails, in terms of casing, you
+may be tempted to try to enforce uniqueness on a lowercased version of `email`.
+
+```sql
+create table users (
+  id integer generated always as identity primary key,
+  email text not null,
+  unique ( lower(email) ) -- !! this won't work
+);
+```
+
+A unique _constraint_ must be on one or more columns. You cannot include an
+_expression_ when defining the unique constraint.
+
+You can however accomplish similar aims with [a _unique index_ on the
+expression](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/indexes-expressional.html).
+That is because the index is able to store the result of the expression in
+itself.
+
+```sql
+create table users (
+  id integer generated always as identity primary key,
+  email text not null
+);
+
+create unique index unq_lower_email on users ( lower(email) );
+```
+
+This is likely what you want for this example anyway because it will probably
+be a common query to look up the user by `lower(email)` and the index will
+speed up those queries.

postgres/generate-random-alphanumeric-identifier.md

@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+# Generate Random Alphanumeric Identifier
+
+Here is a PostgreSQL query that uses
+[`pgcrypto`](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/pgcrypto.html) (for
+[`get_random_bytes`](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/pgcrypto.html#PGCRYPTO-RANDOM-DATA-FUNCS))
+and a CTE to generate a cryptographically-random 8-character alphanumeric
+identifier.
+
+```sql
+-- First ensure pgcrypto is installed
+create extension if not exists pgcrypto;
+
+-- Generates a single 8-character identifier
+with chars as (
+  -- excludes some look-alike characters
+  select '23456789ABCDEFGHJKLMNPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijkmnpqrstuvwxyz' as charset
+),
+random_bytes as (
+  select gen_random_bytes(8) as bytes
+),
+positions as (
+  select generate_series(0, 7) as pos
+)
+select string_agg(
+  substr(
+    charset,
+    (get_byte(bytes, pos) % length(charset)) + 1,
+    1
+  ),
+  '' order by pos
+) as short_id
+from positions, random_bytes, chars;
+```
+
+Here is an example of the output:
+
+```sql
++----------+
+| short_id |
+|----------|
+| NXdu9AnV |
++----------+
+```
+
+The
+[`generate_series`](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/functions-srf.html)
+gives us an 8-row table from 0 to 7 that we can use as indexes into the byte
+positions of the value we get from `gen_random_bytes`. Those random bytes get
+mapped to individual alphanumeric characters from `chars`. That then gets
+squeezed together with `string_agg`.
+
+Note: the character set excludes some characters that can be mistaken for one
+another like `0` and `O` or `1` and `l`.
+
+Note: you could change the right-bound of the `generate_series` to generate a
+different length identifier.

postgres/postgres-does-not-support-unsigned-integers.md

@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+# Postgres Does Not Support Unsigned Integers
+
+PostgreSQL has a variety of sizes of integer types, from `smallint` (2 bytes)
+to `integer` (4 bytes) to `bigint` (8 bytes), as well as [other numeric
+types](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/datatype-numeric.html).
+
+It does _not_ however support unsigned versions of these numeric types.
+
+That means, with an `integer` for instance, we can store numbers between
+`-2147483648` and `+2147483647`. That's everything that can fit into 4 bytes.
+In a system that supported 4 byte unsigned integers we'd be able to represent
+from `0` all the way up to `4294967295`.
+
+In PostgreSQL, we're limited to these _signed_ numeric types.
+
+That means if we were hoping that the data type could essentially enforce a
+non-negative restriction on the data in one of our columns, we're going to have
+to be more creative. The obvious choice to me is to consider adding a [check
+constraint](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/ddl-constraints.html#DDL-CONSTRAINTS-CHECK-CONSTRAINTS)
+(e.g. `quantity integer check (quantity > 0)`).
+
+Another option, as pointed out by [this StackOverflow
+answer](https://stackoverflow.com/a/31833279/535590), is to create [a
+user-defined _domain
+type_](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/domains.html) that restricts
+valid values. To me, the ergonomics of using a domain type are a bit awkward
+and not worth the effort.
+
+With either of these solutions, we are only approximating an unsigned integer
+and do not actually have the same range of values available.

postgres/put-unique-constraint-on-generated-column.md

@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+# Put Unique Constraint On Generated Column
+
+You cannot apply a _unique constraint_ to an expression over a column, e.g.
+`lower(email)`. You can, however, create a [generated
+column](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/ddl-generated-columns.html) for
+that expression and then apply the unique constraint to that generated column.
+
+Here is what that could look like:
+
+```sql
+> create table users (
+    id integer generated always as identity primary key,
+    name text not null,
+    email text not null,
+    email_lower text generated always as (lower(email)) stored,
+    unique ( email_lower )
+);
+
+> \d users
++-------------+---------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
+| Column      | Type    | Modifiers                                                       |
+|-------------+---------+-----------------------------------------------------------------|
+| id          | integer |  not null generated always as identity                          |
+| name        | text    |  not null                                                       |
+| email       | text    |  not null                                                       |
+| email_lower | text    |  default lower(email) generated always as (lower(email)) stored |
++-------------+---------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
+Indexes:
+    "users_pkey" PRIMARY KEY, btree (id)
+    "users_email_lower_key" UNIQUE CONSTRAINT, btree (email_lower)
+```
+
+And then an demonstration of violating that constraint:
+
+```sql
+
+> insert into users (name, email) values ('Bob', 'bob@email.com');
+INSERT 0 1
+
+> insert into users (name, email) values ('Bobby', 'BOB@email.com');
+duplicate key value violates unique constraint "users_email_lower_key"
+DETAIL:  Key (email_lower)=(bob@email.com) already exists.
+```
+
+The main tradeoff here is that you are doubling the amount of storage you need
+for that column. Unless it is a massive table, that is likely not an issue.

postgres/table-names-are-treated-as-lower-case-by-default.md

@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+# Table Names Are Treated As Lower-Case By Default
+
+This one is a bit unintuitive and can cause some real confusion -- when you
+create a table in PostgreSQL, any casing is ignored, it is treated as
+lower-case. Let's see it to believe it:
+
+```sql
+> create table BookMarks (
+    id integer generated always as identity primary key,
+    location text not null
+  );
+
+> \d
++--------+--------------------+----------+----------+
+| Schema | Name               | Type     | Owner    |
+|--------+--------------------+----------+----------|
+| public | bookmarks          | table    | postgres |
+| public | bookmarks_id_seq   | sequence | postgres |
++--------+--------------------+----------+----------+
+```
+
+Notice that when we list our tables, the uppercase `M` and `B` are gone. That's
+because Postgres folds away the casing when processing the table name
+identifier.
+
+It doesn't matter how we refer to it for queries:
+
+```sql
+> select * from BookMarks;
++----+----------+
+| id | location |
+|----+----------|
++----+----------+
+
+> select * from bookmarks;
++----+----------+
+| id | location |
+|----+----------|
++----+----------+
+```
+
+You can force Postgres to respect the casing by wrapping the table name in
+quotes.
+
+```sql
+> create table "BookMarks" (
+    id integer generated always as identity primary key,
+    location text not null
+  );
+
+> \d
++--------+--------------------+----------+----------+
+| Schema | Name               | Type     | Owner    |
+|--------+--------------------+----------+----------|
+| public | BookMarks          | table    | postgres |
+| public | BookMarks_id_seq   | sequence | postgres |
++--------+--------------------+----------+----------+
+
+> select * from "BookMarks";
++----+----------+
+| id | location |
+|----+----------|
++----+----------+
+
+> select * from "bookmarks";
+relation "bookmarks" does not exist
+LINE 1: select * from "bookmarks"
+                      ^
+
+> select * from BookMarks;
+relation "bookmarks" does not exist
+LINE 1: select * from BookMarks
+                      ^
+```
+
+That then means you have to quote your table name anytime you want to refer to
+it in a query. It's not worth it. It is better to always keep your table names
+lower-case using snake case.
+
+[source](https://weiyen.net/articles/avoid-capital-letters-in-postgres-names)

python/dunder-methods.md

@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+# Dunder Methods
+
+Python has all kinds of special, or rather, _magic_ methods that allow for
+customizing all kinds of class behavior. There is `__init__()`, `__bool__()`,
+and so many others.
+
+The thing they all have in common is that their names are wrapped in _double
+underscores_. This is why they are called _dunder methods_.
+
+Some of these are used every single day, like the `__init__()` method for
+defining how a class should create an object. Others, used from time to time,
+are for overriding how comparisons or conversions happen. E.g. you may want to
+override `__bool__()` or `__len__()` to customize the truthiness of a custom
+class.
+
+There are so many others, ones you probably haven't even heard of. To see a
+full listing, check out this [cheat sheet of every dunder
+method](https://www.pythonmorsels.com/every-dunder-method/#cheat-sheet).
+
+Note: these are not to be confused with _dunder attributes_ which are things
+like `__name__`, `__file__`, and `__version__` which correspond to a value that
+you can access in a specific context rather than behavior to override.

python/override-the-boolean-context-of-a-class.md

@@ -0,0 +1,86 @@
+# Override The Boolean Context Of A Class
+
+Everything in Python has a truthiness that can be checked with `bool()`. An
+empty list (`[]`) is falsy. A non-empty list (`[1,2,3]`) is truthy. Similar
+with numbers:
+
+```python
+>>> bool(0)
+False
+>>> bool(1)
+True
+```
+
+Any instance of an object is going to be truthy by default. If you want to
+control in what context an instance is considered truthy or falsy, you can
+override
+[`__bool__()`](https://docs.python.org/3/reference/datamodel.html#object.__bool__).
+If that's not implemented, but
+[`__len__()`](https://docs.python.org/3/reference/datamodel.html#object.__len__)
+is, then it will fallback to that.
+
+Let's look at a few example classes:
+
+```python
+class CartZero:
+    def __init__(self, items=[]):
+        self.items = items or []
+
+class CartBool:
+    def __init__(self, items=[]):
+        self.items = items or []
+
+    def __bool__(self):
+        print("__bool__() override")
+        return bool(self.items)
+
+class CartLen:
+    def __init__(self, items=[]):
+        self.items = items or []
+
+    def __len__(self):
+        print("__len__() override")
+        return len(self.items)
+
+class CartBoolAndLen:
+    def __init__(self, items=[]):
+        self.items = items or []
+
+    def __len__(self):
+        print("__len__() override")
+        return len(self.items)
+
+    def __bool__(self):
+        print("__bool__() override")
+        return bool(self.items)
+
+cart1 = CartZero()
+cart2 = CartBool()
+cart3 = CartLen()
+cart4 = CartBoolAndLen()
+
+print("CartZero() -> %s" %(bool(cart1)))
+print('')
+print("CartBool() -> %s" %(bool(cart2)))
+print('')
+print("CartLen() -> %s" %(bool(cart3)))
+print('')
+print("CartBoolAndLen() -> %s" %(bool(cart4)))
+```
+
+An 'empty' `Cart` be default is truthy. However, we can override some
+combination of `__bool__()` or `__len__()` to give it a boolean context that
+goes `false` when "empty".
+
+```
+CartZero() -> True
+
+__bool__() override
+CartBool() -> False
+
+__len__() override
+CartLen() -> False
+
+__bool__() override
+CartBoolAndLen() -> False
+```

python/store-and-access-immutable-data-in-a-tuple.md

@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+# Store And Access Immutable Data In A Tuple
+
+You can store heterogeneous data (of varying types) as a _tuple_ which is a
+light-weight immutable data structure.
+
+You can be explicit about the tuple by wrapping the items in parentheses:
+
+```python
+>>> book = ('An Immense World', 'Ed Yong', 2022)
+```
+
+Though it is also possible to comma-separate the items and forego the
+parentheses.
+
+```python
+>>> book2 = 'The Shining', 'Stephen King', 1977
+>>> book2
+('The Shining', 'Stephen King', 1977)
+```
+
+Once we have our tuple, we can access any item from it positionally. We can
+also use _sequence unpacking_ to assign the values to a series of variables:
+
+```python
+>>> book[0]
+'An Immense World'
+>>> book[1]
+'Ed Yong'
+>>> book[2]
+2022
+>>> title, author, publication_year = book
+>>> title
+'An Immense World'
+>>> author
+'Ed Yong'
+>>> publication_year
+2022
+```
+
+And, as promised, it is immutable (unlike lists):
+
+```python
+>>> book[1] = 'Agatha Christie'
+Traceback (most recent call last):
+  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
+TypeError: 'tuple' object does not support item assignment
+```
+
+[source](https://docs.python.org/3/tutorial/datastructures.html#tuples-and-sequences)

rails/create-table-with-bigint-id-as-primary-key.md

@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+# Create Table With bigint ID As Primary Key
+
+When creating a new table with an ActiveRecord migration, we specify all the
+fields _except_ the `id`. The `id`, which is the primary key, is implicit. We
+get it by default.
+
+The type of that `id` defaults to `int` which is a 32-bit signed integer.
+
+We can override the type of `id` in a variety of ways. The one I prefer in most
+cases is to make the `id` of type `bigint`. This is a 64-bit signed integer. It
+offers quite a bit more headroom for the number of unique identifies in our
+table.
+
+This can be specified by including `id: :bigint` as an option to the
+`create_table` method.
+
+```ruby
+class CreatePosts < ActiveRecord::Migration[8.0]
+  def change
+    create_table :posts, id: :bigint do |t|
+      t.string :title, null: false
+      t.string :body, null: false
+
+      t.timestamps
+    end
+  end
+end
+```
+
+[source](https://api.rubyonrails.org/v7.1/classes/ActiveRecord/ConnectionAdapters/SchemaStatements.html#method-i-create_table)

rails/empty-find-by-returns-first-record.md

@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+# Empty find_by Returns First Record
+
+During a RubyConf 2024 talk, a speaker mentioned that if you pass `nil` to
+[ActiveRecord's `#find_by`
+method](https://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActiveRecord/FinderMethods.html#method-i-find_by),
+it will return the first record from the database. This is a bit unintuitive,
+so lets look at an example and then I'll show you why.
+
+```ruby
+> Book.first
+#=> #<Book:0x00000001142e4c48 id: 13, title: "The Secret History", ... >
+
+> Book.find_by(nil)
+#=> #<Book:0x00000001142ca3c0 id: 13, title: "The Secret History", ... >
+```
+
+So, that is the same object in both cases, but why?
+
+Our first hint is in the SQL that gets constructed when making that method
+call.
+
+```ruby
+Book Load (2.5ms)  SELECT "books".* FROM "books" LIMIT $1  [["LIMIT", 1]]
+```
+
+It's grabbing all books and limiting to _one_ result.
+
+Lets look at the underlying implementation of the `#find_by` method.
+
+```ruby
+# File activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/finder_methods.rb, line 111
+def find_by(arg, *args)
+  where(arg, *args).take
+end
+```
+
+Sure enough, the implementation is a `#where` followed by a `#take`. Since the
+`#where` is receiving `nil` as its `arg`, there are no conditions _filtering_
+the query. And the `#take` corresponds to the `limit 1`.
+
+Knowing that, we can understand that we will also get the first record from the
+database if we call `#find_by` with `{}`. Again, no conditions to filter on, so
+give me all books limited to one.
+
+One small caveat: notice how there is no `order by` clause in the above SQL
+output. This differs from `Books.first` which implicitly does an order on the
+`id` column. Though these method are likely to return the same result, the
+ordering of `#find_by` is not guaranteed to be the same without an `order by`
+clause.

rails/prefer-select-all-over-execute-for-read-queries.md

@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+# Prefer select_all Over execute For Read Queries
+
+Though the `#execute` function provided by ActiveRecord technically works as a
+general-purpose query runner for strings of raw SQL, it has some downsides.
+
+First, let's say we have a large semi-complex (better in SQL than ActiveRecord
+DSL) SQL query defined in a heredoc.
+
+```ruby
+books_by_status_query = <<-SQL
+  select
+    books.*,
+    latest_statuses.status as current_status,
+    array_to_json(array_agg(...)) as reading_statuses
+  from books
+  -- plus several left joins
+  -- where clause, group by, and order by
+SQL
+```
+
+I reflexively reach for
+[`#execute`](https://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActiveRecord/ConnectionAdapters/DatabaseStatements.html#method-i-execute)
+in a situation like that:
+
+```ruby
+result = ActiveRecord::Base.connection.execute(books_by_status_query)
+```
+
+However, if we're doing a read-only query and we are expecting multiple rows in
+the result, then we are better off reaching for
+[`#select_all`](https://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActiveRecord/ConnectionAdapters/DatabaseStatements.html#method-i-select_all).
+
+```ruby
+result = ActiveRecord::Base.connection.select_all(books_by_status_query)
+```
+
+It has the advantage of semantically communicating that it's just a read and
+won't have any side-effects. It also avoids an unnecessary clear of the query
+cache.
+
+> Note: [when execute is used] the query is assumed to have side effects and
+> the query cache will be cleared. If the query is read-only, consider using
+> select_all instead.
+
+The `#execute` method also has been known to leak memory with some database
+connectors.
+
+> Note: depending on your database connector, the result returned by this
+> method may be manually memory managed. Consider using exec_query wrapper
+> instead.
+
+We can then iterate through and transform the results just as we would have
+done with `#execute`.
+
+```ruby
+result.map do |row|
+  row.tap do |hash|
+    hash["reading_statuses"] = JSON.parse(hash["reading_statuses"])
+  end
+
+  OpenStruct.new(row)
+end
+```

rails/set-datetime-to-include-time-zone-in-migrations.md

@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+# Set Datetime To Include Time Zone In Migrations
+
+When using Rails and PostgreSQL, your migrations will contain DSL syntax like
+`t.datetime` and `t.timestamps` which will produce columns using the
+`timestamp` (`without time zone`) Postgres data type.
+
+While reading [A Simple Explanation of Postgres' <code>Timestamp with Time
+Zone</code>](https://naildrivin5.com/blog/2024/10/10/a-simple-explanation-of-postgres-timestamp-with-time-zone.html),
+I learned that there is a way to configure your app to instead use
+`timestamptz` by default. This data type is widely recommended as a good
+default, so it is nice that we can configure Rails to use it.
+
+First, add these lines to a new initializer (`config/initializers/postgres.rb`)
+file.
+
+```ruby
+require "active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql_adapter"
+ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::PostgreSQLAdapter.datetime_type = :timestamptz
+```
+
+Alternatively, you can configure this via `config/application.rb` per the
+[Configuring ActiveRecord
+docs](https://guides.rubyonrails.org/configuring.html#activerecord-connectionadapters-postgresqladapter-datetime-type).
+
+Then, if you have a new migration like the following:
+
+```ruby
+class AddEventsTable < ActiveRecord::Migration[7.2]
+  def change
+    create_table :events do |t|
+      t.string :title
+      t.text :description
+      t.datetime :start_time
+      t.datetime :end_time
+      t.timestamps
+    end
+  end
+end
+```
+
+you can expect to have four `timestamptz` columns, namely `start_time`,
+`end_time`, `created_at`, and `updated_at`.
+
+Here is the [Rails PR](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/41084) that adds
+this config option.

rails/set-default-as-sql-function-in-migration.md

@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+# Set Default As SQL Function In Migration
+
+With static default values, like `0`, `true`, or `'pending'`, we can set them
+directly as the value of `default`.
+
+```ruby
+class CreateActionsTable < ActiveRecord::Migration[7.2]
+  def change
+    create_table :actions do |t|
+      t.string :status, default: 'pending'
+    end
+  end
+end
+```
+
+However, if we want our default value to be a SQL function like `now()`, we
+have to use a lambda.
+
+Let's extend the above example to see what that looks like:
+
+```ruby
+class CreateActionsTable < ActiveRecord::Migration[7.2]
+  def change
+    create_table :actions do |t|
+      t.string :status, default: 'pending'
+
+      t.column :created_at, :timestamptz, default: -> { 'now()' }, null: false
+    end
+  end
+end
+```
+
+If we need to alter the default of an existing table's column, we can do
+something like this:
+
+```ruby
+class AddDefaultTimestampsToActions < ActiveRecord::Migration[7.2]
+  def up
+    change_column_default :actions, :created_at, -> { "now()" }
+    change_column_default :actions, :updated_at, -> { "now()" }
+  end
+
+  def down
+    change_column_default :actions, :created_at, nil
+    change_column_default :actions, :updated_at, nil
+  end
+end
+```
+
+I believe this functionality is available to Rails 5.0 and later.
+
+[source](https://github.com/rails/rails/issues/27077#issuecomment-261155826)

ruby/execute-several-commands-with-backtick-heredoc.md

@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+# Execute Several Commands With Backtick Heredoc
+
+A fun feature of Ruby is that we can execute a command in a subprocess just by
+wrapping it in backticks.
+
+For instance, we might shell out to `git` to check if a file is tracked:
+
+```ruby
+`git ls-files --error-unmatch #{file_path} 2>/dev/null`
+$?.success?
+```
+
+But what if we need to execute several commands? Perhaps they depend on one
+another. We want them to run in the same subprocess.
+
+For this, we can use the backtick version of a heredoc. That is a special
+version of a heredoc where the delimiter is wrapped in backticks.
+
+```ruby
+puts <<`SHELL`
+  # Set up trap
+  trap 'echo "Cleaning up temp files"; rm -f *.tmp' EXIT
+  
+  # Create temporary file
+  echo "test data" > work.tmp
+  
+  # Do some work
+  cat work.tmp
+  
+  # Trap will clean up on exit
+SHELL
+```
+
+Here we set up a `trap` for file cleanup on exit, then create a file, then do
+something with the file, and that's it, the process exits (triggering the
+trap).
+
+[source](https://ruby-doc.org/3.3.6/syntax/literals_rdoc.html#label-Here+Document+Literals)

ruby/forward-all-arguments-to-another-method.md

@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+# Forward All Arguments To Another Method
+
+There are three types of arguments that a Ruby method can receive. Positional
+arguments, keyword arguments, and a block argument.
+
+A method that deals with all three might be defined like this:
+
+```ruby
+def forwarding_method(*args, **kwargs, &block)
+  # implementation
+end
+```
+
+Now lets say we have some concrete method that we want to forward these
+arguments to:
+
+```ruby
+def concrete_method(*args, **kwargs)
+  x = args.first || 1
+  key, y = kwargs.first || [:a, 2]
+
+  puts "Dealing with #{x} and key #{key}: #{y}"
+
+  yield(x, y)
+end
+```
+
+We could forward arguments the longhand way like this:
+
+```ruby
+def forwarding_method(*args, **kwargs, &block)
+  concrete_method(*args, **kwargs, &block)
+end
+```
+
+However, since Ruby 2.7 we have access to a shorthand "triple-dot" syntax for
+forwarding all arguments.
+
+```ruby
+def forwarding_method(...)
+  concrete_method(...)
+end
+```
+
+[source](https://ruby-doc.org/3.3.6/syntax/methods_rdoc.html#label-Argument+Forwarding)

ruby/output-bytecode-for-a-ruby-program.md

@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+# Output Bytecode For A Ruby Program
+
+The `ruby` CLI comes with a flag to dump the disassembled YARV bytecode for the
+given Ruby program. This can be a fun way to explore how a Ruby program is
+interpreted under the hood.
+
+Aaron Patterson demoed this behavior during his RubyConf 2024 talk.
+
+Pass the `--dump` flag with `insns` along with either the path to your file or
+an inline bit of Ruby.
+
+Here is a really basic example:
+
+```bash
+❯ ruby --dump=insns -e '2 + 3'
+== disasm: #<ISeq:<main>@-e:1 (1,0)-(1,5)> (catch: false)
+0000 putobject                              2                         (   1)[Li]
+0002 putobject                              3
+0004 opt_plus                               <calldata!mid:+, argc:1, ARGS_SIMPLE>[CcCr]
+0006 leave
+```
+
+And another quite basic example, but with local variables this time:
+
+```bash
+❯ ruby --dump=insns -e 'x = 2; y = 3; x + y'
+== disasm: #<ISeq:<main>@-e:1 (1,0)-(1,19)> (catch: false)
+local table (size: 2, argc: 0 [opts: 0, rest: -1, post: 0, block: -1, kw: -1@-1, kwrest: -1])
+[ 2] x@0        [ 1] y@1
+0000 putobject                              2                         (   1)[Li]
+0002 setlocal_WC_0                          x@0
+0004 putobject                              3
+0006 setlocal_WC_0                          y@1
+0008 getlocal_WC_0                          x@0
+0010 getlocal_WC_0                          y@1
+0012 opt_plus                               <calldata!mid:+, argc:1, ARGS_SIMPLE>[CcCr]
+0014 leave
+```
+
+If you want to dig in to how to read everything that is going on in these
+outputs, I'd recommend checking out this [Advent of YARV
+series](https://kddnewton.com/2022/11/30/advent-of-yarv-part-0.html)

tmux/open-new-splits-to-the-current-directory.md

@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+# Open New Splits To The Current Directory
+
+I typically work in one project per tmux session. When I create a given tmux
+session, the default directory is for that project. All new windows and pane
+splits will open at that default directory. This generally is the default
+behavior I want.
+
+One caveat: I often open a new window within an existing session that I want
+anchored to another directory. This could be because I'm working in a monorepo
+and I need to work from a subdirectory for a specific package or app. Or it
+could be that I'm temporarily digging into another project and it isn't worth
+create a whole new session.
+
+Regardless of the reason, I run into a bit of friction with tmux's defaults.
+
+First I open the new window and `cd` to another project. After some working, I
+need to open a split pane, maybe to run a project command like a build or dev
+server. Hitting `prefix-"` (horizontal split) or `prefix-%` (vertical split)
+opens a pane with the shell defaulting back to the original directory, not the
+current directory.
+
+The trick to fixing this bit of friction is overriding the directory of pane
+splits. I can do that by adding the following to my `~/.tmux.conf`:
+
+```
+# Pane splits should open to the same path as the current pane
+bind '"' split-window -v -c "#{pane_current_path}"
+bind % split-window -h -c "#{pane_current_path}"
+```
+
+Make sure to run `tmux source-file ~/.tmux.conf` to apply these config changes.
+
+The `pane_current_path` is called a "Format" in tmux parlance. It resolves to
+the absolute path of the current pane's current directory. You can find all the
+formats in the manpage with this command: `man tmux | less +'/^FORMATS'`. You
+can also show yourself that this format resolves to what you expect by running
+`tmux display-message -p '#{pane_current_path}'`.

typescript/ignore-all-errors-in-a-typescript-file.md

@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+# Ignore All Errors In A TypeScript File
+
+As of TypeScript 3.7, we can mark an entire TypeScript file to be ignored by
+the TypeScript compiler when it is doing static type checking.
+
+We can do this by adding the `@ts-nocheck` directive at the top of the file:
+
+```typescript
+// @ts-nocheck
+
+type User = {
+  id: string;
+  name: string;
+  email: string;
+}
+
+const user: User = {
+  id: 123,
+  name: "Liz Lemon",
+  email: "liz.lemon@nbc.com",
+};
+```
+
+Notice that `id` is typed as a `string`, but we are using a `number` with `id`
+for `user`. That is a type error. But with the `@ts-nocheck` directive at the
+top, the type checker doesn't run on the file and we see no type errors.
+
+I'd generally suggest to avoid doing this. It can hide real type errors that
+you should be addressing. That said, in special circumstances, you may need it,
+even if just temporarily, like if an imported package doesn't have types. Here
+is an example of that in [uploadthing's
+`rehype.js`](https://github.com/pingdotgg/uploadthing/blob/d98fbefedddf64d183cc5a00b3fd707e8d8f2f6c/docs/src/mdx/rehype.js#L1)
+which is missing types from `mdx-annotations`.
+
+[source](https://www.typescriptlang.org/docs/handbook/release-notes/typescript-3-7.html#-ts-nocheck-in-typescript-files)

unix/convert-jpeg-to-png-with-ffmpeg.md

@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+# Convert JPEG To PNG With ffmpeg
+
+The `ffmpeg` utility "is a universal media converter." That means we can use it
+to convert, for instance, a JPEG file to a PNG file.
+
+There is not a lot to a conversion like this. We use `-i` to specify the
+existing input file (a JPEG) and then the other argument is the name and
+extension of the output file.
+
+```bash
+$ ls
+profile.jpg
+
+$ ffmpeg -i profile.jpg profile.png
+
+$ ls
+profile.jpg  profile.png
+```
+
+See `man ffmpeg` for more details.

unix/get-the-sha256-hash-for-a-file.md

@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+# Get The SHA256 Hash For A File
+
+Unix systems come with a `sha256sum` utility that we can use to compute the
+SHA256 hash of a file. This means the contents of file are compressed into a
+256-bit digest.
+
+Here I use it on a SQL migration file that I've generated.
+
+```bash
+$ sha256sum migrations/0001_large_doctor_spectrum.sql
+b75e61451e2ce37d831608b1bc9231bf3af09e0ab54bf169be117de9d4ff6805  migrations/0001_large_doctor_spectrum.sql
+```
+
+Each file passed to this utility gets output to a separate line which is why we
+see the filename next to the hash. Since I am only running it on a single file
+and I may want to pipe the output to some other program, I can clip off just
+the part I need.
+
+```bash
+sha256sum migrations/0001_large_doctor_spectrum.sql | cut -d ' ' -f 1
+b75e61451e2ce37d831608b1bc9231bf3af09e0ab54bf169be117de9d4ff6805
+```
+
+We can also produce these digests with `openssl`:
+
+```bash
+$ openssl dgst -sha256 migrations/0001_large_doctor_spectrum.sql
+SHA2-256(migrations/0001_large_doctor_spectrum.sql)= b75e61451e2ce37d831608b1bc9231bf3af09e0ab54bf169be117de9d4ff6805
+
+$ openssl dgst -sha256 migrations/0001_large_doctor_spectrum.sql | cut -d ' ' -f 2
+b75e61451e2ce37d831608b1bc9231bf3af09e0ab54bf169be117de9d4ff6805
+```
+
+See `sha256sum --help` or `openssl dgst --help` for more details.

unix/gracefully-exit-a-script-with-trap.md

@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+# Gracefully Exit A Script With Trap
+
+With `trap` you can intercept signals that would cause your script to exit and
+then inject some additional behavior. Perhaps you want to make sure the script
+cleans up after itself before it exists.
+
+During this script's execution, it creates a file in the filesystem. It would
+be nice to make sure that no matter path this script ends up down that it will
+clean up after itself as it exits. We set up a `trap` that looks for the `EXIT`
+signal to do this.
+
+```bash
+# Set up trap
+trap 'echo "Cleaning up temp files"; rm -f *.tmp' EXIT
+
+# Create temporary file
+echo "test data" > work.tmp
+
+# Do some work
+cat work.tmp
+
+# Trap will clean up on exit
+```
+
+Whatever is in quotes is what the trap will execute when it is triggered. The
+following one or more signals are what the trap listens for, in this case
+`EXIT`.
+
+[source](https://tldp.org/LDP/Bash-Beginners-Guide/html/sect_12_02.html)

unix/make-direnv-less-noisy.md

@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+# Make Direnv Less Noisy
+
+I've been using [`direnv`](https://direnv.net/) to manage project and folder
+specific environment variables for a bit now. I've found it to be pretty
+seamless. It can feel like it is littering my shell with too much output when I
+change directories though.
+
+There are two levers to control its output.
+
+First, the direnv logs (e.g. `direnv: loading ~/.../.envrc`) can be controlled
+with the `DIRENV_LOG_FORMAT` env var. Add this to the
+`~/.config/direnv/direnvrc` file (add that directory and file if necessary).
+You can leave it blank to altogether hide log messages or you can gray-out the
+log messages like this:
+
+```
+export DIRENV_LOG_FORMAT=$'\033[2mdirenv: %s\033[0m'
+```
+
+Second, you can hide the env var diff with a separate config. This diff is not
+covered under the umbrella of logs controlled by the above setting. Set
+[`hide_env_diff` in the `~/.config/direnv/direnv.toml`
+file](https://direnv.net/man/direnv.toml.1.html#codehideenvdiffcode):
+
+```toml
+[global]
+hide_env_diff = true
+```
+
+This second config was only added as of `v2.34.0`.
+
+[source](https://esham.io/2023/10/direnv)

unix/undo-changes-made-to-current-terminal-prompt.md

@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+# Undo Change Made to Current Terminal Prompt
+
+I frequently use a variety of ASCII command characters like `ctrl-u` to delete
+the entire line or `ctrl-a` to jump to the front of a long line so I can make
+some edits toward that side of the command or `ctrl-e` to jump to the end of
+the command for the same reason. I sometimes even use `ctrl-k` to delete
+everything after the cursor to the end of the line.
+
+What I didn't realize until now is that any of those commands the modify the
+current line of the termianl prompt plus regular typing and hitting the
+backspace are all _undoable_.
+
+So, if I just wiped out half the line (with `ctrl-k`) and I immediately regret
+it, I can restore it with `ctrl-_`. The system keeps of history of the actions
+you've taken, so you can keep hitting `ctrl-_` to undo even further.
+
+The `ctrl-/` command does the same, per GNU's [Undo Changes in the Emacs
+docs](https://www.gnu.org/software/emacs/manual/html_node/emacs/Basic-Undo.html).
+
+[source](https://jvns.ca/ascii)

vim/switch-moving-end-of-visual-selection.md

@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+# Switch Moving End Of Visual Selection
+
+When I go into character-wise visual selection mode, one end of the visual
+selection is fixed while I move my cursor around to define the other end of it.
+
+Let's say I've arranged a visual selection that encompasses several lines of my
+file. And then I realize that the fixed front-end of my visual selection is off
+by a bit. Maybe I've selected an entire function definition and I just want to
+inner part of the function.
+
+Instead of starting over with my visual selection. I can leave the right-end of
+the visual selection where it is, hit `o` which will switch the moving end to
+the other side, and then continue making adjustments from there.
+
+I can always hit `o` again to switch it back to the original side.
+
+See `:h v_o` for more details.

workflow/add-hotkeys-for-specific-raycast-extensions.md

@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+# Add Hotkeys For Specific Raycast Extensions
+
+One of the main things I use [Raycast](https://www.raycast.com/) for is its
+built-in clipboard history extension. It's super handy when I've copied a Git
+SHA or a URL or a bit of text several copies ago and I want to be able to refer
+back to it. It keeps 7 days of clipboard history by default, so anything that I
+remember copying is going to be there.
+
+To get there, I have to trigger Raycast, which I usually open via Alfred (I
+know, 😅). Then I search for Clipboard History (or find it under recent
+suggestions).
+
+Raycast supports arbitrary hotkey bindings for triggering different extensions
+and their features. So I can get to the Clipboard History in a single step --
+e.g. with `Ctrl+Shift+V`.
+
+From Raycast _Settings_, go to the _Extensions_ tab. Find _Clipboard History_
+in the list and then click the _Record Hotkey_ input for it. I then type
+`Ctrl+Shift+V` and I'm all set.

workflow/add-subscriber-to-kit-form-via-api.md

@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+# Add Subscriber To Kit Form Via API
+
+Because the Kit API is a bit sparse in words, I found it difficult to figure
+out exactly what I needed to do to add a subscriber via a custom form. After
+some experimenting and reading through [Course
+Builder](https://github.com/badass-courses/course-builder/blob/main/packages/core/src/providers/convertkit.ts)
+code, I was able to figure out that with the Kit v4 API there are two separate
+calls that need to be made.
+
+First, you need to create an `inactive` subscriber with the user's email (and
+first name if given) via the [Create a subscriber
+endpoint](https://developers.kit.com/v4#create-a-subscriber).
+
+```typescript
+async function createSubscriber(
+  data: SubscriberData,
+  apiKey: string,
+): Promise<Response> {
+  return fetch('https://api.convertkit.com/v4/subscribers', {
+    method: 'POST',
+    headers: {
+      'Content-Type': 'application/json',
+      'X-Kit-Api-Key': apiKey,
+    },
+    body: JSON.stringify({
+      email_address: data.email,
+      first_name: data.name,
+      state: 'inactive',
+    }),
+  })
+}
+```
+
+Since this subscriber is `inactive`, they won't show up in the Kit dashboard,
+but a subscriber record of them has been created.
+
+Second, you need to add the subscriber to something, like a form or a sequence.
+In my case, I had already created a form via the Kit dashboard, so I grab that
+_Form ID_ and stick it in my `.env`. That way I am able to [add the subscriber
+to the form by email
+address](https://developers.kit.com/v4#add-subscriber-to-form-by-email-address).
+
+```typescript
+async function addSubscriberToForm(
+  email: string,
+  apiKey: string,
+  formId: string,
+): Promise<Response> {
+  const url = `https://api.convertkit.com/v4/forms/${formId}/subscribers`
+  return fetch(url, {
+    method: 'POST',
+    headers: {
+      'Content-Type': 'application/json',
+      'X-Kit-Api-Key': apiKey,
+    },
+    body: JSON.stringify({ email_address: email }),
+  })
+}
+```
+
+This will send a confirmation email to the email address. Once the person has
+opened the email and hit 'Confirm', their corresponding `subscriber` record
+will be marked as `active` and they will be added to the list of subscribers
+for that form.

workflow/configure-email-redirect-with-cloudflare.md

@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+# Configure Email Redirect With Cloudflare
+
+I have a domain registered with Cloudflare --
+[visualmode.dev](https://www.visualmode.dev). I want to be able to sign up for
+services and receive emails as `josh@visualmode.dev`. I don't want a separate
+inbox that I have to check though.
+
+The solution, for me, is to have Cloudflare redirect incoming emails to an
+email address/inbox that I'm already regularly checking.
+
+On the _Email_ dashboard there is a _Routing Rules_ tab. In the _Custom
+Addresses_ section, I can click _Create Address_. There I specify the custom
+address (what will appear before the `@`), the action to make ("Send to an
+email"), and the destination (the existing email address for an inbox I
+regularly check).
+
+Finally, I hit _Save_. If they don't already exist, I'll be prompted to confirm
+the setup of MX records for the domain. After confirming that, I should be able
+to receive emails via that new address.
+
+The Email Routing dashboard will even show me a summary of all rerouted emails.
+
+[source](https://blog.cloudflare.com/introducing-email-routing/#cloudflare-email-routing)

workflow/get-url-for-github-user-profile-photo.md

@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+# Get URL For GitHub User Profile Photo
+
+You can access your (or really any user's) profile photo by visiting the GitHub
+profile URL with `.png` added on to the end.
+
+So, my GitHub profile URL is:
+
+```
+https://github.com/jbranchaud
+```
+
+If I were to add `.png` on to that and visit it in my browser:
+
+```
+https://github.com/jbranchaud.png
+```
+
+I'd be redirected to the following URL:
+
+```
+https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/694063?v=4
+```
+
+This is the stable URL for my GitHub avatar. In the browser I will see the full
+resolution image which I can download as needed.
+
+[source](https://dev.to/10xlearner/how-to-get-the-profile-picture-of-a-github-account-1d82)

workflow/send-a-message-to-a-discord-channel.md

@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+# Send A Message To A Discord Channel
+
+I recently added a form to [visualmode.dev](https://www.visualmode.dev) that
+when submitted should send the details to an internal channel in my discord
+server.
+
+I didn't need to set up an _App_ or a _Bot_ to do this. It is much simpler than
+that. All I needed was a valid [_webhook_
+endpoint](https://discord.com/developers/docs/resources/webhook) for my channel
+that I can `POST` to.
+
+From Discord, I can select _Edit Channel_ for a specific channel, go to the
+_Integrations_ tab, go to _Webhooks_, and then create a _New Webhook_. I can
+name it, save it, and then copy the webhook URL.
+
+As a demonstration, I can `POST` to that webhook URL using `cURL` like so:
+
+```bash
+curl -H "Content-Type: application/json" -X POST -d '{"content":"Hello from cURL!"}' <YOUR_WEBHOOK_URL>
+```
+
+Similarly, in some non-public-facing code like a Next.js serverless function, I
+can `POST` to that webhook URL with the `content` that I want to appear in my
+channel.
+
+```
+import { NextResponse } from 'next/server'
+
+export async function POST(request: Request) {
+  const data = await request.json()
+
+  const discordWebhookUrl = process.env.DISCORD_WEBHOOK_URL
+  if (discordWebhookUrl) {
+    try {
+      const response = await fetch(discordWebhookUrl, {
+        method: 'POST',
+        headers: {
+          'Content-Type': 'application/json',
+        },
+        body: JSON.stringify({
+          content: `New contact form submission:\nName: ${data.name}\nEmail: ${data.email}\nCompany: ${data.company}\nPhone: ${data.phone}\nMessage: ${data.message}`,
+        }),
+      })
+
+      if (!response.ok) {
+        throw new Error('Failed to send Discord message')
+      }
+    } catch (error) {
+      console.error('Error sending to Discord:', error)
+      return NextResponse.json(
+        { error: 'Failed to process form submission' },
+        { status: 500 },
+      )
+    }
+  }
+
+  return NextResponse.json({ message: 'Form submitted successfully' })
+}
+```
+
+This [Structure of Webhook
+guide](https://birdie0.github.io/discord-webhooks-guide/discord_webhook.html)
+has more details on how to specifically structure and format a more complex
+message.

zsh/use-a-space-to-exclude-command-from-history.md

@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+# Use A Space To Exclude Command From History
+
+When using a shell like `zsh`, you get the benefit of it keeping track of the
+history of the commands you've entered into the shell. This means you can
+quickly traverse pack to a previous command that you want to run again. It also
+means [a tool like `fzf` can hook into your history
+file](https://github.com/junegunn/fzf?tab=readme-ov-file#key-bindings-for-command-line)
+so that you can fuzzy-search for a command you may have executed weeks ago.
+
+The history is stored on your machine in a plaintext file. Not every command
+should be stored in a plaintext file. For instance, you don't want `zsh` to
+persist a command that includes a password.
+
+With the `histignorespace` option enabled in `zsh`, we can put a leading space
+in front of our command and it will be excluded from the history file.
+
+Try it yourself:
+
+```bash
+$ echo 'this command will be remembered'
+this command will be remembered
+
+$  echo 'this command will be forgotten'
+this command will be forgotten
+```
+
+Notice the leading space in the second command. Trying pressing your _up_ arrow
+and notice only that first `echo` is remembered.
+
+Make sure `histignorespace` is included in the list when you run `setopt`. If
+it isn't, then add it:
+
+```bash
+$ setopt histignorespace
+```
+
+[source](https://stackoverflow.com/questions/8473121/execute-a-command-without-keeping-it-in-history/49643320#49643320)